IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sdaices 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  873-4503 


.4. 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


6^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  it6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaira  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduita,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


□ 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  peliiculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  jvec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  iorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmies. 


n 

D 
D 


V 


/ 


D 

□ 
D 

D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  peilicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tacheties  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiiiet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmies  A  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  posvibie. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


Pagination  follows  :    [i]  -  iv,  [13]  •  302,  [1]  p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


SOX 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


9 

(tails 
I  du 
lodifier 
r  une 
Image 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  hM  b««n  r«produc«d  thanks 
to  th«  o«n«ro«ity  of: 

Seminary  of  Quebec 
Library 

Tho  imago*  appearing  hero  aro  tho  boat  quality 
posaibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tho 
filming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tho  front  eovar  and  ending  on 
the  laat  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea- 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copiea  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
firat  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  imprea- 
aion,  and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illuatrated  impreasion. 


L'exemplaira  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  i  la 
g^nAroaitA  da: 

SAminaIre  de  Quebec 
Bibiiothique 

Lea  imagos  suKrantee  ont  4tA  roproduitea  avec  le 
piua  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  l'exemplaira  fiimA,  at  en 
conformity  avec  lea  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Lea  axemplairee  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eat  imprir:aie  sont  fiimis  en  cnmmen^ant 
par  le  premier  plot  et  en  terminent  soit  par  la 
darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreeaion  ou  d'illuatration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  caa.  Toua  lea  autrea  exemplairas 
originaux  aont  filmto  en  commenpant  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreeaion  ou  d'illuatration  et  en  terminent  per 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  eech  microfiche 
ahali  contain  the  symbol  --»>  (meening  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliea. 


Un  dee  aymbolee  suiven^:    'ipparattra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  chaqua  microfiche,  seion  ie 
caa:  le  aymbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symboie  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Mapa,  plataa,  charta,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoae  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  iliuatrate  the 
method: 


Lee  cartea,  planchea,  tabieeux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmie  A  dee  taux  de  rMuction  diff Arenta. 
Loraque  le  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  aaui  ciichA,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'engle  sup4rieur  gauche,  de  gauclia  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  en  prenent  le  nombre 
d'imegea  nteeaaaire.  Lea  diagrammes  suivants 
iiluatrant  la  mAthode. 


rrata 
jto 


pelure, 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

wf 


«  I» 


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f  *    / 


X 


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All 


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APRIDGMENT 


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UNIVE 


GEOGRAPHY, 


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KtVif^Ekw  HISTQRT. 


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NED  FiOK  Tits 


mZ  Ot  SCHOOtS  ANtt  Ai 


A 


/    » 


C^/^u^za^^^ts^ 


In  th^ 


BY  SUSANNA  ROWSCM  '[^    ^'^'  || 


ilBBaMS 


BOSTOH: 


*tiini/(ED 


David  CAtUitt,  Piintw;  OwMr***  AomA 


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District  or  Massachusetts,  to  viit : 


B, 


r£  it  remembered,  that  on  the  twenty  third  day  of  November,  in 
;the  thirtieth  year  of  Ihe  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  Ameri- 
ca, John  Weft  t^  Oi^  &t^(h>id|^l^a|h  4ftpofite4\in  t^ii  office  theti- 
tie  of  a  book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  propHfetdi^  in  the  words 
following,  to  wit ;  *'  An  Abridgment  of  Univerfal  Geographir,  togeth- 
«f  with  Sketches  of  Hiftory.  Defigned  for  the  ufe  of  Schools  and 
AcadenUts  in  the  UnitedStateif  hySofiuina  Rpwfon."— — -In  confor- 
mity to  the  Adk  of  the  Congrefs  of  the  United  States,  entitled,  <*  An 
ASt  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  fecuring  the  copies  of 
Mam,  OitMtaypidr  |o^  to-  r^he  aijf hoRs  .a«4 , wppivtors  of  fuch 
.ccnie^  fhlltet^it  af«me^^^  ai»ft^ali^'^«i^  A^  en- 

titled,*' An  A6t.  A:i'|p|>lementary  to  an  Ad:,  entitled.  An  A€t  for  the 
idbcmMragement  <it  lefirning,  by  fecuring  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts, 
MuA  Books,  to  th^  aiithors  and;  f^pfietors  of  fuch  copies,  during  the 
ti^tes  therein  mentioned;  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the 
•C^  of  defigniag,  engraving,  and  etching  hiftorical,and  other  prints.'* 


■'^^^'A^^^fl^^.^ 


7    oi 


^A  trut  C0|>y  of  Rcarti*^ 


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FREFACB. 


Jdtaof  ^er  offering  it  to  the  putAie  eye.    f  had  fliylS^ in^6r  fouitd 
Geography- an  interefting  and  sunufing,  fhidy^  ana  wh6ii,'i^m  a 
variety,  of  coneurrinp  cireumAan^eft,  1  Wat  led,  to  attieinpc  the  ^ry . 
daous  ^Aik  of  inftnidUng youth,  I  was  adxioutf  to  engage^t'em  J^  ^v 
Ihid^  which  ifrbul^  .cbttfeqAently  aW^Os^'  a  4efi^e  to'  1^  jit'laBeM' 
ot  m  bi^nc<4 'fV»4t>  Which  K^cl  tkk^n  ptkcdlh  ftUrK  bi*;  (tt<«h  na^; 


tiAiii,%|th:ffiigKi.'WcuiWi^^  ^    ,    ^ 

1$  wjsUitno^  tWa  tnnvillef ,  when  (b*Mcr^ltt^^B»  bew 
huiimgf  M^  'whiS^  1i^  'B(;iy  p^-lit  ft  joumej^ty  aii<;4«^tv  of  {t*.; 
appearance,  or  the  elennt  cBfpofiiion  of  the  gjrbnnd^  which  i\uf>^ ' 
round  it,  natursy[ly, enquires  to  whoto  it  belting,  what  ia  hi«  dtfoo^ ' 
fition,ft)rtune,  prof!pffion,.and  family.'  Seniible  of  il4s,'1n1«adi^|f,: 
my  young  travellers  round  the  gloh^,.!  coUe<Sbed  frotti  the  authjor*  ' 
With  whpin  I  was  mpft  acquainted,  t>articuiarly  GuTuaf  e,  Wxiic- ' 
£a,  and  Morse,  every  tl|>ihg  which  I  iliibught  coitld  engage  att4n4 
tion  or  awaken  cttrlonty,, writing  at  different  times  Hiort  exerdfts,, , 
which  my  pu{Hb  c<^ied,  and  committed  to  memory ;  but  this,t6ok  ', 
up  niorie  time  than  could  well  be  fpared  from. other  purfuits,  and  ■ 
what  was  worfe,  ft-om  ihe  heedleflnefs  natural  to  youth,  were  fire-  ^ 
quently  incorre<Sk.    In  the  'courfe  of  feven  years,  m  which  I  have 
been  engaged  in  this  employment,  I  have  been  often  a(ked,  Why 
do  you  not  print  your  exercifes  ?  I  was  fenfible  how  ufeftil  I  fhould 
fina  them  in  my  own  fchool,  but  feared  the  implicati^  qf  arro- 
gance and  prefumption,  in    fuppofing  they  might   be  adopted  by 
any  other.    However,  the  flattering  perfuafions  of  feveral  friendv 
having  at  length  determined  me  to  commit  them  to  the  prefs,  and 
for  that  end  I  turned  my  attention  to  the  giving  them  that  correc*^ 
tion  and  revilion,  which  a  compilation  made  in  fo  defnkory  a  malK 
fier,  might  naturally  be  fuppofed  to  require.  p 


^. 


tif-.f*- 


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R?l# 


[■>'^' 


'  I 


PREFACE. 


Whtn  I  firft  refohrtd  upon  this  publieatiob,  I  bad  Uumght  of 
not  confiniof  nyfelf  to  the  lU^t  ikwcchet  of  modern  hiAory,  which 
now  accompany  tht  tfiogtvfitf ;  for  haTiag  at  various  thnet 
abri4g«d  the  nioft  intcrcfUag,  part*  of  ancient  liiftory  for  exerdfee 
for  taj  popib,  and  in  the  hi^  of  awakroing  in  their  young  mind* 
a  ctefire  of  ratjonat  informajtion,  and  a  love  of  authentic  hiftonr,  I 
Ittagbed  they^ould'be  a  iifeftti  appendage  to  thi*  volume.  I  oad 
idfo  thought  ot  annexing  fodlie  leflbni  in  orthography,  with  the  ex- 
plaftattnae  df  many  wowd*  to  be  met  with  inhiftor^,  the  meaning 
of  whioh  ia  by  no  meant  fiumilttir  to  youth,  and  whict  from  thefar 
not  perfe^y  comprehending,  often  makes  a  narrative  dry  and  un- 
inte<«fiii}|^  which  odlerwife  would  ftron^y  engage  their  attention  j 
but  the  hmits  of  the  work  did  not  allow  of  thefe  additions,  and  I 
have  merely  given  fuch  iketchet  of  modem  hiftory,  as  may  ferve 
to  lead  the  pupil  to  wiih  and  (eek  for  further  information.  I  have 
ever  fimnd  that  the  fimply  reading  of  geography  made  but  little 
il^[i^MSi<M|i  OQ  the  piwil's  mind,  I  tlwrefore  endeavoured,  when  com- 
pihn^'diii' work,  to  joiii  to  the  information  necefliuy  to  be  given 
of.  ,^tiuv^<M(^i,  extent,  |>rodu^  manufadhire,  ^c.  fuch  cjircumC^ii^ 
as]  tni«it.  tend  to  nx  it  on  their  memory,  aitding  here  and  there  a 
avyraTrefledion  as  opportunity  offered^ 

The  ypOx  .  of  rendering  the  Andy  of  geography  pleafant  to  my 
fehd^itfs,  and  .^  inftru;^o«  of  thofe  fcholars  eafy  to  myfelf ,  ^rft 
efied,  tbe  idea  of  writing,  this  abii4gtaent,  and  thf  anne^^d^ 
^aii^  f^tttftfd  into  M)l«  Sop<e  that  ti(fy^i^^^  1>ft  fei^ffable  fo 


ay,  I  ^cramtt  diem^  ^  a  .ciuiiUd  j^wuij^  ilb ''  toy  > 
Jm)$»t  I  have  endeaWi^rek  to  be  Reunite,  and  ' 

Otx^Otojg^  from  iny  :^f  |^  nv^hfe  nulfcatieaffaihft^^^^ 
r^b^on,  mr^ood^  go^eri^^    of  any  fociety  whatever.    1  am  of 
oj^nion  that  'it|ati<9ors  <>(.  evciy  kind,  piirticularly  thofe  w|io  give; 
thdrlabouripumiaty,  arej(^ri(i!±ly,  accountable  to  the  hi^hieft  of', 
aD  tnbwiiais,  for  thf  lectiments  (he|[  inculcate;  that  it  is  theif  duty, , 
as~  far  as  in  them-  lies,  to  impreft  upon  the,  iviinds  of  youtli'a  love 
of'jDrder  ^d  a  reveiience  for  religion.    If  j^refoi^the,  minds  of  ^ 
tbe'^rifii^  generation  are  not    improved  by  my      rnions,  I  I^ve 
b(^en  (b^dious  that  their  imaginations  ihould  not  oe  n  iHedj^or  theii; ' 
juc^ritenfs  perverted,  by  the  dtfleminadon  (>f  sbfurd  opinions,  ei' 
xrorjnipt;  and  pernicious  principles. 


I       << 


..It 

•.vr.' 


.  ...i 


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(    ) 


.> 


UNIVERSAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


-/.I. 


SscTiosh    THE   WORLD  IN  GENERAL. 

GEOGRAPHY  is  adefcription  of  the  globe  of  th^. 
earth,  with  all  its  different  dividons. 

The  conftituent  parts  of  the  earth  are  two,  land  an4. 
water.    The  land  is  divided  into  continents,  iflands,  pen- 
infulas,  ifthmufes,  promontories,  capes,  crafts,  mountains, , 
&c.     There  are  two  great  continents,  the  eaftem  and  then 
weftem  ;  the  eaftem  is  divided  into  three  parts,  viz.  * 
Europe,  on  the  north  w^ft  ;  Afia,  on  the  north  eaft  ;  and 
Africa,  which  is  joined  to  Ada  by  the  ifthmus  of  Suez 
on  the  fouth.    The  weftem  continent  confifts  of  North 
and  South  America,  joined  by  the  ifthmus  of  Darien. 
'>   A  Continent  is  a  large  tratft  of  land,  containing  many 
kingdoms  or  countries,  without  any  entire  reparation  of 
its  parts  by  water,  as  Europe. 

An  I/land  is  a  fmaller  part  of  land  entirely  furrouncled 
by  water,  as  England,  Ireland,  &c. 

A  Peninfula  is  a  tradt  of  land  furrounded  by  water,  all 
but  one  narrow  neck,  by  which  it  is  johied  to  the  neighs 
bouring  continent;  sfhd  the  nieck  of  land  which  fo  joins  it 
is  called  an  ifthmus.  , 

.  A  Promontory  is  a  hill  or  point  of  land  ftretching^  it- 
felf  iiito  the  fea,  the  extreme  point  of  which  is  callA  a 
cape. 

A  Coafl  is  that  part  of  the  land  which  borders  on  the 
fea. 

B 


/ 


H 


THE  WORLD  IN  GENERAL. 


The  water  is  divided  into  oceans,  Teas,  lakes,  gulfs, 
ftraits,  bays,  rivers  and  creeks. 

The  Ocean  is  that  general  colle^ion  of  waters  which 
furrounds  the  whale  etntb*  It  is  diftinguifhed  by  the 
names  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  world  ;  viz. 
the  Northern  Ocean,  called  alio  the  Icy  Ocean,  which  fur- 
rounds  the  North  Pole.  The  Weftem  or  Atlantic  Ocean, 
between  Euiope  and  America,  extending  to  the  equator. 

The  Southern  or  Ethiopic  Ocean,  from  the  equator  be- 
t\ie«i  Africa  and  America,  and  the  Eaftern  or  Indian  O- 
cean,  which  walhes  the  eaftem  coail  of  Africa,  and  all  Afia. 
To  thefe  have  been  added  by  the  difcovery  of  modem  nav- 
igators, the  Pacific  Ocean,  or  Great  South  Sea,  between 
America  and  Afia,  and  the  Antardtic  Icy  Sea,  which 
furroUnds  the  South  Pole. 

A  Sea  is  a  fmall  part  of  the  ocean,  into  which  we  mufl 
enter  by  fome  ftrait,  as  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  the  Bal- 
tic Sea,  being  almoft  furrounded  by  land. 

A  Strait  is  a  narrow  paiTaee,  opening  a  way  into 
foipe  fea,  as  the  ftraits  of  Gibrsutar. 

A  Gulf  is  a  part  of  the  fea,  running  up  into  the  land, 
by  which  it  is  almofl:  encompaifed,  as  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 

We  caU  it  a  Bay,  when  its  dimenfions  are  lefs,  andvwhen 
it  does  not  run  fo  deep  into  the  land. 

A  Laie  is  a  quantity  of  water  etitirely  environed  by 
land,  as  Lake  Champlain,  Lake  Ontario,  &c. 

A  Rher  is  a  current  of  water,  rifing  in  the  higher  parts 
of  land,  and  flowing  into  the  fea,  or  fome  other  river,  as 
the  Connedicot,  Hudfon,  Sufquehanna,  Potowmac,  ice. 

A  Creek  is  a  fmall  part  of  the  Sea,  or  a  river,  which 
nins  butii  little  way  into  the  land. 

There  is  a  grept  fimilarity  between  the  parts  of  land 
and  water  ;  a  continent  refembles  an  ocean,  an  ifland  en- 
CQinpaiTed  by  water,  is  like  a  lake  furrounded  by  land.  A 
pentiifula  is  like  a  gulf,  a  promontoty  like  a  ci  eek,  and 
an  ifthmus,  which  unites  two  lands,  refembles  a  -ftrait 
by  whictl  one  fea  is  joined  to  af6ther. 

The  world  is  divided  into  four  parts,  commonly  called 
the  four  quarters  of  the  globe,  viz.  Europe,  Afia,  Africa 
AndAmerica.  ;  i  >     _ 


>,j 


EUROPE. 
StcrioH  II.  .  EUROPE. 


%S 


EUROPE  though  the  leaft  cxtehfiTe  quarter  of  the 
globe,  is  in  many  refoedh  that  which  moft  deferves  ou  /  firft 
attention.  There  the  human  mind  hat  made  the  greateft 
progrefs  towards  improvement,  and  there  the  arts  wheth- 
er of  utility  or  ornament,  the  fciences  both  civil  and  mil- 
itary, have  been  carried  to  the  greateft  perfeftion. 

There  are  two  circumftances  which  unite  to  ^ve  Eu- 
rope the  fuperiority  over  the  reft  of  the  world.  Firft,  the 
happy  temperature  of  its  climate,  no  part  of  it  lym^  with- 
in the  tomd  cone  ;  and  fecondly,  the  great  variety  of 
iu  furfaoe,  for  as  the  iirft  favours  the  increafe  of  animals, 
and  the  progrds  of  agriculture,  fo  the  fecond,  by  exciting 
human  induftry  and  invention,  and  facilitating  the  inter- 
courfe  between  di£ferpnt  nations,  give  to  its  varioui  inh|ib* 
itants  all  the  eonvetuencM  of  li^,  ^vhile  in  fome  placet 
acting  as  a  barrier  or  check  to  that  conqueft  and  defpotifih 
which  has  always  been  fo  rapid  in  the  extenfive  plains  of 
Afia  or  Africa,  leaves  them  to  the  enjoyment  of  thofe 
conveniences,  and  even  luxuries ,  in  peace  and  fecurity. 

The  chriftian  religion  is  eftablilhed  throuffhout  every 
plkrt  of  Europe,  except  Turkey  j  but  from  the  different 
c;^>adties  of  the  human  mind,  and  the  various  opmioas 
which  have  been  advanced  by  perfons  of  different  nationa 
sind  education,  this^  religion  is  divided  into  many  duflfcrent 
feAif  all  of  whieh  may  be  comprehended  undet  three  gene- 
ral denominations.  The  Greek  Church,  the  Roman  Gath- 
oKc,  and  the  F^otefiant.  The  Proteftant  Church  is  sM;ain 
divided  into  Lutherinifm  and  Calvinifm,  fo  called  from 
Luther  and  Calvin,  die  two  diftinguiihed  reformers  of  the 
16th  century  ;  and  fmce  that  period  a  number  of  different 
feds  have  arrfen,  who,  though  difagreeing  in  trivial  infig- 
«ificant  articles,  all  unite  in  the  great  fundamental  poiAt| 
that  we  mtefl:  depend  otidn  omnipotent  and  omniprefent 
God^  for  life,  health,  and  fecurity^  and '^on  the  merits  of 
a  crucified  Redeemer,  for  eternal  falviition. 

Europe  is  fituated  between  die  l€th  degree  Weft,  and 
die  65th  deigree  Eaft  longtrade  from  London,  and  between 
the  36th  and  72d  degree  of  North  latitude.  It  is  bound" 
ed  North  by  die  Frozen  Oceati,  Eaft  by  Afia,  South  by 


^f. 


r6i 


EAST  GREENLAND. 


the  Mediterranean  Sit,  which  divides  it  from  Af'ricai  and 
Weft  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  feparateii  it  from  A- 
merica.  It  is  SOOO  miles  long  from  Cape  St.  Vincents, 
the  moft  wefterly  point  of  Portugal,  to.  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Oby,  in  the  northeaftem  part  of  Mufcovy,  and  *I5Q0 
broad  from  the  North  Cape,  in  Norway^to  Cape  Matapan* 
in, the  Mediterranean  Sea,  which  is  the  moil  fuuthern 
promontory  in  Europe. 

.;il  ihall  begin  this  flight  iketcli  of  the  globe  of  the  earth, 
with  an  account  of  the  moft  northerly  parts  of  Europe, 
which  conftitiitepartof  the  king  of  Dennaarlc's  dominions ; 
and  I  hope  the  very  trilling  degree  of  knowledge  this 
(ketch  may  impart  to  my  young  friends,  willlead  them 
to  inveftigac  witli  attention  the  moft  celebr>ated  yvorks  in 
this  delightful  ftiidy  ;  a  ftudy  which  amufes  while  it  en^i 
latges  the  mind,  and  without  a  competent  knowledge  of 
which) it  is impoiCble  to  form  thechar<iiAfir  of  aa  iaccom<*f 
pliihed  man  >  or  woman. 


.«.<   iitii'.-^^ 


■y\, 


i 


JSsCtioN  III.    EAST  GREENLAND. 


♦'•-{7/ 


THE  moft  northerly  part  of  his  Danifti  majtifty'si'do- 
mbuons,  are  Eaft,  or  as  others  c^^  it,  h^ew  Greenland, 
andthecountry  of  Spit(hergen,.lyi«g  between  U  and  2^ 
dcpees  E.  longitude,  and  76  and  80  deg,;Nl  lat.  Few 
ammals  or  vegetables  are  to  be  f<>iind,here^itbf)  iiftk  and 
fowl  gre  faid  to  forfake  the .  coafts  in  wintei^.  The  Ruf» 
fians  have  lately  formed  fettlementSi  there*  for  hunting*, 
the  Aurora  Borealis,  or  northern. lights,  enable  them  to 
purfiie'the  chafe  during  th4 long  w4n*er*iSvini|;bt,.^which 
reigns  in  thefe  gloomy  regions.  There  is  alio  a  whale 
fiftiery  on  the  coaft,  profecuted  by  the  Dutch  and  Englifti. 
It  has  two  harbours,South  Haven  'and  Mz^urice  Bay.  The 
inhuid  parts  are  uninhabited.     <       ;> '  -  1 .; 

Weft  Greenland  lies  between  the  meridian  of  London, 
and  5S  deg.  W*  Idnff^  aiwl  befewten  6QiniJ  76d  g.  Nllat. 
This  country  is  very  thiijly  iiihabited.  The  itfpea<di:efs,and 
manners  of  the  natives  greatly  refemble  that  oif  the  Efqui- 
maux  ill  America.  They  are  not  vety  lively  in  thek  fewi- 
pers,  but  good  humored  andi  friendly ;  they  are  nimble  of 
ibot,  and  caniitfe-^eir  hands  very  dej^teroufly*    The  Wicn 


EAST  GREENLAND. 


17 


hunt  and  fiOi,  but  when  they  hare  caueht  their  booty, 
they  think  it  below  their  dignity  to  trenble  themieWei  a- 
ny  further  about  it.  The  women  are  the  butcberi  and 
cooks ;  they  alfo  drefs  the  flcini  into  leather,  and  are  both 
flioettiakers  and  taylorst  they  alfo  build  and  repair  the 
bottfei  and  tents.  The  winters  here  are  dfeadMly  ievere. 
lite  fummers,  from  the  long  continuance  of  the  fun  a- 
boye  the  horizon,  infUfferably  hot*  They  haTt  no 
trade. 

The  taking  of  whales  in  the  feat  of  Greenland*  among 
the  fields  of  ice  that  have  been  increafkig  for  ages,  is  onfc 
of  the  greateft  curiofities  in  nature.  T^efe  fields  of  ice 
arc  frequently  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  and  above  100 
feet  thick.  When  they  are  put  in  motion  by  a  ftorm,  noth- 
ing can  be  more  tremendous.  Thtf  Dutch  had  18  (hips 
cruOied  to  pieces  by  them  in  one  fealfon. 

Though  the  Danes  claim  the  country  of  EaA  and  Weft 
Greenland,  the  Dut^  havift  almoft  monopolised  the  fifh- 
cry.    Though  of  late  the  Engliih  have  been  very  fuccefs« 

The  ifland  of  Iceland  receives  its  name  fVom  the  great 
mafles  of  ice  which  are  feen  near 'it*  It  lies  between  63 
and  67  deg.  N.  lat.  and  between  11  and  27  de^.  W.  long. 

The  Icelanders  are  in  general  middle  fizeJ,  and  well 
made,  though  not  very  ftrong.  They  are  an  honeft,  in* 
duftrious  people,  faithful  and  obliging,  inclined  to  hospi- 
tality, and  theft  is  feldom  heard  of  among  them.  Ine 
men  employ  themielves  in  fifhing,  both  winter  and  fum» 
mer  ;  and  the  women  prepare  th^  fifh,  few  and  fpin. 
They  likewife  pra^ife  fome  mechanic  trades.  / 

The  Icelanders  have  an  uncommon  attachment  tp  their 
native  country,  and  think  they  could  be  no  where  elfe 
ib  happy.  Their  drefs  is  not  elegant,  but  cleanly  ahd 
fuited  to  the  climate ;  their  houfes  are  bad,  they  have  not 
even  a  chimney,  but  lay  their  fuel  on  the  -earth  between 
three  (tones,  and  the  fmoke  iiTues  from  a  fquare  hole  in 
the  roof.  Their  food  confifts  principally  of  dried  iiih  ; 
bread  is  fo  fcarce  that  they  hardly  eat  it  three  or  four 
months  out  of  the  twelve. 

.They  are  much  inclin.^dto  i^elijjion,  always  iniploring 
diyine  protcftion,  and  rendering  thanks  for  any  blefling 

B2 


18 


U iff  NORWAY; 


they  receive,  hemg  in  \  this  T^{pe£kt  examples,  t^orthy  the 
imitatnbitofmoreenliffhte&ed  natiofhs.     ;. 

Though  ^is  iilaod;  ues  ;^  far  (to  the  north»i  esu-thquakes 
and  volcanoes;  are  more  known  than  in  fom^  warmer  cli- 
mates. ,  The)):UiWn^  n^oiuntain  H?cla  is  dtiuated  in  the 
fouthern  .p9rt  of  the  iilatuU  ■.  ^  The  ;  eruptions  from  thif 

'^▼okano  have  be^n/Y^ydreadfu^l;  thatin  particularywhicfi 
tQok  place  in  1693,^  made'  tjerribl^  deyaftation  all  rounds 
and  direw  afhes  to  the  diflance  of  180  Englifh  miles. 

*"^  There  is  nothing  more  worthy  of  attention  in  Iceland, 
than  the  hot  fpriQgs,-onQ  of  which  fpouts  columns  of 
water,,  of  many  Jt<^!?t  in  -tthic^^^^^^rto  tlie  height  of  many 
fothoms.-  '   •    3j«r'i -a  a'^pf  .   ' '.         ■    /   J,  .is 

-  . .  There  are  Very  iew  tte^  tp -  be  found  in  the  ifland^ 
'  nbirc^n  com  bejQUttiyittedtQMny  advantage.  Pulfe  and 
vegetal>les  of  all  kin(|^  ^re  ;#xjtremely  fcarcci  being  ,^jajy 
to  be  met  jwlthjnv^::^v/ gardens.  i  ,  ^^    ,^,  ,v:  p 

Their  trade,  wl?iich  is  not  veijy  extenlive,  is  monopolized 

hyaDanifh  compgn^v.  K^rtS  €i^'^ea 

The  Faro  or  Ferro  Tflands,  fo  called  from  their  lying 

:  ina  clun:eri  aft^dt^ejn^^ta^t^  ferrying  from  one  i^and 
to  another ;  they*  ar^».abput  ^  in^  number,  and,  lie  .be- 
tween 61.  JM^  63  deg.;|f.|L. .^nd  6  W.  .JUq^g..  frqm  Lon- 
don, they  coniai$oS^H)|0  i]ph^|>iiants.      'tijf-:'  ;  .  f '  { 

■  '  ,,-...?  .  1  Vrs'...  ■. '  .'■  ■■_•.■■■(.,••  .■  -f.  .,.j_ 
NORWAY,-  Of.  aSii|:s  naij^ip  ^gnifies,  the  Northern  <wayy 
is  bounded  f)n  theJei^hby^tbe  4<?'tggeracoreategatL*  Sea, 
on  the  weft  ^nd  notlh»  b.y  thfiri^^Qftbern  Ocean,  and  .ci|n 
theeaft  it  is  divided,  Jr«^i  S-w^den  by,  a  long  ridge  of 
mountains^  r-  It  is  ftco.uiitry/o  ^tt^e  jjaown  to  th^  reft  of 
Europe,;  that  ii  is, difficult  toil* -its-  dimenfions  with  p\^q- 

cifion,  '     '  .    .       '  i  '  ' 

The  .'climate ol'N^fvay  vari/Rsaccordingtoits  extent  and 
pofition  tovyards  the  feju  At  Bergen  the  winter  is  mod- 
erate. The  eaftitrn  part{j  of  Noryvjiy  are  generally  coverj- 
ed  with  fnow.. '  The  <old  comraoply  begins  about  the 
middle  of  Odkober,  aiid  continues  with  intenfe  iev^rUy  to 
th6  mid^Ue  of  ApriV  :  At  Bergen  :fh^iongeft  day  coniaft's 
«f  about  19  hours,  and  th^i^;?-t^%||^  ^^^  Rummer.  ,|he 


NORWAY. 


19 


inhabitants  can  fead  and  write  at  midnight  by  i  the  light 
of  die  flcy  ;  and  in  the  moft  northerly  parts  at  inMiummer, 
the  fun  is  (jontinuaUy  in  view.  In  thofe  parts  in  the  mid- 
dle of  winter,  there  is  only  a  faint  ;glinrui»^ring  of  %ht  at 
noon  for  about  an  ]»our  and  a  half,  ow^ngtotibe  r^^edion 
of  the  fun's  rays  on  the  mpiuntains.  9ut  |[i9^re  hdsbefsn 
fo  kind,:that  in  the  midft  of  their  darkneis,  ^  iky  i«  fo  fe> 
rene,  and  the  moon  and  Aurora)  Biprealis  fo  bri|^jt,^thait 
they  can  qarry  on  their  trades  in  the  ope?i  jur,  -?     r^r^  ;-, 

NoiTway  is  reckoned  one  of  t^e  mpft  mountainous 
countries  in  the  world  ;  and  the  rivers  and  cataradlii  which 
interfe^t  thofe  tremendous  precipices,  and  that  are  paifa- 
ble  by  only  tottering,  wooden  bridges,  render  travelling 
in  this  country  very  terrible  and  dangerous. 
^  V  The  chief  wealth  of  Norway  lies  i^  its  forells,:  which 
furniih  foreigners  with  mads,  beaxps,  planks,r&c,  and  ferve 
fokr  domeitic  ufes,  and  for  charcoal  far  tbs  fojunderies. 
,  J  J .  Norway  contains  quarriesof  excellentmarble*  Themag- 
net  is  found  in  die  iron  mines.  The  afbeftqs,  is  a  native  of 
Norway ,which  being  incombuftible,  when, its  delicate  fibres 
are  woven  into  cloth, it  may  b^  cleaned  by  burning.  Sqiyie 
gold  has  been  found  in  Norway.  There  are  feversU  filvjer 
mines,  one  in  particular  at  Qonirig(i)Virg.  .  JJorway  likewife 
produces  lead,  copper,  and  quickfilver. 

There  are  elks,  |-eiu,idMri  bears,  foxes,  wolves  and  lynxes 
in  Norway.  The  bears  in  this  country  are  ftrong  and  fa- 
gacious,  and  remarkable  for  not  hurting  children.  No 
country  produces  a^greater  variety  of  birds  thaUfi^orway ; 
the  moft  remarkable  a^e  the  Alks,  about  the  fize  of  a 
large  duck,  they  build,  upon  the  rcrcks,  and  are  in  fych 
vaft-numbers,  that  tli<f y  tdarke?  the  air,  ^nd  the  poif^,  qf 
their  wings  refemble  a  ftorm  ;  and  the  land  eagles,  which 
arefo  large  ai^  ftronff,thgrh|Lveb^en.knowiji.jp  ca^ry  off 
a  child  oftw.o.years  old.  tu  t  4  ,>fi  4;  ^h  i/^tft.k?  ^  ^.i.?^  ■ 
^j^'lhe  -feas  are  aftonilhingly;  fruitful  in  fifh,  fpme  pe- 
culiar ,t9  l^orway,  fufgU^as  the  Haac-more^iv ;  a  .fpe«?ie)5 
of  Shark,  the  iiver  of  one  has  \>een  known  tp  yield  t^rejp 
cafks  of; oil ;  and  the  Tuella  flynder,  an  exceffive  large  iiat 
fifh».likf?  a  turbot.  T,  ne  whale  is  a  naf^e  of  the  -  Nqrw(|- 
gian'  fcas  ;  diey  produce  j^lla.the  •  fea^  fnake  tremendouf. 
ly  large, fea horfes,  and  ..other  nipnfter&.of  the  de«Bi,,fp 


20 


DENMARK. 


V' 


yv 


Vxtge  9tir  ^Hghtful,  as  to  be  almoft  confidered  as  fabulotts. 
Metmai  ar«  alfo  feeti  in  thefe  Teas,  but  not  fuch  m 
are  dedt loed  by  fabuHftn,  as  fetting  on  the  rocks  combing 
^«ifhair.  They  are  abotit  eight  fpans  long,  and  bear 
asmuich  relemblante  to  die  human  fpeeies  as  an  optdotsi 
their  lotcigi-  parts  are  k1ce  thofe  of  a  fifli.  '^ 

Hi^e  is  ft  dreadM  whirlpool  oh  die  coaft  of  Norway, 
in  latitude  67 ;  its  extent  and  depth  is  Aich  that  if  a  fhip 
comes  near  it,  it  is  immediately  drawn  irrefiftibly  into 
the  vortex,  and  there  difappears.  When  it  is  agitated  by  a 
ftorm  it  has  reached  veflcls  at  the  diftance  of  more  than  a 
Norway  mile,  when  the  crews  have  thought  themfelves 
iti  iperfe^  fecurity.  It  is  called  Maleftrom,  and  by  navi- 
gators, is  termed  the  navel  of  the  fea.  -^ 

4lle  Korwegis^s  are  ftrong,  robuft  and  brav* ;  but 
^Uick  in  refuting  iiijuries.  Every  inhabitant  is  an  arti- 
zan,  attd  foppUes  his  family  in  all  its  neceiTaries  with  his 
own  mimufa^res.  The  lowed  Norwegian  peafant  is  an 
artift,  a  gentleman,  and  often  a  poet.  Bread,  or  farina- 
ceous food,  is  fo  fcarce,  that  they  often  ufe  the  bark  of  fir 
made  into  a  kind  of  flour,  mixed  with  oatmeal,  for  that 
purpofe.  The  inhabitants  of  Norway  are  in  general  long 
lived,  matiy  living  above  a  century. 

SEcrioi^  V.    l)feNMAR3^  -     ^  % 


1 1, 


'Jik  k  '• 


-nr 


DENMARK  is  bounded  north  by  the  Scaggerac  fea, 
«aft  by  thie  found  which  divides  it  from  Sweden,  fotith  by 
th6  Baltic  fea  and  Germany,  and  weft  by  the  German 
iea,  which  ieparates  it  from  Greaft  Britain.  It  lies  be- 
tw6n  54  and  SS- deg.  N.  L.  and  the  8th  and  11th  deg. 
/fe.  Long,    -'^      ;■    \  ^    '  'f 

Denmark  j^ropet  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  penin- 
fula  of  Judand,  anciently  called  C/m^r/ra  Cher/onefus,  znd 
the  iflands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic.  It  is  remarkable 
that  though  thefe  together  conftitute  the  kingdom  of  Den- 
mark, yet  ndt  any  one  of  them  is  feparately  called  by  that  '*  * 
fiame.  Copenhagen,  the  metropolis  of  the  kingdom,  is  in 
die  iiland  of  Zeaknd.  Jutland  is  the  moft  fertile  prov- 
ince inD<^nmark,  producing  all  forts  of  graih,  and  goodv  : 
paAurage.     It  is  every  where  interfperfed  with  hills,  and 


"i^- 


-k 


DENMARK. 


m 


but 


>enin- 
,  and 
kable 
Den- 
rthat:** 

ov- 
good'  ^ 
,and 


on  the  eaft  fide  ha&fine  woods  of  oak,  fir,  beach,  and  .other  i 
trees.  -1 

The  climate  is  more  temperate  here  tlian  in  many  more 
foutherly  parts  of  Europe,  on  account  of  the  vapours  from 
the  furrounding  fea.     Spring  and  autumn  are  fcarcely  ' 
known  in  Denmark,  the   tranfitions  are  fo  fuddenfrom; 
heat  toccdd^-  and;  from  cold  to  heat.    In  the  moft  north- . 
em  pxrovinces,  tbe'tvint«rs  are  intenfely  fevere,  and  the 
harbours  frozen  up  during  the  whole  feafon.,  •     , 

Denihark  produces  remarkable   fine  horfes,.a  great 
number  of  black  cattle,  befides  flieep,  hogs,  and  game. ;  i 
and. thti'feacoafts. are  fupplied  with  filh.   ...  1 .  r- ;  jt*^ 

The  religion  is  Lutheran.  Learning' is  not  much  en-'j 
couraged  in  Denmark,  though  there  is  a  uniyerfity  at, 
Copenhagen. 

Cc'peiihagen  is  a  very  ftrong  city,  defended .  by  four 
caftles  or  forts.    It  contains  ten  parifh  chut^hes,  aiKi  is,; 
adorned  by  ibme  public  and  private  palaces.    The  hOu^: 
in  the  principal  ftneets  are  built  of  brick..  ,.■ 

The  glory  of  Copenhagen  is  its  harbour  ^  foriAied  by  a. 
large  canal  flowing  through  the  city,  it.  admits   but  one 
Ihip  at  a  time  indeed,  but  will  contain  500.    The  police 
of  this  city  is  extremely  regular,  fo  that  perfons  may  walk 
th/jugh  the  ftreets  at  midnight  in  perfect  fafety.i  .,   -  .fiji 
*     The  apartments  in  the  .palace  at  Copenhagen  are  'ex- 
ceedingly grand,  and  the  tapeftry  very  beautiful  j  but  the. 
fineft  palace  belonging  to  hisDaniih  majefty,  is  called." 
Frederickfburgh,  about  20  miles  >  from  tlie  city,    ^boHt 
two  miles  from  Elfmeur  is  another  fmall  royal  palace, 
faid  to  be  built  on  the  very  fpot  where  the  j)alace  of  Amr 
let's  father  ftood,  and  in  an  adjoining  garden  is  fhewn  the 
very  fpot  where  that  prince  was   poil'oned.     Ellineur  is 
well  built,  and  in  refpedl  to  commerce,  is  only  exceeded 
by  Copenhagen.     Towards  the  fea  it  is  defended  by   a 
ftrong  fort,  containing  feveral  batteries  q£  long.  canHon. 
Here  all  veifels  pay  atoll,  and  in  paffing,  lower  their  tjap" 
fails.  .  :  ;         ..  '    ^  •..,.,:' ::.;  ;i;! 

Denmark  is  extremely  well  fituatedfor  commertft,  her 
harbours  well  calculated  for  fhips  of  all  burtliens,  and  her 
mariners  v^ry  expert.  The  Danes  have  fome  fettle^ 
mentsin  the  Eaft  and  Weft  Indies,  the  Fort.of  Chrifl,ianr 


2t. 


DENMARK. 


bttf  g  in  Africa ;  and  they  cany  on  a  confiderable  com- 
merce  with  the  Mediterranean.  ti 

In  the  royal  mufeum  at  Copenhagen,  is  a  numerous 
collection  of  natural  and  artificial  curiofities ;  in  particu- 
lar a  beautiful  cabinet  of  ivory  and  ebony,  made  by  a 
bliiid  man.  The  mufeum  is  alfo  fumiihed  with  many 
curious  aftronomical  and  mathematical  inftruments.        "^ ^  '<■ 

The  ancient  Danes,  like  the  Gauls,  Scotts,  and  otiher 
northern^nations,  had  their  bards,  who  recounted  their 
military  achievemens  of  their  heroes,  fo  that  their  firft 
hiftories  were  written  in  verfe.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Denmark,  Norway  and  Swe- 
den, were  originally  Scythians  ;  but  how  far  the  tradls  of 
land  called  either  Scythia  or  Caul  formerly  reached  is 
uncertain. 

Even  the  name  of  the  firft  chriftian  Dantfh  king  is  \m- 
kttown^  and  the  people  they  commanded  were  fo  blended 
together,  that  it  is  impoffible  to  convey  any  precife  idea 
of  tlie  old  Scandinavian  hiftory.  The  nation's  feAs  join- 
Ing  together  in  expeditions,  by  fea  or  land,  and  the  ad- 
ventu'rets  being  denominated  after  their  chief  leader,  the 
terms  <  of  Danes,  Saxons,  Jutes,  Goths,  Germans  and 
Norman»  were  promifcuoolly  ufed,  till  long  after  th« 
time  of  Cbarlanagne. 

The  ScandinavianSjin  their  maratime  expeditions,  went 
genei»ally  bv  tSue  name  of  Saxons  with  foreigners  ;  they 
Wer*  fucte,  fierrce  and  manial,  and  about  A.  6.  500,  they 
madethemfel  ves  mafters  of  England.  In  the  eleventh  cen- 
tiiry,iinder  Canute  the  great,  Denmark  may  befaid  to  have 
been  in  the  zenith  of  its  glory  ;  but  from  that  time  to 
the  year  1S>87,  when  Margaret  afcended  the  throne,  and 
partly  by  her  addrefs,  and  partly  by  heieditary  rights 
formed  the. union  of  Calmar  in  1397»  few  interei^ing  e- 
vents  took  place  in  Denmark.^ 

-  Tlie  late  king^  Chriftian  VII.  and  father  to  his  prefent 
majefty,  was  the  fon  of  an  Englifh  prinipefs,  and  grandfon 
to  his  Britannic  majefty  George  II.  He  married  the  prin- 
^eiV  Matilda,  fitter  to  his  prefent  majefty  George  III. 
but  this  alliance  was  unfortunate  for  the  young  queen. 
The  then  queen  dowager.  Was  an  artful,  aml^ious 
woman ;  by  an  appearance  of  friendlhip,  flie  won  the  good 


•■i;T--"r' 


'?^'-%-y,'it!'lT-': 


)- 


V:il 


">. 


DENMARK. 


23 


will  of  queen  Matilda,  and  became  the.depofitory  of  att 
her  fecrets.  Thefe,  however  innocent  in  themfelves,  fhe 
wrefted  fo  as  to  create  ferious  diflention  between  the  king 
and  queen,  and  at  length  flie  fo  far  ''^vronght  on  the  irrit- 
able diiipofition  of  the  ronner,  that  ihe  perfuaded  him  to  ar- 
refl;  the  queen  for  high  treafon*  and  commit  her  as  a  prif- 
oner,  to  Conenburgh  caftle.  At  the  fame  time  the  counts 
Streunfee  and  Brandt,  the  firft  prime  minifter,  and  the  lat- 
ter the  queen's  phyfician,  were  loaded  with  irons,  thrown 
into  prifon,  and  foon  after  beheaded. 

In  May,  1772,  his  Britannic  majefty  fent  a  fmall  fquad- 
ron  of  ftiips  to  convoy  the  queen  to  C^ermany,  and  ap- 
'  >ointed  the  city  ofidMrfor  her  future  refidence  f  fhe  4ied 
there  A.  D.  1775,  aged  23. 

The  prefent  king,  Federick  VI.  was  married  in  1790, 
to  the  princefs  Mary  Anne  Fredei-ica,  of  HeiTe. 

The  dominions  of  his  Danifh  majefty  in  Germany  are 
Holfteitt,  a  fmall  duchy  of  lower  Saxony.  The  duke  of 
Holftien  and  Gottorp  is  joint  fovereien  with  the  Danifh 
monarch.  Kiel  is  die  capital  of  ducal  Holftein,  and 
Gluckftadt,a  welj  built,fortified  town,  of  Danilh  Holftien. 
Altena,  a  large  populous  town  of  great  traffick,  commo- 
diouily  fituated  on  the  Elbe,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Hamburgh,  was  built  by  the  kings  of  Denmark,  in  that 
fituation,  that  it  might  Ihare  in  t!he  commerce  with 
Gluckftadt.  It  is  a  free  port,  and  the  merchants  are  al- 
lowed liberty  of  confcience. 

The  famous  city  of  Hamburgh  is  one  of  the  moft  com- 
mercial towns  in  Europe,  and  though  the  kings  of  Den- 
mark lay  claim  to  certain  privileges  within  its  walls,  it 
may  be  confidered  as  a  well  regulated  commonwealth. 
The  number  of  its  inhabitants  are  about  180,000 ;  it  con- 
tains a  variety  of  noble  edifices,  both  public  and 'private  ; 
it  has  two  fpacious  harbours,  formed  by.  the  river  Elbe, 
which  runs  through  the  town,  and  84  bridges  are  thrown 
over  the  canals.  ^f^'i^p',  / 

Hamburgh  canles  on  a  great  trade  with  Great  Britain. 
Lubec,  an  imperial  city,  and  once  the   capital  of  the 
Hanfe  towns,  is  ft  ill  rich  and   populous  ;  it  has  a  good 
harbour.     Lutherinifm  is  the  eftabliftied  religion  of  die 
whole  duchy. 


>■.  T      ■,,«, 


r 


24, 


LAPLAND.  I 


\  ^ 


In  Weftphalia,  the  king  of  Denmark  has  the  counties 
-of  Oldenburgh  and  Delmenhurft,  lying  on  the  fouth  fide 
of  the  Wefer.  Denmark  is  an  hereditary  kingdom,  and 
the'govenmient  very  defpbtic*  But  theDanilh  monarchs 
are  legal  fovereigns,  and  perhaps  the  only  legal  fovereigns 
in  the  world ;  for  the  fenators,  nobility  and  clergy,  as 
well  as  the  commons,  divefted  themfelves  of  their  rights 
and  power  in  the  year  1660,  and  made  a  formal  fur  ren- 
der of  their  liberties  to  the  then  king,  Frederick  IIL 


L    :  :      (■       Section  VL    LAPLAND. 

i  THE  northern  fituation of  Lapiiiirand  the  divifion^r* 
of  its  property,  require  that  it  Ihould  be  treated  of  under 
a  diftindl  head,  before  we  proceed  farther.  The  whole 
country  of  Lapland,  as  far  as  it  is  known,  extends  from 
the  North  Cape,  in  71  deg.  N.  L.  to  the  White  Sea,  un- 
der the  ardiic  circle.  Part  of  Lapland  belongs  to  the 
Danes,  part  to  the  Swedes,  and  fome  parts  in  the  eaft  to 
the  Ruffians.  Him^r^^jtsmf^W--:- 

The  climate  is  fo  intenfely  cold,  that  it  is  no  unufual 
thing,  in  winter,  for.  the  lips  to  freeze  to  the  cup  while  in 
the  action  of  di-inking,  and  in  fome  thermometers,  fpirits 
of  wine  have  been  concreted  into  ice.  The  limbs  of  the 
inhabitants  often  mortify  with  the  cold.  A  thaw  fome- 
times  takes  place,  and  then  the  froft  that  fucceeds,  pre- 
fents  the  Laplander  with  a  fmooth  level  of  ice,  over  which 
he  travels  in  a  fleigh,  drawn  by  rein  deer,  with  inconceiv- 
able fwiftnefs.  The  heats  of  fummer  are  for  a  Ihort  pe- 
riod exceflive. 

'  I^apland  is  a  vaft  mafs  of  mountains  irreg'ularly  crowd- 
ed together  ;  thefe  are  however  in  fome  places  ibparated 
by  rivers  and  lakes,  in  which  are  many  beautiful  iflands, 
believed  by  the  natives  to  be  a  terreftrial  paradife,  even 
rofes  and  other  flowers  grow  wild  on  them  in  fummer, 
though  there  is  but  a  fhort  gleam  of  temperature.     ' 

Gloomy  forefts,and  unhealthy  moraifes  covergreat  part 
of  this  uncomfortable  country.  *  "^ 

Silver  and  gold  mines,  as  well  as  iron,  copper  and  lead, 
are  found  here,^^nd  have  been  worked  to  advantage  ;  here 
arealfo  beiwtiful  chryftals,  fome  amethyfts  and  topazes, 


LAl>LAND. 


^ 


<i>aiuable  pearls  have  been  found  in  the  rivers,  but  never  in 
the  Teas.  * 

.  The  quadrupeds,  birds,  fifhes,  «nd  infeds,  are  much 
^e  fame  as  in  Denmark  and  Norway.  The  zebclin,  « 
4ittle  creature  refembling  a  msu-ten,  is  a  native  of  Lap- 
land ;  its  ikin  is  fo  much  efteeii^ed,  that  it  is  frequently 
fiven  as  prefents  to  great  perfonages.  The 'Lapland 
ares  grow  white  hi  winter.  This  country  produces  a 
very  large  kind  of  black  cat.  The  rein  deer  is  a  moft 
aftoniihing  animal ;  the  hoof  of  the  rein  deer,  is  remark- 
•ably  formed  for  travelling  with  fafety  and  celerity  over 
the  frozen  fnow ;  they  are  no  trouble  to  their  owners 
in  procuring  them  provender ;  in  fummer  they  fupply 
themfelves  with  leaves  and  grafs ;  in  winter  they  live 
upon  mofs,  which  they  have  a  wonderful  fagacity  in 
finding,  when  found  they  fcrape  away  the  fnow  that  cov- 
ers it,  with  their  feet,  and  the  fmall  portion  that  fuffices 
them  is  wonderful.  It  feems  as  if  nature  had  provided 
this  animal)  to  iblace  the  Laplander  for  the  privation  of 
the  other  comforts  of  life.  The  method*  of  travelling  is 
very  curious.  They  fix  the  rein  deer  to  a  kindx)f  Height 
Shaped  like  a  boat,  in  which  the  traveller,  well  fecUrfcd  from 
the  cold,  is  laid  down  with  the  rems  in  one  hand,  and  a 
kind  of  bludgeon  in  the  other,  to  keep  the  carriage  clear 
from  ice  and  fnow.  The  deer  fets  out  and  contmues  his 
journey  with  prodigious  fpeed,  and  with  very  little  trouble 
to  the  driver ;  at  niglu  they  look  for  thdr  own  proven- 
der, and  their  milk. often  helps  to  fupport  their  mafter. 
Their  flelh  is  well  tafted  food,  and  their  fkins  excellent 
clothing,  both  for  th6  bed  and  the  body,  in  tiiitt  frigid 
country. 

The  language  of  the  Laplanders' is  ^ch  a  mixture  of' 
.  various  dialers,  that  it  is  with  difficulty  thfry  underftand 
each  other  ;  they  hav^  neither  writing  not  letters^  among 
thei^i,  but  a  number  of  hieroglyphics,  which  they  ufe  to 
convey  their  meaning,  and  even  as  lignatures  in  matters 
of  law.  Some  attempts  have  been  made  to  inftrud  the 
Laplanders  in  the  do<flrines  of  chriftianity,  but  with  little 
eflPea,  the  major  part  continuing  in  grofs  fuperilition  and 
idolatry.  They  believe  in  the  tranfmigration  of  the  foul^ 
and  have  feftiyals  fet  apart  for  the  worship  of  ceftain  ge* 


^■•■-  f 


■*^. 


IB 


^SWEDEN. 


t  i^iT^  which  ihey  thhik  inhabit  the  air,  and  have  gteatpoiiNr 
over  human  adlions. 
Agriculture  is  not  much  attended  toamong  the  Lap^i 

:  landers }  they  are  chiefly  divided  into  fifhers  and  moun- 

.  taineers.     The  former  always  make  their  habitation  near 

,  ibme  lake,  from  which  diey  draw  their  fuftenance.  The 
others  live  Upon  the  mountains.     They,  are  adive  and  exi- 

..,  pert  in  the  chafe,  beiides  looking-after  the  rein  deer,  £fhin^^ 
and  hunting.    The  men  employ  themfelves  in  making  their 

V  tanoes  aiid  ileighs,  to  which  they  give  the  form  of  a  canoe. 
The  employment  of  the  wotnen  confifts  in  making  nets  for 

Irtlje  fifhers,  drying  fifh  and* meat,  milking  the  rein  deer, 
making  cheefe,  and  tanniti^  hides.  The  Laplanders  live 
in  huts ;  a  little  place  is  made  in  the  middle  of  the  hut  for 
a  fire,  over  which  a  chain  is  fufpended  to  hang  the  kettle 
upon.  Their  general  food  is  bear's  fieih,  and  the  fleih  o( 
the  deer,  fifli,  and  birds  of  every  kind,  which  they  preferve 
for  Winterby  drying.  Their  common  drink  is  water.  Spir- 
ituous liquors  are  very  fcarce  among  them.     It  is  worthy 

,- both  of  remark  and  imitation,  that  they  never  begin  of 
finiih  a  meal  without  making  afliott  prayer. 

In  their  drefs,^the  Laplsmders  ufe  no  linen,  and  their 

,  clothing  is  generally  compofed  of  (kins.     There  is  very 

f  little  difference  between  the  habits  of  the  men  and  women. 

'..They  have  little  commerce.  '   ■ 

SgCTioifViL    SWEDt.1^* 

SWEDEN  extend*  from  56  to  69 deg.  N.  lat*  asid  from 

iOto  SOdeg.  £.  long.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic  and  Cat^ 

,  egate  Sea  on  the  foum>  by  the  impafiable  mountains  of  Nor<* 

/  ^ay  on  the  weft^  by  Danifh  Lapland  on  the  north,  and  by 

kuflia  or  Mufcovy  on  the  eaft.     It  is  divided  into  fevea 

•  provinces,  Sweden  proper,  GiOtblaiid,  Livonia,  Ingiiay 

Finland,  Swedifh  Lapland,  and  the  Swedifii  Iflands. 

Livonia  and  Ingria  was  conquered  and  taken  fron^  the 

Swedes  by  Peter  tSe  great,  Eihperor  of  Ruffia. 

The  climate  of  Sweden  is  much  the  fame  as  in  the 

^  neighbouring  northern  countries,  as  is  the  face  of  the 

1  couiitry.    Summer  burfts  as  it  were  from  the  very  bofoW 

.  i^f  ^leTi  aad  v«getati(»iis  confequently  very  rapid*  Th^ 


SWEDEN; 


27 


SPiii^desiruice  the  tifne  of  Charles  XII.  haveheen  at  inclrd- 
iMe  pains  to  corred  th^  native  'barrennefs  of  their  foil, 
and  of  late  years,  they  have  raiifd  nearly^rain  enough  to 
ftimifh  the  inhabitants  with  brdad*  Fruit  is  not  very  plen- 
tiful here,  the  better  kinds  being  difficult  to  cultivate.  In 
dry  feafons  they  raife  very  6ne  melons. 

Sweden  produces  a  number  of  the  lower  order  of  pre- 
cious Hones,  as  amethyfts,  agate,  cornelian,  and  feme  val-. 
*  liable  foffils  ;  but  the  chief  wealth  of  Sweden  -arifes  from 
her  mines  of  filver,  copper,  lead,  and  iron.  There  is  one 
ailonifliiag  iiiver  minie,  the  loweft  .part  of  which  is  14C 
fathom  below  the  furface  of  the  ear^  ;  thefe  fubterrane- 
ous  manfions  are  wonderfully  fpacious  and  commodious 
for  their  inhabitants,  many  of  whom  have  never  feen  tli^ 
upper  world,  or  beheld  the  face  of  day < 

There  is  a    tremendous  water  iVti,  a  few  If^aggues 
from  Gottenburgh;  the  bottomofthe  bed  iQto  which.  tlHl  " 
cataraA  precipitates  itfelf>  has  never  been  found. 

In  the  foutfaem  paxt  of  Gotbla^nd  is  a  r-emarlcable  lake^ 
that  finees  every 'thing  that  is  put  into  it;  and  in  fome 
parts  of  Sweden,  a  curious  ftone  is  fo^ndr  which  yields 
iiilphur,  vitriolarand  allum. 

It  is  alfo  remarkable,  that  in  the  feas  belonging  to  Swe-« 
den,  the  Baltic,  the  Gulfs  of  Bothnia  .andl'imand,  thcjr 
Cktegate,  and  the  Sound,  which  runs  between  Sw^d^ 
and  Denmark,  there  are  no  tides,  and.  they  arc  uAxally 
frozen  up  four  months  in  the  year.  < 

The  animal  produdtiors  of  Sweden  differ  but  little  frorm  " 
thofe  of  Norway  and  Denmark,  already  mentioned>  Qnljfi 
tbe  horfes  are  more  ierviceable  in  war. 

There  is  great  di  verfity  of  charadler  ampng  the  Swpd§s, 
'The  peafants  are  a  heayy,.plQdding  xace^  (|ron^  and  hardy, 
but  totally  without  any  ambition  beyon4  that  ojf  obtainmg 
a  comfortable  fabfiftence,  in  tlie  ftate  in  which  Prpvidence 
has  placed  diem.  The  merchants  and  tradeiinen  are  i;^ 
4uftrious  and  perfevering.  The  nobility  and  gentry  ai^ 
polite,  brave,  and.  extremely  hofpitable,  have  very  high  ^ 
XMtions  of  honour,  and  are  jealous  of  their  national  inteiieft. 

The  dnefs,  exerci&s,  and  diversions,  of  the  comn^on  peo-  - 
3^,  are  much  the  fame  as  thofe  of  DenznaJck ;  th»hi^«Y^ 
ckfle&.ibllow  ^  iErench  modesk 


.  ■* 


2a' 


SWEDEN. 


The  women  in  Sweden,  go  to  plough,  threftt  otrt  th«f»^ 
<Jorn,  row  upon  the  water,  carry  burthens,  ferve  the  brick*^ 
layers,  and  do  all  kinds  of  common  drudgery. 

The  eftabliflied  religion  is  Lutheran  ;  it  was  introduced'  . 
among  them  in  the  time  of  Guftavus  Vafa,  A.  D.  1523^ 
and  by  him  greatly  encouraged.  The  Swedes  are  very- 
uniform  and  unremitting  in  their  religious  duties,  and 
have  the  moft  inveterate  hatred  to  popery.  The  Swedilh 
language  refembles  that  of  Denmark.  The  nobility  and' 
gentry  are  tolerably  converfant  with  polite  literature,  and 
have  of  late  exhibited  .much  fpirit  for' its  improvement,  in^ 
which  they  are  encouraged  by  the  royal  family. 

That  able  civilian,  ftatefman,  and  hiilorian,  Puffendorf," 
was  a  native  of  Sweden.  So  was  the  celebrated  natund' 
philofopher  Linnseus.  There  is  a  celebrated  Univerilty 
at  Upfal ;  it  was  iitftituted  400  years  ago,  there  are  near 
1500  (hidents  in  this  Univerfity  ;  it  has  been  called  the* 
great  and  unrivalled  fchool  of  natural  philofophy.  There- 
is  another  Univerfity  at  Abo,  ia  Finland}  but  it  is  not  ia 
lb  fiourifhing  a  ftate. 

There  is  an  Academy  of  arts  and  fciences,  eftabliflied' 
at  Stockholm,  which  is  in  a  very  profperous  condition. 

The  trade  of  Sweden  confifts  of  materials  for  Oiip  build- 
ing, together  with  potafh,  flax,  hemp,  peltry,  furs,  copperf 
lead,  iron,  cordage,  and  fifh. 

There  are  24«  towns  in  Sweden,  which  are  called  flaple- 
towns,  wh^e  the  merchants  are  allowed  to  import  and  ex- 
port commodities  in  their  own  fhips."  Thofe  towns  which> 
have  no  foreign  commerce,  are  called  land  towns.  A" 
third  kind  are  called  mine  towns,  becaufe  they  lie  in  the« 
Ticinity  of  the  mines. 

Stockholm  is  a  ftaple  town,  and  the  capital  of  the  king* 
ctom.*"  It  ftands  upon  feven  fmall  iflands,  befides  two  pe*^ 
nindilas,  and  being  built  upon  piles,  it  ftrikes  a  ftrangei^^': 
with  a  pleafurkble  furprize,  froin  its  iingular  and  roman* 
tic  appearance.  ^  The  harbour  is  fpacious  and  convenient*  -  , 
though  dilBcult  of  accefs.    The  water  is  clear  as  chryftal;^ 
and  of  fuch  depth  that  (hips  of  tho-largeft  burthen  can  ap» 
proach  the  quay.    The  principal  fouildings  of  the  city  are 
ef  (tone, ;  the  royal  palace  which  ftands  in  the  centre  of 
Scockholjni  upon  an  elevated  fpot  of  gxound»  i&  built  q§ 


MtTSCOVY^ 


ftflHtertiiearchite^veisboth  eleganMnd  magnificent. 
There  it  a  famous  arfenal  in  this  city  i  and  many  of  the 
houfes  are  covered  with  c<^per. 

The  Swedes,  like  the  Danes,  were  originally  free,  and 
for  many  centuries  the  crown  vm  derive  ;  but  after  vari* 
eus  revolutions,  Charles  XII>  who  was  killed,  1718,  ren^- 
dered  himfelf  defpotic.  Hit  fifter  Ulrica,  who  Succeeded 
him,  reftored  the  States  to  their  former  liberties  ;  but  in 
IV72,  the  whole  fyft^m  of  government  was  totally  chang- 
ed ;  by  that  event  the  Swedes  found  their  king  invefted 
with  a  degree  of  authority  but  little  inferior  to  the  mod 
defpotic  princes  of  Europe.  By  this  conftitution  tlie  king 
of  Sweden  is  invefted  with  fo  much  power,  authority,  and 
mifluence,  that  it  is  hardly  to  be  expeded  ihat  any  perfon 
will  prefume  to  oppofe  whatever-he  may  tliink  proper  t^ 
ordain.  • 


SscnoN  VIIl.    MUSCOVY. 


*  MUSGOVY,  orthe  Ruflian  empire in£urope  and^^ Afia* ' 
is  a  kinjE^om  of  great  extent,  lying  between  47  and  72 
deg.N.  lat.  and  23  and  65deg.  £.  long.  It  confifts  of  fix- 
teenprovinces,befldesfeveralprovince6  conquered  from  the 
Swedes,  and  Crim  Tartary,  a  peninfuU  in  the  Euxine  Se% 
taken  from  the  Turks  and  added  to  the  Ruflian  empire  in 
17B3.  The  Ruffians  alio  poiTefs  the  duchy  of  Courland 
iai  Poland.  -  , 

•^     The  empire  of  Rufila  is  of  nearly  equal  extent  to  all  the  ' 
reft  of  Eui^pe.    Tfte  part  we  muft  here  confine  ourfelves 
t^  namely;,Ruflla  in  Europe,  is  1500  miles  in  length,  anji 
1 100  in  breadth.    The  whole  empire,  including  the  Afi- 
^c  territories,  is  greater  thaa  the  Roman  empire  was  in 
the  zenith  of  its  power,  or  the  empire  of  Bitrius,  which 
was  fubdued  by  Alexander,  or  even  both  put  together* 
■n    Ifithe  moft  fouthem  parts  of  Ruflia,  the  longeft  day  - 
d^es  not  exceed  15  hours  and  a  half^;  whereas  in  themo;^ 

.sorthein,  the  fun  is  ieen  in  fummer  for  two  months  above 

^^e  horizon.     The  reader  willr from  diis,  naturally  c(»i'* 

chide  that  thereis  in  Mufcovy,  a  great  diverfity  of  climate^' 

The  feverity  of  the  winters  in  Ruffia^  is  veiy  great.   It 

%<Uft«ult  lor  an  inhabitant  of  a  more  tenaperatc  cliTOatc^. 


96 


MUSCOVY. 


■ 
I 


» 

W  have  any  idea  of  a  cold  (b  intenfe.  lit  the  fevereft  of 
th«  weather,  if  a  peribn  wAkt  out,  the  water  which  the 
keen  air  may  force  fn  '^i  then  c  vet,  will  hang  in  icicles  on 
their  lafhes,  and  it  is  uot  unrommwi  for  perfons  to  have 
their  cheeks,  and  no  '^t  froze,.  IWt  notwithftanding  the 
frigid  femperatitrc  of  the  climate,  ih*'  inhabitants  havt 
ftich-  Prions  methods  of  guarding  againit  it,  that  thef 
^ffer  lefs  than  might  be  imagined,  and  ^rc  feldom  heard 
to  complain  of  the  cold.  When  they  go  out,  they  are  fo 
•i  rapped  in  furs  that  they  bid'  defiance  to  the  veatherv 
B  f  in  die  houfei,  tlie  apartments  are  warmed  by  clofe 
koves. 

One  advantage  which  the  Ruifians  derive  from  the  fe*- 
verity  of  the  cold,  is  the  preferving  their  provilions  by 
froft.  They  often  kill  poultry  in  Oftober,  and  packing  it 
in  fnow,  preferve  it  frelh  and  good  for  feveral  monUisw 
Provifions  thus  preferved,  can  be  carried  1  (K)0  miles  by 
land,  without  the  leaA  danger  of  fpoiiing,  and  eal  killed^ 
at  Archangel,  and  carried  in  a.frozen  (late  to  Peterfburgh,. 
is  efteemed  a  great  delicacy.  They  thaw  their  p  rovifionS' 
previous  to  cooking,  by  immerHng  them  in  cold   v'ater. 

Vegetation  is  extremely  rapfd  in  Ruflia.  The  fnow  h 
the  natural  mainure  of  the  foil,  and  in  the  more^  f(  uthern 
provinces^  grain  grows  very  plentifully.  The  lower  ou- 
ders  of  the  people  are,  however,  very  miferably  fed  :  their 
common  drink  is  metheglin  ;  they  extrad  alio^afpirit  froiti'^ 
rye,  of  which  they  are  extremely  fond. 

The  inhabitants,  till  very  lately,  were  but  little  acquaint*- 
ed  with' agriculture.  Peter  the  great,  and  his  fucceiTcra,> 
have  been  at  infinite  pains  to  introduce  die  pra^ice  of  it 
into  their  dominions,  and  the  fertility  of  the  foil  in  many 
parts  is  fuch,  that  Ruflxa  bids  fair  to  have  grain  as  plenty 
as  it  is  in  the  more  fouthern  countries  of  Eutiope.  Moun- 
tains of  rich  iron  ore  are  found  here,  moft.  of  which  pro- 
duce the  k)ad  ftone.^  There  are  rich' filvep  and  copper 
mines  on  the  confines  of  Siberia. 

RulCats  in  general,  a  flat  level  country,  ercept  towards 
the  north,  where  lie  the  Zimnopoias  mountains,  called  the 
•*  girdle  of  the  earth."  On  the  weftem  fide  is  a  part  of 
the  Carpatliian  mountains;  and  between  the  Black  Sea 
imd  the  Cafpiao;  is  mount  Caucafut.    The  znoft  conTidei* 


/• 


WDScow: 


Me  river  is  Wolga,  running  eaft  and  fouth,  which  aftef 
fraverfing  ereat  part  of  Mufcovy,  and  winding  a  courie  of 
SOOO  Enghih  miles,  difchams  itfelf  into  the  Cafpian  Sea* 
It  is  the  largeft,  and  one  ofthe  moll  fertile  rivers  in  £u« 
rope ;  it  produces  all  kinds  of  fiOi^  and  its  banks  ar«  cov* 

,  "jd  with  luxuriant  trees,  fruit,  and  vegetables  {  during 
the  whole  of  its  long  uourfe,  the  navigation  is  eafy  and 
uninterruptod.  By  means  of  this  noble  river,  the  city  of 
Moicow  preferves  a  communication  with  all  the  fouthem 
parts  of  Riiiriii,  with  Perfia^  Tartary,  and  the^  countriet 
bf^rtkiing  on  the  Cafpian  Sea.  The  Don  or  Tanais,  di- 
vii  »s  tiio  moft  eallern  part  of  Ruflfia  from  Afia ;  this  riv-' 
er  '  harges  itfelf  into  the  fea  of  Afoph,  about  400  miles 
froii  ts  rife.  The  Borillhenes,  or  Dnieper,  falls  into  the 
il^ac  Sea  ;  this  is  alfo  a  very  large  river,  and  has  13  cat- 
athA^  within  a  very  fmriU  diiiance  of  each  other.  To 
tk  may  be  added  the  two  Dwinas,  one  of  which  emp* 
t '^^  it  I  1^  at  Riga  into  the  Baltic,  the  other  falls  into  the 
'tt   jea. 

liere  are  many  forefts  in  thli  extenHve  country, 
their  quadrupeds  the  Lynx,  proverbial  for  its  pterw 
eia^  eye,  i&  the  moft  remarkable  ;  it  is  a  native  of  Ruflia ; 

•  Th»  hawre  alfo  hy^triMi  bears,  black  foxes,  and  ermines^ 
wh'  i  ar  is  very  valuable.  The  dromedary  and  the  camel 
werr  irmerly  the  only  beads -of  burthen  ufed  in  Ruflli^ 
btlt  r  ter  the  great  encouraged-  the  Iweeding  of  horfes, 
both  I  '-r  war  and  carriages. 

V.  TheTM;  ire  but  few  birds  in  Rufiia,  and' no  great  varicw 
ty  of  filh  i  they  have  (lurgeon,  <:od,  falmon,  and  beluga^ 
which>  la(l<  ifr  very  large,  fometimes  weighing  100  weight, 
its  flelh  is  very  white  and  delicious ;  it  yields  the  beluga 
ftone,  ufed  as  a;  medicine  among  the  natives* 

The  Rudlahs  are  in  general  a  perfonable  people ;  hardy, 
T»igorous,  and  patient  of  labour  j  they  are  extremely  a^ive, 
endure  hardihips  without  repining,  and  can- be  content 
with  very  hard  fare.  Before  the  days  of  Peter  the  great, 
the  Ruflkns  were  barbarous,  ignorant,  and  addidlied  to  iiv- 
tempei^ance  ;  but  fince  the  time  of  that  prince,  fo  indefat- 
igable for  the  welfare  of  his  country,  all  ranks  have  made 
very  confrderable  advances  towards  civilization,  and  fome 
«f  the  better  fort  are  even  highly  |K>liihed.    Be£ore  hi» 


•  - 


\*. 


wtigBL  they  hid  not  a  Ihxp  upon  their  coaft,  no  coKVwMlfi'- 
ces  for  travelling,  no  pavements  to  their  ftreets,  no  places 
of  public  amu&ment;  and  they  entertained  amoft  fovereigu 
contempt  for  all  in^<)venient  of  the  mind. 

The  method  of  travelling  in  Ruffia  is  extremely  conve* 
mets%9  at  die  fame  time  remarkable  ^  they  ered  a  kind  of 
coach  upon  fledgc^s,  in  which  they  can  lie  down  at  full 
length,  wrapped  in  for,  and  fb  continue  their  journey  night 
and  day  without  interruption.  They  often  go  from  Mof* 
cow  to  Peterfburgh,  which  is  400  miles^  in  three  days. 
Her  late  majefiy  Cadienne  II.  ufed  to  make  her  journeys  > 
in  a  houfe,  containing  a  bed,  a  table,  chairs  and  other 
conveniences;  it  was  fixed  on  a  fledge,  and  drawn  by  ^  * 
Iiorfes.  ). 

The  eftabHihed  religion  of  Rufllais  the  Greek  church,  r 
hvtt  little  differing  from  popery ;  they  r^ain  jnany  idol>  - 
atrous  and  fuperuitious  cuftoms,  and  obferve  a  number  of 
fafts.  The  priefts  have  no  €xed  income,  but  depend  for  - 
fubfiftence  on  the  bounty  of  theirs  ■  hearers;  The  clergy 
had  formeriy  great  power,  r'hich  they  exercifed  over  me  ' 
laity  in  a  modft  defpotic  manner ;  but  Peter  the  great,  -< 
among  other  fervices  rendered  his  country^  abridged  this  ■ 
dangerouS'power,and  reformed^nany  abufes  in  the  church. 

The  Ruffians  have  hitherto  made  but  an  mcondderable  ' 
figure  in  ^e  annals  of  literature ;  but  the  encouragement 
given  of  late  years  by  their  fovereigns  to  literary  and  fd-f- 
entific  purfuits,  has  produced  fufficient  prot^s  that  they  are^  ^ 
BO  way  deficient  in  intelle^al  abilities,  asd  that  they  are  " 
ifualified  to  fbine  in  the  arts  and  icienceil''    *  ff  -  / 

Three  Colleges  were  founded  by  PeMr  die  great,  at  * 
Jllofcow ;  one  forclaffical  learning,  one  for  mathematics,' . 
and  one  for  navigation  and  aftronomy.    He  founded  alfo^ 
adifpenfary,  and  of  late  years,  Mr.  de  Shorealow  has^:.  f 
founded  a  univerfity  in  this  city.     The  empxefs  Cath-^ 
€rine  XI.. founded  a  univerfity   in  Peterfburgh,  alfo  a- 
military  Academy,  and  a  nuinbeif  of  fchools  for  ilie  edu<^ 
cation  of  the  lower  clailes  of  her  fubje^*",  an  inftitutioa. 
which  ought  to  entitle  her  to  thie  gratitude  of  the  whole-  V 
Huffian  nation. 

Peterfburghis  the  capital  of  the  Ruffian  empire;  it  ftandr 

both  Ades^the  fiv^  i^vat  between  the  lakeXado^ 


'li' 


\ 


MUSCOVY. 


9S 


and  the  Giilf  of  Finland.  It  extends  about  6  miles  everf 
way,  and  contains  every  ftrufture  for  magnificence,  im- 
provement of  the  arts,  revenue,  navigation,  war,  and  com«^ 
merce,  that  are  to  be  found  in  the  moft  celebrated  cities 
in  Europe.  There  is  a  convent  in  tliis  city,  inftituted  by 
Catherine  II.  in  which  440  young  ladies  are  educated  free 
of  expenfe  to  their  families ;  200  of  them  of  fuperior  rank, 
and  the  others,  daughters  of  citizens,  tradefmen,  &c.  alt 
of  whom  are  educated  according  to  their  ftation  in  life^ 
and  the  lower  clafs  pre'fented  with  a  fum  of  money  o» 
leaving  the  convent,  to  affift  thfem  in  procuring  a  decent 
livelihood.     Near  this  coitvent  is  a  Foundling  Hofpital. 

As  Peter(burgh  is  the  emporium  of  Ruffia,  there  are  an* 
incredible  number  of  foreign  (hips  feen  in  its  harbour  in 
fummer  time.  This  city  is  fuppofed  to  contain  400,000^ 
inhabitants  ;  it  is  ornamented  with  thirty  five  churches»^^ 
and  contains  five  palaces,  fpme  of  which  are  fiiperb,  efpe<r 
cially  that  which  is- called  the  new  fum mer  palace,  whichr 
is  a  moft  elegant  piece  of  architedlure.  All  the  neigh- 
bourhood round  Peterfburgh  is  covered  with  country  houf* 
es  and  gardens,  belonging  to  the  nobility  and  gentry.        - 

The  city  of  Mofcow  was  formerly  the  glory  of  this  great 
empire ;  it  ftandis  on  the  river  from  whence  it  takes  its 
name,  and  though  the  ftreets  are  not  regular,  it  prefents- 
i'Very  pifturefque  appearance.  It  is  eomf>uted  to  be  16 
miles  in  circumference,  and  contains  1600  churches  and* 
convents,  and  forty  tliree  palaces.  Mofcow^  in  its  build- 
ings, difplays  a  great  contraft  of  magnificence  and  mean- 
nefs,  the  houfes  of  the  inhabitants  in  general  being  mifer- 
able  timber  booths,  while  their  palaces,  churches,  and  oth- 
er public  edif/ies,  are  fpacious  and  lofty.  The  Krimlin,  or 
grand  imperial  palace,  is  one  of  the  moft  fupurb  ftru^res 
in  the  worlds  There  is  a  cathedral  in  Mofcow,  trhich  has 
nine  towers  covered  with  copper,  double  gilt,  and  contains 
a  filver  branch  for  48  lights,  faid  to  weigh  2800  pounds.  J*^ 

Ruffia  can  produce  but  few  curiofities  ;  (he  can  howev- 
er  Ihow  many  ftupendous  monuments  of  the  public  fpirit 
of  her  fovereighs  j  particularly  the  canals  made  by  Peter' 
the  great,  for  the  benefit  of  her  commerce.  This  empe« 
nor  built  the  city  of  Peterfburgh  ;  the  fortrefs  of  Cron- 
ftadty  which,  defends  the  city,  Qn-onefidei^andtbe  city  itfdf 


f 


ddr       SCOTLAND,  an»  its  a&5Acent  Isles* 

employed  800,000  toen  for  feveral  years,  only  in  laying:^ 
its  fouadatton  ;  Peter  himiielf  having  drawn  the  p}an,  and  . 
diredled  the  whole  in  peHbn,  and.  often  vrorking  bimfelf  ' 
with  the  affiduity  of  a  common  labourer,  tiU  from  a  few 
fishermen's  huts  in  a  lowfwampy  marfh.  therich  and  pop- 
ulous city  of  Peteriburgh  appeared  as  it  were  on  a  fudden, 
claiming  rank  with   the  faireft  cities  in  Europe.     How 
beautiful,  how  laudable  is  induflry  ;  it  renders  a  mah  be- 
loved by  his  cotemporaries,  revered  by  thoie  who  imme- 
diately follow  him,  and  tranfmits  his  name  with  grateful^, 
applaufe  to  the  lateft  pofterity.    The  Ruffian  commerce  . 
crnfifts  of  furs,  red  leathn*,  irouj  copper,  fail  cloth,  pitch*  > 
tar,  hemp,  flax,  drugs,  timber,  and  fome  raw  filk,  which  -.^ 
they  get  from  Perfia  and  China.     Ru0ia  carries  on  a  com*  - 
merce  over  land  to  China,  by  caravans  j  Ihe  likewife  trades  - 
tp  Periia  acrofs  theCafpimi  Sea. 


S$CTioif  1X;»  SCOTLAND,  and  its  Aj)jAcfEHT  islis 


*'- 


THE  Shetland  ifles  lie  northeaftof  theOrkneys, between'.- 
60  and  61  deg,  N.  L.     The  Oriades  or  Orkneys,  lie  north  = 
of  Dunglby  head,  between*  59  ind  60  deg.  N.  L:  divided  ^^ . 
l«om  the  continent  by  a  tempeftuous  Arait,  called  Pent« 
land  Frith,; 

•  The  Hebrides^  or  Weftem  Iflesare ^ery  numerous, anci>^- 
f(^me  of  them  large  $  they  are  fiiuated  between  55  a?i4r' 
fi9  deg.  N.  L.      ■  ?A1» 

*/There  is  very  little  diflference  in  the  climate  of  thefe 
tflands;  .the  air  being  keeuj  piercing,  and  falubrious^-fa 
that  many  of  the  natives  live-  to  a  great  age.     In  the* 
Shetland  and  Orkney  iflands,  they  fee  to  read  at  midnight; 
ia  June  and  July,  and  during  th^  fummer  months,  they:i^ 
liave  frequent  communications,  both  for  bufmefs  and  €U->^ 
riofity,  with  each  other  jyiid  with  the  continent ;  the  reft 
of  the  year  however,  they  are  almoft  inacce0ible,  through^  't 
fogs,  darknefs,  and  ftorms.   .  ':{_ 

The  largeft  of  the  Shetland  iilaads,  which  are  forty  fi» . 
19  number,  (though  many  of  them  are  uninhabited/  is'  ^ 
Mainland,  which  is  60  miles  in  length,  and' 20  in  breadth*  ^ 
Its  principal  town  is  Larwick.    Shalloway  is  another  town,  ., 
tl^«Ee.th^  xenaaias>of  aaaiitiqu^caftW  axe;  fliJUto  b^^teoaii^ 


^N 


'  SCOTLAND,  AMU  iTf  AOjAcniT  tsLtM,       Si 

^'Oti  diis  ifland  the  Dutch  begin  to  fifli  for  herrings  at  xnitU 
fommer,  and  the  fiibing  feafon  lafts  fi»  months. 

The  Orkneys  are  SO  in  number,  the  larg^ft  is  calfed 
Pomona.    It  contairife  9  s  parifh  chni^ches,  and  4  exeelknrtt 

harbours. 

The  iile  of  Mull,  in  the  Hebrides^  is  24  miles  long,  aiid 

in  fom^  places  almoft  as  broad.     It  contains  2  parkhel, 

and  a  cattle,  called  Dtiart,  which  is  the  chief  place  in  thfe 

ifland.   This  is  the  mod  considerable  iiland  of  the  Hebrides. 

♦The  inhabitants  of  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  iflandSi 

■t^rere  formerly  fubjejjl  to  the  Normans,  who  conquered 
them  a  few  years  after  their  landing  in  England,  under 
William  the  conqueror ;  they  were  in  1263  in  poiTeifion  oi 

■Magnus  of  Normandy,  who  fold  them  to  Alexander  king 
of  Scotland.  The  people  in  general,  differ  but  little  firom 
the  Lowlanders  of  Scotland.  They  btiild  their  houfes  in 
a  modem  ftyle,  and  are  remarkable  for  the  finenefs  biT 
their  linen.  The  common  people  live  itpon  butter,  cheefe» 
ftfh,  and  fowl,  of  which  they  have  great  plenty ;  their  prin- 
cipal drink  is  whey.  Their  temperance  preferves  thettk 
from  the  difeafes  known  to  luxury.  Their  religion  isprot- 
ettant,  and  their  civil  inftitutions  are  the  fahie  as  thofe  of 

■  Scotland.    The  religion  of  the  Hebrides  is  Prefbyterian ; 

but  Popery  and  ignorance  ftill  prevail  among  ibme  of  the 

iflanders,  with  ndiany  fuperftitious  cuttoms  and  ceremonies. 

Though  it  is  not  iri  the  power  of  natural  philofophy  to 

account  for  the  reafon^  yet  it  is  certain  that  the  foil  of  the 

^"^flands  belonging  to  Scotland,  have  fufiered  an  amazing 
alteration  j  the  foil  lately  barren,  cold,  and  uncomforta- 
ble, is  now  in  many  parts  in  a  ftate  of  high  cultivatioif, 
jproducing  plenty  of  com,  vegetables,  and  even  fruit* 
Tin,  lead,  iron,  and  filver  mines,  are  found  in  thefe  iflands, 
as  alfo  flate,  freeftone,  and  quarries  of  marble. 

Trade  and  manufa^hires  are  ftill  in  their  infancy ;  thefr 

.  ftaple  commodity  is  filh,  particularly  herrings  ;  they  have 
iikewife  confiderable  trade  in  down  and  feathers. 

The  Shetland  iflands  are  famotfs  for  a  fmall  breed  d£ 
horfes,  which  are  incredibly  aftive,  ftrongand  hardy. 

In  a  gloomy  valley,  belonging  to  one  of  the  weftei^ 
ifles,is  a  kind  of  hermitage,  cut  out  of  a  ftone  called  -m 
4lwarf  ftone,  36  feet  long*  18  broad,  and  9  thtckj  ia  whieft 


m^ 


m  SCOTLAND,  AND    ITS    AOjACENt  IsLEil.^ 

is  a  fqoare  hole  two  feet  high  for  an  entrance  ;  within  tW* 
entrance  is  the  refemblance  of  a^  bed,  with  a  ptUow  cut  out 
t)f  a  ftokie,  big  enough  for  two  mtn  to  lie  on :  at  the  other 
€nd  is  a  couch,  and  in  the  middle  a  hearth,  with  a  holfe 
cut  out  above  for  a  chimney. 

There  is  a  Cathedral  in  KirkWall,  the  capital  of  the 

Orkneys  j  it  is  a  fine  Gothic  ftrufture,  the  roof  is  fupport- 

edby  14  pillars  on  each  fide,  and  the  three  gates  of  the 

church  are  chequered  with  red  and  white  polifhed  ilone^ 

♦  ■embofled  and  elegantly  Iflowered.  '^' , ' 

There  are  many  other  curious  antiquities,  and  natural 
curipfities  in  thefe  iflands,  a  defcription  of  which  would  he 
igratifying  to  the  enquiring  mind  of  youth,  but  the  narrow 
limits  of  this  work,  compel  their  omiflion  here. 

Scotland  is  300  miles  long,  and  190  broad,  extending 
from  the  54th  tothe  59thdeg.  N.  L.  and  from  1  to  6deg.  W. 
1^  Long.  It  is  bounded  fouth  by  England,  from  which  it  is 
divided  by  the  river  Tweed,  north,  eaft,  and  weft,  by  the 
German  and  Iriih  Seas.  It  is  divided  into  Highlands 
and  Lowlands ;  and  Edinburgh  is  the  capital  of  the  whole 
kingdom. 

The  air  of  Scotland  is  more  temperate  than  could  be 
expected  in  fo  northerly  a  dimate  ;  this  arifes  from  its  vi-  . 
cinity  to  the  fea,  which  aiFords  thofe  warm  breezes  that 
not  only  foften  the  air,  but  render  it  pure  and  healthyi 
However,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  mountains,  the  air  is 
keen  and  piercing,  nearly  nine  months  in  the  year.  The 
foil  is  not  fo  fertile  as  in  England.  The  water  in  Scot-* 
land  is  better  than  that  of  more  fouthern  climates,  in  pro*- 
portion  as  the  foil  is  worfe. 

The  moumains  are  the  Grampian,  and  the  Pentland 
liills,  Lamoner,  Muir,  and  the  Cheviot  Jiills,  well  known 
for  being  the  fcene-of  that  celebrated  battle,  which  is  tb® 
fubjea  of  the  old  Ballad  of  Chevy  Chafe. 

The  largeft  river  is"  the  Forth,  which  rifes  in  Montieth* 
and  after  a  number  of  beautiful  meanders,  difcharges  it* 
felf  near  Edinburgh,  mto  that  arm  of  the  German  Sea, 
to  which  it  gives  the  name  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.  Second 
to  the  Forth  is  the  Tay,  which  taking  a  fouth  eaft  courfe, 
falls  into  the  fea  at  Dundee.  The  Spey,  the  Dee,  and  thd 
Don,  pafs  from  weft  to  eaft,  and  difcharge  themfelves 


■w-. 


"^Wf" 


-  *  f  1  i-nfiitiwiii  mitlvt'^  '" 


SCOTLAND,  AMD  ITS  adjacent  Isles. 


37 


■m 


m 


into  the  fca  at  Aberdeen.  The  Tweed  is  the  boundary 
between  Scotland  and  England,  running  into  the  fea  near 
Berwick.  The  Clyde  is  a  very  large  river  on  the  weft 
of  Scotland.  Befides  thefe  capital  rivers,  Scotland  con- 
tains many  of  an  inferior  fort,  well  ftored  with  falmon 
trout  and  other  filh.  A  great  improvement  for  inland 
navigation  was  undertaken  at  an  immenfe  expenfe  by  a'  "" 
fociety  of  public  fpiritcd  gentlemen,  for  joining  the  rivers 
Forth  and  Clyde  together,  by  which  a  communication 
has  been  opened  between  the  eaftern  and  weftern  feas,  to 
the  advantage  of  the  whole  kingdom. 

The  Lakes  of  Scotland,  (called  by  the  natives  Lochs) 
are  too  nurtierous  to  be  particularized.     Loch  Tay,  Lock-     . 
nefs,  Loch  Lomond,  and  one  or  two  more,  prefent  the  mod 
piAurefque  fcenes.     The  Loch  of  Spinie,  near  Eglin,  is  re-  '. 
markable  for  its  number  of  fwans  and  cygnets,  which  of- 
ten darken   the  air  with  their  flights.     Near  Locknefs  is  i^ 
a  hill  almoft  two  miles  perpendicular  height,  on  the  top 
of  which  is  a  lake  of  cold,  frefh  water,  thirty  fathoms  ia 
length,  and  fo  deep  it  cannot  be  fathomed,  and  which  nev- 
er freezes,  while  only  1 7  miles  from  it  is  Lake  Lochanwyn, 
or  Green  Lake,  which  is  covered  with  ice  the  whole  year 
round. 

.   The  face  of  Scotland,  even  where  it  is  moft  uninviting,    ~ 
prefents  us  with  the  mofl:  incontrovertible  evidences  of  its  • 
killing  formerly  abounded  with  timber.     Several  woods 
ftill  remain  in  Scotland,  fir  trees  grow  in  great  perfedtion 
all  over  the  country,  And  form  beautiful  plantations.     The 
Scotch  oak  is  excellent  in  the  Highlanrls,  where  fome  woods 
extend  20  or  30  miles  in  length,  and  4  or  5  in  breadth. 
*  There  are  feveral  valuable  lead  mines  in  Scotland,  fome- 
of  which    produce  filver,  but   there  are  no    filver  mines  «^' 
that  are  worked  at  prefent.     Some  copper  mines  have  been 
found  near  Edinburgh,  and  there  is  excellent  coal  found  ' 
in  all  the  northern  and  weftern   counties.     Lime  ftone 
and  free  ftone  are  here  very^  plentiful,  with  the  latter  of 
which  the  houles  of  the  better  Ibrt  of  people  are  built.  T 
The  Lapis  Lazuli  h  found  in  Lanerklbire,  alum  mines  In 
BamfFshire,  chryftals,  variegated  pejbles,  and  other  tranf- 
parent  ftones,  which  admit  of  the  fineft  polifh  for  feals, 
are  found  all  over  Scotland,  as  are  talc,  flint,  potter's  clay, 


A 


-  :-Ji 


r 


3S       SCOTLAND,  and  its  adjacent  Isles. 

and  fuller's  earth.  No  country  produces  greater  plenty  of 
iron  ore  than  Scotland,  and  marry  founderies  are  eftablifh- 
ed  there.  It  is  certain  the  foil  of  Scotland  may  be  render- 
e,d  in  jnany  parts  as  fruitful  as  that  of  England  ;  and  ag- 
riculture is  now  perhaps  as  well  underftood,  both  in  theory 
and  pradlice,  among  the  Scotch  farmers  as  jln  any  part  of 
Europe.  But  the  fruits  of  fkill  and  induftry  are  chiefly 
perceivable  jn  the  counties  lying  on  the  river  Forth,  call- 
ed the  Lothians,  where  agriculture  is  perfedlly  underftood, 
and  where  the  peafants  are  well  fed,  clothed,  and  comfort- 
bly  lodj^ed.  The  reverfe  niay^  however  be  obfe.rved  of  a 
very  confiderable  part  of  Scotland,  where  the  face  of  the 
country  exhibits  the  moft  deplorable  marks  of  poverty  and 
opprefliion ;  the  cattle  are  lean  and  fmall,  the  houfes  mean 
beyond  expreflion,  ^nd  the  inhabitants  but  poorly  ftieltered 
fcfrom  the  inclemency  of  ^he  weather  by  coarfe  and  fcan|ty 
garments.  The  foil  produces  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats, 
hemp,  flax,  hay,  and  good  pafturage,  and  in  the  fouthem 
parts,  very  fine  garden  fruits.  The  people  of  Scotland 
are  generally  raw  boned,  and  a  kind  of  charadleriftical 
feature,  that  of  high  cheek  bones,  reigns  in  their  faces. 
They  are  in  general  lean,  but  well  proportioned,, and 
mufcular  in  their  frame,  and  can  endure  incredible  fa- 
tigue. The  peafantry  have  their  peculiarities;  their, 
ideas  are  confined,  but  no  people  can  form  their  tempers^ 
better  than  they  do  to  their  ftations.  They  are  from  tlieir 
infancy  taught  to  bridle  their  paffions,  fubmit  to  their  fu- 
periors,  and  live  within  the  bounds  of  the  moft  rigid 
economy.  Hence  t^iey  fave  their  money  and  their  con- 
ftitutions  ;  and  few  inftances  of  murder,  perjury,  robbery, 
and  other  atrocious  crimes  occur  in  Scotland.       -f-.  r^^^iy,^ 

The  eftablifhed  religion  i^  Scotland  is  prefbyterian.  It 
was  formerly  of  a  very  rigid  nature,  and  partook  of  all 
the  aufteriiies  of  Calvinifm  ;  but  at  prefent  it  is  mild  and 
gentle,  and  the  dodtiine  of  the  modern  Scotch  divines  is 
dltlinguifhed  by  good  fenfe  and  moderation.  There  are 
fome  epifcopalians,  a  few  quakers,  many  ba,ptifts,  who  are 
denominated  by  tlieir  preachers.  ,;., . 

Scotland  has  produced  many  celebrated  and  learned 
naen,  amongft  whom,  we  may  reckon  preeminent,  Naj>ier, 
4S3.«?1,  Ci'egory,  Maclauren,  the  companion  and  friend  of 


.^• 


■.>^l^ 


•^'ix 


m,  .#•• 


■Mr 


-']  "•'•  ^  "■  -f  iii'tHli-itiidHil  I  III.-  nil 


SCOTLAND,  AND  ITS  adjacent  Isles. 


S9 


SirIfaacNewton,Hutcliinfon,  Aburthnot,and  Pitcairn;  but 
it  would  be  ufelefs  to  mention  all  the  individuals  who 
have  diftinguiflied  diemfelves  in  the  various  branches  of 
literature,  who  have  covered  their  country  with  laurels 
which  neither  envy  can  blaft,  or  time  deftroy. 

Edinburgh  is  the  capital  of  Scotland.     The  Caftle  is  a 
Gothic  ftruifture,  fituated  on  a  high  rock,  in  a  confpicuous 
part  of  the  city.    It  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  built  by  the 
Saxon  king  Edwin,  who  gave  his  name  to  Edinburgh,  and 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Scotts,  in  the  year  953.     The  high 
ftreet  of  Edinburgh,  the  buildings  of  which  are  of  hewn 
(lone,  extremely  lofty,  and  large,  the  ftreet  being  broad 
and  well  paved,  makes  a  moft  auguft  appeal  ance.     The 
Caftle  has  fome  good  apartments,  a  tolerable  train  of  ar- 
tillery, and  a  large  magazine  of  arms  and  ammunition. 
Facing  the  Caftle,  is  the  palace  of  Holy  Rood  Houfe.     It 
is  of  modern  architecture,  and  very  magnificent,  but  noth- 
ing can  be  more  uncomfortable  than  its  fituation,  at  tb||L 
bottom  of  bleak,  unimproved  mountains,  with  fcarcely  a 
fmgle  tree  in  its  neighbourhood.     The  Hofpital,  founded 
by  George  Herriot,  goldfmith  to  James  VI.  ftands  to  the 
fouth  weft  of  the  Caftle ;  it  is  a  fine  building,  in  the  Gothic 
ftyle,  and  adorned  with  gardens  not  inelegantly  laid  out. 
It  was  built  for  the  maintenance  and  education  of  the  poor 
'  children  of  decayed  citizens  and  tradefmen  of  Edinburgh, 
and  is  under  the  dire(5lion  of  the  city  magiftrates.  Among 
the  other  public  edifices  is  the  College.     Little  can  be 
faid  of  its  buildings;  but  it  is  fupplied  with  excellent  profef- 
fors  in  the  feveral  branches  of  learning,  and  its  fch'ools  in  the 
medical  art,  are  reckoned  equal  to  any  in  Europe.     Par- 
liament Square  was  formerly  the  moft  ornamental  part  of 
the  city  ;  the  builings  are  lofty,  and  jn  the  middle  js  a  fine 
equeftrian  ftatue  of  Charles   II.     The  high  church   in 
Edinburgh,  called  St.  Giles's,  is  a  large  Gothic  building  ; 
its  fteeple  is  furmounted  by  arches,  formed  into  an  impe- 
rial crown,  which  has  a  good  eflfedl  to  the  eye. 

Parallel  to  the  city  of  Edinburgh, the  nobility, gentry, and 
others,  have  completed  a  new  town,  which  communicates 
with  the  old  by  a  lofty  brjdge,  thrown  over  a  dell  or  bot- 
tom, in  which  are  many  dwellings  o&the  inferior  fort  of 
tradefmen  and  mechanics.  The  middle  aroli  of  this  bridge 


'#'v^ 


.>.\ 


-ii^i^A, 


40 


ENGLAND. 


'  t 


^: 


is  90  feet  high.  Leith,  though  nearly  two  miles  from  the 
city,  may  he  properly  called  the  harbour  of  .Edinburgh. 
It  contains  nothing  remarkable.  About  four  .  es  from 
Edinburgh  is  Roflin,  noted  for  a  (lately  Gothic  chapel, 
counted  one  of  the  mod  curious  pieces  of  workmanmip 
in  Europe. 

Glafgow,  in  the  (hire  of  Lanerk,  fituated  on  the  river 
Clyde,  44  miles  from  Edinburgh,  is  the  fecond  city  in 
Scotland  ;  and  perhaps  the  firft  for  elegance,  regularity, 
and  the  beauty  of  its  buildings.  The  ftreets  are  broad, 
well  paved,  and  confequently  clean.  The  Catliedral  is 
a  ftupendous  Gothic  ftrudlure,  and  is  600  years  old  ;  the 
Town  Houfe  is  a  noble,  lofty  building,  and  the  Univerfity 
reckoned  the  beft  in  Scotland. 

Aberdeen  is  the  third  beft  town  in  Scotland  ;  befides 
which  Dumfries,  Dunclee»  Montrofe,  Air,  Greenock,  Paif- 
Jey,  Stirling,  and  about  50  others,  are  towns  of  confider- 
^ble  trade.  '       ' 

The  manufactures  and  commerce  of  Scotland  have 
been  for  many  years  in  an  improving  (late.  Their  fi(b- 
eries  are  not  confined  to  their  own  coafts,  for  they  have  a 

treat  concern  in  the  whale  ^fhery  on  the  ccaft  of  Spits*  ^ 
ergen.  ' 

They  have  a  line  iron  manufadlory  at  Carron  in  Stir- 
ling(hirc.  The  linen  manufactory  is  in  a  very  flouriihing 
ftate  J  and  the  thread  manufacture^  in  Scotland  is  equaH 
if  not  fuperidr  to  any  in  the  world.  There  are  rnanu- 
factories  of  other  kinds,  particularly  one  in  Paifley  for 
lawn.  Sug^r  houfes,  glais  houfes,  and  paper  mills,  are 
erected  every  where. 

S&cTioN  X.    ENGLAND. 

ENGLAND  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Scotland^i^ 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  rivfelr  Tweed,  eaft  bj^" 
the  German  Ocean,  weft  by  St  George's  channel,  aAa.^j 
fouth  by  the  Britilh  channel,  which  runs  between  it  and'  ^ 
France.  The  fituation  being  wafhed  on  three  fides  by 
the  fea,  renders  England  liable  to  great  uncertainty  of 
weather;  to  this  fituation  alfo  we  may  ajfcribe  the  pc- 


*•:■ 


■;';;l 

if  . 

^ 

h-' 

'H:'"' ' 

'^" 

-.4 

'^'i 


ENGLAND. 


41 


petual  verdure  of  England,  occafioned  by  refreftiing  {how* 
ers,  and  warm  vapours  from  the  fea. 

England  is  380  miles  long,  and  300  broad,  and  lies  be- 
tween 50  and  56  deg.  N.  lat.  and  2  deg.  E.  and  6  deg. 
W.  long.  England  has  been  differently  divided  at  different 
periods  of  time,  by  the  Romans  and  the  Saxons  ;  but  a- 
bout  the  year  890,  Alfred  the  Great  divided  it  into  coun- 
ties, which  with  fbme  little  variations  continue  to  this  day. 
England  and  Wales  together,  contain  52  counties 

The  foil  of  England  and  Wales  differs  in  the  different 
counties  ;  but  fuch  is  the  improved  flate  of  agriculture 
in  that  country,  that  if  no  unkindly  feafon  happen,  it  pro- 
duces corn,  not  only  fufficient  to  maintain  its  own  inhab- 
itants, but  to  bring  large  fums  of  money  for  exports. 

England  is  remarkable  for  its  timber,  particularly  the 
oakj^  fiom  which  native  tree,  arifes  the  bulwark  that  pro- 
te<ftsher  fhores,  namely  the  Britifli  navy.  The  induftry 
of  the  Englifh  is  fuch,  as  to  fupply  the  abfence  of  many  fa- 
vours, which  nature  has  bellowed  on  fome  foreign  cli- 
mates«  No  nation  in  the  world  can  equal  the  cultivated 
parts  of  England  in  beautiful  fcenery.  The  moft  barren 
fpots  are  not  without  their  verdure,  and  fome  of  the  pleaf- 
anteft  counties  were  by  nature  fteril,  but  have  been  ren- 
dered fruitful  by  labour. 

vr  There  are  but  few  mountains  in  England  ;  the  moft 
noted  are  the  Peake  in  Derby fhiro,  the  Endle  in  Lanca- 
fhire,  the  Wolds  in  Yorkfhire,  the  Wreken  in  Shropfhire, 
with  Snowdon,  Plinlimmon,  and  Penmanmaw,  in  Wales. 

The  rivers  add  greatly  to  the  beauty,  as  well  as  oppu- 
lence  of  England.  The  Thames  is  perhaps  the  noblefl  in 
the  world ;  which  rifing  in  Gloucefterfhire,  paffing  through 
Oxford  and  Windfor,  flows  on  to  King  ft  on  and  London, 
and  after  dividing  the  counties  of  Kent  and  Effex,  it  wi- 
dens in  its  progrefs,  till  it  falls  into  the  fea  at  the  Nore.  It 
is  navigable  for  large  fhips  as  far  as  London  bridge.  O- 
ver  this  river  there  are  numerous,  beautiful  bridges,  fome 
of  whiclfi  the  world  cannot  equal  for  architeSure  and 
workmanihip  ;  amongft  which  we  mtift  reckon  Black 
Friars,  Weftminrfter,  Kew,  Richmond,  and  Hampton 
Coui  t.  The  River  Medvvay,  which  flows  into  the  Thames, 
at  S^eernefs,  is  navigable  for  the  largeft  Ihips  i^faras  Chatr 


49 


*  ^miAUD. 


hum,  TheSeir#»A  »u         <* 

wSV?'"?',"'"-  ">»"  the 'fJo A  "H^''*'' »"  »" 
"arwicfcfliire  be  foro-o,,—       *  ,'0"  ™wiriff  Avon"  «i 

many  other  rivers  ofleK.      'T  ""  "«'"•  'Jl-ereare 
ployed  ,n  workiW  theS^^j  ^^^  ""'"^^'"  ^^  perfonsl-m 

oth«,  in  w„.  fCe^jf^'  ""der  Aem  fuperior  to  aU 
We  for  its  fleece,  and  ,he  otW '^'"''^  of  ftee/one  vah^: 
former  of  which  arc  vo!,  i     ^"^P^J^for  the  table  •  th, 

world  .It  "^  *^ «« !"!' fi"*^-  /^  ""'«'■«•«  ■ 

world,  all  die  other lindsorJ;       r    ''5"'*  ^ogsin  the 
'^ufes.  are  to  be  found  LeX^''^^^  "eW.  o?  dom^  ' 
a«  pretty  inuch  the  fame"  s  in  ^l'     ^°"''  «"'*  ^rds 
Phces  at.  better  fuppuj^^^'^  a  f  ietro;™'  '  '""''  '"^'^ 
"•  •*.  variety  of  nver  and  fea 


%ri 


*>tV 


ENGLAND.  4§ 

T)ie  Engltfli,  in  their  pcrfons,  are  well  fi»«d,  regularlf 
featured,  with  florid  complexions  ;  and  are  of  all  nations 
the  mod  cleanly.  Their  marking  charaAeriftici  are  bra- 
rery  and  humanity.  An  EngltOiman  of  good  education* 
is  allowed  to  he  the  mod  accomplifhed  g^entleman  in  the 
world  ;  he  is  h(^  vever  ihy,  and  rel'erved  in  his  conununi* 

cations. 

The  church  of  England,  is,  beyond  any  other  national 
church,  the  moll  tolerant  in  its  principles.  Moderation 
is  its  governing  chara^er,  and  in  England  no  religious 
feA  is  prevented  from  worfhipping  in  the  manner  which 
their  confciences  approve.  The  eftabliihed  religion  is 
protedant,  the  form  epifcopalian  ;  but  there  are  multi* 
tudes  of  quakers,  anabaptifts,  methodifls,  and  piefbyteri- 
ans.  ft  ,       ,   ) 

England  is  the  feat  of  learning  and  tlie  ibufes.  Alfred 
the  Great  cultivated  both,  in  the  time  of  the  Saxons,  when 
barbarifm  and  ignorance  had  overfpread  the  reft  of  £a* 
rope ;  and  fince  nis  time,  there  have  been  fuch  a  fucceffioD 
of  learned  men,  who  have  improved  and  encouraged  lite- 
rature, arts,  and  fcience,  that  a  bare  catalogue  of  thetf 
names  would  form  a  moderate  volume. 

There  are  two  univerHties  in  England,  Oxford,  and 
Cambridge.  The  magnificence*  fplendour,  and  architec- 
ture of  the  buildings,  rival  the  moil  fuperb  royal  edifice* 
The  univerfity  of  Oxford  was  founded  by  Alfred  die 
Great. 

There  Would  be  no  end  of  deforibing  the  numerous  cu- 
riofities,  both  natural  and  artificial,  with  which  England 
abounds  ;  but  chief  amongfl  the  former,  we  muft  reckon 
their  medicinal  fprings ;  the  waters  of  Bath  aii||(^  famous 
through  the  world,  both  for  drinking  and  bathing.  There 
are  fprings  of  the  fame  kind  at  Scarborough  in  Yorkfhire, 
Tunbridge  in  Kent,  Iflington  in  Middlefex,  and  many 
other  places  contain  remarkable  fprings,  fome  of  a  petri- 
fying quality,  fome  impregnated  with  fulphur,  fait,  and 
bituminous  matter,  and  others  which  ebb  and  flow  like 
the  fea. 

L(»idon  is  the  metropolis  of  the  Britilh.  empire. .  It  ap- 
pears to  have  been  founded  between  the  reigns  of  Nero 
and  Julius  Caefar;    but  by   'iVhom,   is  uncertain.       It 


-J-i'.'T-iV    ■ 


■c 


44 


ENGLAND. 


I 
f 


was  firft  walled  round  by  Conflantine  the  Great,  in  a  com- 
pos of  three  miles,  and  had  feven  principal  gates.  This 
city.confidered  with  all  its  advantages  at  the  prel'cnt  timei 
is  what  ancient  Rome  was,  the  feat  of  liberty,  the  en- 
courager  of  the  arts,  and  the  admiration  of  the  world.  It 
is  the  grand  mart  of  the  nation  ;  it  is  vifited  by  (hips  from 
ev-ry  country  on  the  gobe,  and  its  commercial  intercourfc 
rs  as  extenfive  as  the  circle  of  the  fphere  we  inhabit. 

It  is  iituated  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  and  though 
>t  is  60  miles  from  the  fea,  it  emoys,  by  means  of  this 
beautiful  river,  all  the  benefits  of  navigation,  without  the 
danger  of  being  lurprifed  by  foreign  neets,  or  annoyed 
by  the  moi(l  vapours  of  the  fea. 

Bcfides  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  the  collegiate  church 
at  Weftminfter,  there  are  in  London,||102epifcopal  parifli 
churches,  which,  together  with  a  number  of  chapels  for 
diflenters  of  variotis  denominations,  feveral  popilh  chap- 
els, and  three  fynagogues  for  the  Jews,  make  305  places 
devoted  to  Religious  worftip. 

The  Cathedral  of  St.  Paul's  is  the  moft  magnificent^ 
capacious,  and  regular  proteilant  church  in  the  world.  It 
is  built  in  the  form  of  a  erofs,  after  the  model  of  St.  Pe« 
ter*s  at  Rome. 

Weftmlnfler  Abbey,  or  the  collegiate  church  of  Wefl- 
fhinfler,  is  a  venerable  pile  of  buildings,  in  the  Gothic  tafle ; 
it  was  firft  built  by  Edward  the  Confeflbr,  in  the  1 1th  cen- 
tury. It  was  afterwards  rebuilt  by  Henry  III.  and  Hen- 
ry VII.  built  a  very  fine  chapel  at  the  eaft  end  of  it  ; 
this  is  the  Tepolitory  of  the  deceafed  kings  and  nobility. 
In  this  ipagniftcent  ftruAure,  are  alfo  ereded  monuments 
to  the  iflHnory  of  many  great  and  illuftrious  iperfonage^; 
commanders  by  land  and  fea,  philofophers,  poets,  patriots, 
&c.  &c.  fome  of  them  of  exquifite  workmanfhip  ;  and  in 
the  ailles  and  cloifters  of  this  venerable  pile,  the  contem- 
plative mind  may  indulge  in  reveries  at  once  humiliating 
and  elevating,  humbling  the  pride  of  human  nature,  by 
r«fle6):ing  on  the  end  of  all  fublunary  grandeur,  beauty, 
worth  and  talent,  and  elevating,  in  the  remembrance- that 
the  Immortal  part  cannot  be  confined  within  ihefie  dark 
and  miferable  tenements  of  frail  and  perifhing  mortality.^ 

The  infidp  of  the  church  of  St«  -Stepjien^s,  Walbrook,  is 


■»  < 


ENGLAND. 


♦^ 


admired  for  Its  llehtncfs  and  elegance,  llicre  are  many 
otljer  churches,  the  appe;irance  of  wlilch  do  honour  to  tlie 
architefts,  and  tlie  taftc  of  the  nation  in  general. 

1  he  Banquetting  Honfe  at  Whitehall,  is  a  Very  fmall 
part  of  a  royal  palace,  and  even  now  under  all  it^  difad- 
vantages,  ics  fymetry  :md  ornaments  are  in  the  higheft 
ftyle  of  architefture. 

Wertminfter  Hall  is  a  nohlc  Gotliic  building,  and  is 
faid  to  be  the  largeft  room  in  the  world,  the  roof  of  whicli 
is  not  fupported  by  pillars.  It  is  SJJO  feet  long,  and  70 
broad.  Here  are  held  the  coronation  feafts  of  the  kings 
and  queens. 

That  beautiful  column,  called  the  Monument,  ere<fled  at 
ihr  '  Tgf  of  the  city,  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  its  be- 
.i.yed  by  fire  in  1666,  is  of  the  Doric  order,  202 
* '  .  »^h,  with  a  (laircafe  in  the  middle,  to  afcend  to  the 
-balcony  j  from  whence  is  a  grand  and  extenfive  view  of 
the  cities  of  London  and  We(lminfter,^l»e  river  Thames, 
arid  ihe  fertile  and  popolous  counties  fliat  enrich  its  banks, 
perhaps  one  of  the  mod  beautiful  and  variegated  prcfpe^i 
the  world  affords.  ^ 

The  Royal  Exchanee  is  a  large  slnd  noble  building  ;  it 
was  firft  built  by  fir  Thomas  Gerfham,an  opulent  and  pub* 
lie  fpirited  merchant,  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  It 
was  deftroyed  in  the  great  fire,  but  has  been  fmce  rebuilt 
at  the  public  ejcpenfe,  and  is  faid  to  have  cod  80,000 
pounds  (lerling. 

The  Tower  of  London  is  an  antique  fortrefs,  and  is  ftill 
maintained  as  a  ^arrifon.  Here  ftate  prifoners  are  confin- 
ed ;  and  on  the  hill  on  which  the  fortrefs  Hands,  thofe  un- 
fortunate perfons  of  quality,  who  have  been  convidled  of 
high  treafon,  have  fufFered  decsipitation.  In  this  place  the 
crowns,  fceptre,  and  royal  Jewels,  generally  termed  the 
regalia,  are  kept ;  here  alfo  is  the  great  armory,  and  the 
royal  menagerie  of  wild  beafts. 

There  are,  befides  thefe,  beautiful,  antique,  and  remark- 
able buildings^ public  and  magnificent  edifices,  in  the  city 
of  Lond6n;  adefc:iption  of  which  would  be  fufficientto 
fill  a  large  volume. 

This  great  city  is  happily  fupplied  with  abundance  of 
firefh  water,  from  the  Thames,  and  the  New  river,  whicb 


^'■^ 


■  v.-   ■■ ' 


■  $:i& 


\_ 


46 


ENGLAND. 


*?. 


: 

'i' 


being  conveyed  by  aqueduAs  through  every  ftreet,  lane, 
or  alley,  in  that  vaft  metropolis,  by  rendering  the  means 
of  cleanlinefs  eafy,  in  a  great  meafure  fecures  the  health 
of  the  jsihatbita^ts;  and  by  plugs  that  can  readily  be  o- 
.pened,  a  vaft  quantity  of  water  is  inftantlyprocured,;which 
fupplies  the  engines  in  cafe  of  fire. 

Of  royal  refiderices  for  the  kings  of  England,  Windfor 
Cattle  is  the  only  one  that  deferves  the  name  of  a  palace, 
and  that  chiefly  on  account  of  its  beautiful  and  command- 
ing  fituation.  Hampton  Court  was  the  favourite  refi- 
dence  of  king  William  III.  It  is  built  in  the  Dutch  tafte, 
and,  like  Windfor,  lies  near  the  Thames.  The  Palace  of 
St.  James*  has  more  the  air  of  a  convent,  than  that  of  the 
refidence  of  a  king.  Kenfington  Palace  is  remarkable  on- 
ly for  the  beauty  of  the  gardens,  by  which  it  is  furrounded. 

It  is  not  my  defign  to  enter  into  a  minute  detail  of  all 
the  cities  and  towns  of  England,  as  it  would  far  exceed 
the  limits  I  have  piefcribed  for  this  work  ;  but  I  fhalljuft 
touch  on  fome  of  the  moft  confiderable. 

Brittol  is  reckoned  the  fecond  city  in  the  Britifii  domin-. 
ions,  foi  trade,  wealth,  and  the  number  of  its  inhabitants. 
It  ftands  on  the  north  and  fouth  fide  of  the  river  Avon, 
and  the  two  parts  of  the  city  are  conneded  by  a  ftone 
bridge.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  and  18  parifli  churches, 
a  cuftom  houfe,  with  a  quay  half  a  mile  in  length,  faid  to 
be  the  moft  commodious  in  England,forfhipping  and  land- 
ing merchants*  goods.  The  Exchange,  where  the  mer- 
chants a]|id  traders  meet,  is  built  of  free  ftone,  and  is  one 
of  the  beft  of  its  kind  in  Europe. 

Yorkisacity  of  great  antiquity,  fituated  on  the  river 
Oufe.  It  is  furrounded  by  a  wall,  trough  which  there 
are  four  gates.  The  Cathedral  in  this  city,or  as  it  is  ufual'^ 
ly  calleo,  York  Minfter,  is  one  of  the  fine  ft  Gothic  build- 
ings in  England,  and  thelargeft  in  the  world,  except  St. 
Peter's  in  Rome.  The  windows  are  finely  painted,  and 
there  are  thirty  two  ftalls,  all  of  fine  marble,  with  pillars, 
each  confifting  of  one  entire  piece  of  alabafter*  This  city 
has  a  ftone  bridge,  of  five  arches  over  the  river  Oufe. 

The  city  of  Exeter  was  founded  by  the  Weft  Saxons^ 
The  walls  were  built  by  king  Athelftan.  It  is  a  very  fine 
city ;  its  trade  in  woollen  goods,  is  very  great ;  fhips  come 
up  to  the  city  by  means  of  fluices. 


.^.'- 


ENGLAND. 


'^I 


Thie  city  of  Gloucefter  (lands  on  a  pleafant  hill,  on  on,e 
fide  of  the  river  Severn,  a  branch  of  which  brings  (hipping 
up  to  {t,_   It  has  an  ancient  and  magnificent  cathedral. 

Litchfield  is  the  moft  confiderable  city  in  the  north 
weft  of  England,  except  Chefter,  which  is  large  and  pop- 
ulous, with  a  noble  bridge  over  the  river  Dee.  The  walls 
of  this  city  were  firft  buut  by  Edelfleda,  a  Mercian  lady, 
in  1908,  on  which  there  is  a  pleafant  walk  all  round  the 
city.  .       . 

Warwick  was  a  city  of  eminence  in  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans. It  ftands  upon  a  rock  of  free  ftone,  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Avon,  and  a  way  is  cut  to  it  through  the  rocks, 
from  each  of  the  four  cardinal  points. 

Coventry  is  a  large  city,  with  12  noble  gates.  It  has  a 
fpacious  market  place,  with  a  crofs  60  feet  high,  adorned 
with  ftatues  of  feyer^  kings  of  England,  as  large  <^slife. 
.  Salisbury  is  lafrge,  neat j  and  well  built.  It  has  a  moft 
elegant  and  regular  Gothic  cathedral,  built  in  form  of  a 
lantliom,  with  a  beautiful  fpire  of  free  ftone  in  the  middle, 
400  feet  high,  being  the  talleft  in  England.  The  chapter 
houfe  is  an  oflagon,  of  150  feet, In  circumference,  yet  the 
roof  bears  all  upon  one  fmall  pillar  in  the  centre*  in  ap- 
pearance fo  {lender  that,  the  conftrudlien  of  this  building  Is 
thoughf:  tgheoneofthegieateft  curioflties  in  England. 

The  cit^  of  Bath  toolc  its  name  from  fome  natural  hot 
baths,  for  the  medicinal  qualities  of  which  this  place  has 
been  long  celebrated,  and  fo  much  frequented  by  invalids 
tliat,  at  fome  feafdns,  there  have  been  no  lefs  than  8000 
j^erjTons.  at  Bath,  for  the  benejSt  of  drinking  and  bathing 
in^e  watept  f^P.me  of  the  late  eredled  buildings  in  Bath 
^re  extremejiy  elegant,  particularly  the  north  and  fouth 
parade^  the  circus  and  the  crefcent. 

Nottliighami  one  of  the  neateft  cities  in  England,  has 
confiderable  trade. 

,,  Portfmouth,  the  moft  regular  fortification  in  England, 
contains  dock  yards,  and  conveniences  for  building  and 
repairing  ..the  navy,  fuperior  to  any  in  the  world. 
'  Plymouth  Is  alfo  celebrated  for  its  dock  yards ;  as  Is 
alio  C^hatj^am,  Woolwich,  and  Dulwich. 
,  Atj^  Greenwich  is  pii  hofpital  for  fup^ranuated  feamen, 
equal  In  expenfe  and  magnificence  to  a  royal  palace. 


'■*■*'-;•■:         ■-.ft"  . 


''*. 


I- 

!: 


».  , 


s 


%B 


WALES,  &c. 


%  -.•■* 


■i-rH^- 


Great  Biitarn  js,  of  all  other  countries,  the  moft  prop- 

isr /or  .trade,  as  '  well  from  its  fituation  as  an  ifland,  as 

ftom  the  freedom  and  ^cellency  of  its  conftitution,  and 

condderable  manuf azures  ;  and  it  is  well  known  that 

their  commerce  and  manufadures  haye  raifed  the  Eng- 

lifii  to  be.  the  fir^  and  moft  powerful  people  in  tlie  world. , 

The  iexp6rt:s  are  Ibu^terj,  cheefe,  corii,  cattle,  wool,  iron, 

lead,  tin,  copper,  hops,'flax,  hemp,  beef,  pork,  and  b6br, 

tvifh  a  variety  of  other  articles,  too  numeious  to  "mention ; 

and  its  imports  arrive  from  ever^y  cpmmercial  nation  in 
the  world.   ^      \  ..-■ --u  m^^a^-^n  -^ 


'.ft--         .  . '  (       k 


NGLAND. 


ISL^ANPS  BEL0KCII4G 

■  ■  i.  ■  ::.    , 


"^  "WA^LES.  lying  along,  the  wei^ern  coaft  of 'England, 
is  130  miles  Ibngi  and:  96  broad.  It  is  pOliticdUv  inclu- 
ded m  England,  out  has'  a  iangu^ge  of  its  own,  and  many 
fingular  cuftoms  and  majmers.  ,  y/jf. 

The  foil  is  rich  and  fertile  j  the  climate  much  the'mme 
as  in  the  northern  parts  of  England.  The  inhabitants 
are  not  wealthy,  biit  they  are  provided  with  all  the'rjepef- 
faries,  arid: many  of  the'  colivehiehces  oflif^.  They  are 
remarkable,  for  family  prideicari-ying  their  pedigrees 
bafck  to  the  moft  remote  antiquity '4'  the^y  are  jpaflionate, 
but  eafily  appeafed,  and  are  uniformly!  llncere  and  faith- 
ful, whether  as  friends  or  fervants.  '  , 

Wales  contains  no  cities  or  towns,  remarkable  for  pop^ 
uloufnefs  or  magnificence  ;  but  it  muft  be  obferved,  that 
Wales,  in  ancient  times,  was  iafar  mote  populous  and 
wealt;hy  country  than  it  is  at  prefent  :  and  though  it  coii^ 
tains  no  fortifications,  yet  mainy  of '  iti  bid  cafties  are  fo 
ftrongly  built,  and  fo  well  fituated,  that  t;hey  would  be 
capable  of  making  a  vigorous  refiftahce  agalnft  an  intru- 
ding enemy. 

Wales  abounds  in  remains  of  antiquity.  Some  of  iits 
cafties  are  ftupendoufly  large,  and  appear  to  have  been , of 
Roman  archite(flure.  Cherpilly  caftle  in  GlamorganfHire, 
is  faid  to  have  tjeen  the ,  largeft  in  Great  Britain,  except- 
ing Windfor.  Onei  hair  ,6f  a  fOtind  tover  hai  fallen 
down  ;  tlie  other  half  overhangs  its  balfe  aiaie  feet,  .and  bt. 
a  very  great  curiofity.  ^  orti;.-rri^:  ■-■: 


'If'  o,-'?;. 


M- 


WALES,  &e. 


49 


Among  the  natural  curiofities,  is  a  remarkable  Tpring; 
in  Glamorganfhire,  near  the  fea,  which  ebbs  and  flows 
contrary  to  the  fea.  In  FlintHiire  is  a  famous  fpring, 
called  St.  Winifred's  well.  It  is  the  fineft  fpring  in  the 
Britiili  dominions,  and  has,  by  various  trials,  been  found 
to  fling  out  twenty  one  tons  of  water  in  a  minute.  In 
C;imarv()Ti{hire  is  the  lofty  mountain  of  Penmanmawr, 
aci  lis  the  edge  of  which  the  public  road  lies,  to  the  no 
fmall  terror  of  travellers,  for  on  one  fide  the  rock  appears 
ready  to  crufli  them,  and  the,great  precipice  below,  which 
overhangs  the  fea,  is  fo  hideous  and  full  of  danger,  that: 
one  falfe  ftep  would  plunge  them  in  eternity.  Within  a 
few  years,  a  wall  has  been  built  oii  the  edge  of  the  preci- 
pice, which  renders  it  not  quite  fo  perilous.  '      ' 

There  are  fome  ifl;inds  belonging  to  England,  among 
which  is  the  Ifle  of  Man,  lying  in  St.  George's  channel^ 
at  an  equal  difliance  from  the  kingdoms  of  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland.  It  is  about  30  miles  in  length,  and 
from  8  to  L5  in  breadth.  It  contains  four  towns  on  the 
fea  coaft;.     Caftletown  is  the  metropolis  of  the  ifland 

The  Ifle  of  Wight;  is  fituated  oppofite  the  coall  of 
Hampfliire  ;  is  about  23  miles  long,  and  i^s  btfeadth  l5. 
The  air  is  healthy,  and  the  foil  lb  fertile,  that  mote  tvheat 
grows  on  the  ifland  in  one  year,  than  couid  be  confumed 
by  the  inhabitants  m  eight.  Such  is  the  beauty  and  va- 
riety of  landfcape  fcenery  in  this  ifland,  that  it  has  been 
called  the  garden  of  England. 

The  town  of  Newport  is  ^he  capital. 

Carifljrook  C»ftle,-inthe1fle  of  Wight/has  been  reni^ek 
ed  remarkable  by  lh<e  Sonfinement  of  king  Charts  I; '  Af- 
ter the  exerutiori^  of  th^  king,  this  caftle  was  converted 
into  apldce  of  Gdiifinement  fdr  his  children  j  and  Jhis 
^afughter,  the  princefs  Elissabetli,  died  in  it.  ty^jntf^ 

The  Scilly  Ifles:  are  a  clufti^r  of  dangerous  rpefcs, 'n> 
the  nudtber  of  14«0,  lying  about  30' miles  from  the  latid's 
end;  in  CoirnwalL  By  their  fituationj  between^  the  Eng- 
lifli  and  St.  Gteoi^e's  channel,  thfey  have  be^n  thedeftrutf- 
.non  ol-maay  ihipB  andl  li^j^Si  '  Somie!  of  th€f  rflinds.  are 
^Uiinhabited^  attld  have  Urgis^fediire  harbours;* '^^  ^■'^'* 

InthBtEagiifcchahnei  are foiir iflkndsi  fubjei^  to' Eflj ' 
land  f  tfeof*  yiYtiiJbT^feyv  Gu4rnley,.Aldemey,  anif  SAt*i 


I 


r 


■^  It 


r50 


IRELAND. 


They  He  in  a  clufter  in  Mount  St.  Michael's  bay,  be- 
tween cape  la  Hogue  in  Normandy,  and  cape  Frebtlle 
in  Brittany.  *  ' 

,  Jerfey,  anciently  Caefaria,  was  known  to  the  Romans, 
and  lies  in  49  deg.  N.  lat.  and  2  deg.  W.  long.  The 
north  fide  is  almoft  inacceifible  through  lofty  cliffs  ;  the 
fouth  is  almoft  level  with  the  water.  The  vallies  are  fer- 
tile and  well  cultivated  ;  they  have  plenty  of  cattle,  and 
the  honey  of  Jerfey  is  remarkably  fine.  The  ifland  is  not 
above  12  miles  in  length  ;  but  tlie  air  is  fo  falubrious  that 
they  have  no  phy fie ian  there.  The  capital  to\i^'n  is  St. 
Hilary. 

Guemfey  is  thirteen  miles  and  a  half  from  fouth  weft 
to  north  eaft,  and  twelve  and  a  half  at  the  broadeft  part. 
It  is  a  much  finer  ifland  than  Jerfey,  but  not  fo  valuable, 
becaufe  it  is  not  fo,  populous,  nor  fo  well  cultivated. 

Alderney  is  about  8  miles  in  compafs,  and  is  only  fepa- 
rated  from  Normandy  by  a  narrow  ftrait,  called  the 
.Race  of  Alderney,  which  is  very  dangerous  in  ftormy 
weather. 

Sark  is  a  fmall  ifland,  depending  upon  Guernfey.  The 
teUgion  q(  all  the  four  iflands  is  that  of  the  church  of 
.England.  * 

SEcrmXll.    IRELAND. 

•  ■  - 

THE  ifland  of  Ireland  is  fituated  on  the  weft  of  Eng- 
land, between  51  and  55  deg.  N.  lat.  and  between  6  and 
10  deg.  W.  long.  Its  length  is  285  miles ;  its  breadth  160. 
, ;  The  climate  of  Ireland  differs  not  much  from  that  of 
England,  excepting  that  it  i«  niore  xiioift.  The  feafons  in 
genersd  being  mutTi  wetter ;  but,  in  many  refpe^ts,  the 
dimate  of  Ireland  is  more  agreeable  than  that  of  Eng- 
land, the  fummers  being  cooler,  and  the  winters  lefs  fe- 
vftre.  The  piercing  frofts,  deep  fnows,  and  dreadfml  ef- 
fe(fts  of  thunder  and  lightning,  which  are  fo  often  experi- 
^ticed  jn  the  latter  kingdom,  are  never  known  here. 

The  numerous  rivers,  lakes,  bays,  harbours,  and  creeks^ 

with  which  Ireland  abounds,  greatly  enrich  and  beautiff 

the  country,  and  render  it  the  beft  fitted  fbr  coimnerce  of 

,any  country  in  Europe.    The  inland  navigation  is  vcrj 


^s-.' 


'■St 


\, 


IRELAND. 


St 


iii>proveable,  as  appears  from  the  canals  which  have  late- ' 
ly  been  cut  through  different  parts  of  the  kingdom. 

The  mountains  of  Moume,  and  Iveajgh,  in  the  county 
of  Downe,  are  reckoned  among  the  higheft  in  Ireland. 
The  Slieu  Denard  has  been  calculated  at  a  peTpendicular 
height  of  1056  yards.  Many  other  mountains  are  found 
in  Ireland,  but  they  contain  nothing  worth  particulari- 
zing. 

There  are  ibme  large  forefts  in  Ireland  ;  and  fome  of 
the  timber  is  efteemed  as  good  for  Ihip  building  as  that 
of  Engliih  growth. 

The  mines  in  Ireland  are  late  difcoveries ;  they  are  fil- 
ver,  lead,  and  copper.  Quarries  of  fine|  flate  are  found  in 
moft  of  the  counties,  and  coals  are  plenty.  The  com-' 
mon  Irifh,  in  their  manner  of  living,  feem  to  refemble  the- 
ancient  Britons,  or  the  jprelent  Indians  of  America.  Mean! 
huts,  built  of  clay  and  itraw,  partitioned  in  the  middle  by 
a  wall  of  the  fame  materials,  ferve  the  double  purpcfe  of 
accommodating  the  family,  and  the  cow  and  pigs.  Their 
wealth  coniifts  of  a  cow,  fomeiime»  a  hqrfe,  a  pig,  feme 
poultry,  and  a  fpot  to  raife  potatoes.  Coarfe  bread,  po- 
tatoes, eggs,  milk,  and  fometimes  fiOi,  conftitute  their 
food  ;  they  feldom  tafte  butcher's  meat  of  any  kind. 
Their  children  are  robuft  and  hearty  j  but  fcarcely  know 
the  ufe  of  clothes.  They  are  brought  up  in  an  idle,  de- 
plorable ftate,  and  many  thoufands  loft  to  the  community, 
and  themfelves,  who  if  they  had  been  inftruded  in  the  re- 
al principles  of  chriftianity,and  encouraged  to  labour  and 
induftry,  might  have  become  ferviceable  members  of  the 
(late,  and  fupporters  of  the  government. 

The  eftablilhed  religioh  of  Ireland  is  the  icme  with 
Bdgl^d,  but  amongft  the  lower  and  xnoft  ignorant  of  the 
p»ople;  popery,  with  all  its  fuperftitious  abfurdities,  pre- 
vails. 

Ireland  contains  but  one  univerfity,  which  is  denomi* 
nated  Trinity  College.  It  was  founded  and  endowed  bf 
queen  Elizabeth. 

^^  Dublin  is  the  capital  of  Ireland,  and  is  the  fecond 
city  in  the  Britifh  dominions.  It  ftands  about  feven  miles 
from  the  fea,  at  the  bottom  of  a  fpacious  bay,  upon  the  river 
JUflfe/a  which  divides  itaUnoft  into  two  f«iual  parts,  l^uf 


■■'"'^' 


^If^' 


-t 


m 


FRANCE. 


i 


' 


11 

1 


river,  though  navigable  for  large  vefleb  to  the  centre  of 
the  city,  is  froall  when  compared  with  the  Thames  of 
London  ;  over  it  are  two  handfome  bridges. 

In  Dublin  are  18  parifh  churches,  befides  chapels  knd 
meeting  houies,  a  royal  hofpital,  like  that  at  Cheirea  in 
England,  for  invalids,  an  hoipital'  fur  lunatics,  founded 
by  the  faJnous  Dean  Swifit,  who  himftrlf  died  a  lunatic  j 
and  fundry  other  hofpitals  for  patients  of  every  kind. 

Cork  is  defennedly  reckoned  thefecond  city  in  Ireland. 
Its  haven  *'•  deep,  and  well  fheltered  from  all  winds,  but 
fmall  veiTels  only  can  come  up  to  the  city,  which  ftands 
fcven  miles  up  the  river  Lee.  There  is  perhaps  more  but- 
ter, beef,  and  tallow,  ihipped  olihere,  than  in  all  the  oth-« 
cr  parts  of  Ireland  put  together. 

kenfale  is  a  populous,  (Irong  town,  with  an  excellent 
liarbour. 

Waterford  is  reckoned  next  ta  Cork,  for  riches  and 
fhipping. 

Limerick  is  a  handfome,  commercial  city,  lying  on  the 
Shannon.  Befid^s  thefe  are  many  other  good  towns^, 
feme  of  which  are  celebrated  for  Cirrying  on  the  linen 
xoaaufadory. 

The.  Iriih  nobility  and  gentry  are  magnificent  in  their 
hcufes,  highly  polilhed  in  their  manners,  and  extremely 
jbofpitable  to  ftrangcrs.  The  commerce  of  Ireland  is 
much  thpfame  with  England,  with  the  additions  of  great 
quantities  of  linen,  and  a  beautiful  manufa«5lure  of  ftuffs, 
Cialied  t{U>inett$  and  poplins,  of  which  they  make  very 
large  exports. 

S£crjo»  XIII.    FRANCE.  4 

HAVING  gone  over  the  Britifh  I<les,we  ihall  ntrwTe^ 
tuni  to  the  continent,  beginning  with  France,  as  being 
the  weareft  to  England. 

This  extenfive  and  mighty  kingdom,  is  600  miles  long, 
and  500  broad,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Britilh  chaft* 
nbl  and  the  Netherlands,  eaft  by  GeHifmny,'Switz^land, 
and  Italy,  fouth  by  the  Pyreuean  mountains  and  the  Med- 
iterranean fea,  which  divides  it  from  Spain,  and  weft  by . 
the^  Bay  of  Bifcay,  lying  bet^ea  42  ^nd  51  deg.  N-  kt»F 
and  5  and  8  deg.  E.  long.  I      ^ 


•c 


FkANCE, 


Frahte,  from  its  fituation,  Is  the  moft  compaa  kingdom 
in'  the  world,  and  well  fitted  for  every  purpofe  of  power 
arid  commirce.  The  air  in  the  interior  parts  of  the  king, 
dom  is  mild  and  falubriou*,  and  the  weather  more  clear 
and  fettled  than  in  England.  In  the  northern  provinces, 
ho  *.'ver,  the  winters  are  intenfeVr  cold,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants not  plentifully  fupplied  with  firing,  which  in  rrance 
is  chiefly  wood. 

France  has  an  excellent  foil,  producing  almoft  every 
luxury  of  life.  Their  fruit  is  larger,  and  has  a  higher  fla- 
vour than  that  of  England*  but  the  pafturage  and  tillage 
are  infinitely  inferior.  No  nation  is  better  fblpplied  than 
France  is  with  wholefome  fprings,  and  frefh  ^sttcr.^^ 

The  chief  mountains  are  the  Alps,  which  divide  France 
from  Italy  ;  the  Pyrennes,  between  Frahc*  and  Spain  j 
the  Vauge,  betveen  Burgundy  and  LOrmine  ;  Mount 
Jura,  which  divides  Francne  Compte  frbm  Switzerland  } 
theCevenes  inLanguedoc,  aiKl  Mount  Dor  in  Auvergne. 

The  principa-1  rivers  in  France^  are  the  Loire,  which 
takes  its  courfe '  north  weft,  computed,  with  its  various 
witidingsfromsits^fourte'  to  the  fea,  to  flow  about  500 
miles  ;  the  Rhone,  which  flows  fouth  weft  to  Lyons^ 
.and  from" lhent:6  due  fouth  to  the  Mediterranean '  iea. 
The  Garonne*rifes  in  <thePyrenean  mountain,  and  has  a 
commtiitication  with  the  Mediterranean  by  a  canal.  The 
SiencTfuns  north  weft,  and  falls  into  the  Englifh  channel 
at  Havre;  To  thefe  we  may  add  the  Soanei  the  Rhine, 
the' Moielle;  and  the  Somme.  t^- 

The  vaft  advantage,  botli  in  commerce  and  conven- 
iences, which  arifes  to  Frjtnce  from  thefe  rivers,  is  '^^'on- 
derfuUy  improved"  by  canals,  which  have  been  opened 
and  completed  at  immenfe  expenfe,  and  which  render 
the  inland  navigation  inexprefllbly  beneficial  and  commo- 
dious. 

Few  lakes  are  found  iii  this  country.  There  is  one  at 
the  top  of  a  hill  near  Alegre,  which  is  reported  to  be  bot- 
toml^s;  There  is  alfo  one'  in  Auvergne,  and  one  at  Is 
Befle,  into  which  if  you  throw  a  ftone  it  founds  like  thun- 
der. Thiere  are  many  mineral  and  medicinal  fprings  i» 
Frknce  ;  fo  many  that  it  woiild  be  endlefs  to  enumerate 
tlllia»^  ^  Tli/st^  is  a  Femarkable  fpring  xiear  Aigne,  ia  A»> 


•>«$!■-»^■  v:'*' 


-fe 


■V,V 


54 


FRANCE. 


.-«.    ^ 


I 


■  ' 


vergne,  which  boili  violently,  making  a  noife  like  water 
thrown  upon  lime  j  it  has  little  or  no  tafte,  but  contains  a 
poifonous  quality,  fo  that  birds  thatdrinkof  it  die  inllantly. 

There  are  mines  of  gold,  filver,  lead,  and  copper,  in 
France,  but  they  are  not  worked.  Alabafter,  black  mar- 
ble, jafper,  and  coal  ?'^  found  in  many  parts  of  the  king- 
dom. Saltpetre  is  made  in  every  part  of  France,  and  tn 
the  province  of  Anjou,  are  feveral  quarries  of  a  very  fine 
white  ftone. 

France  abounds  in  excellent  roots,  vegetables,  and 
fruits  of  all  kinds,  particularly  grapes,  figs,  prunes,  and 
capers.  It  produces  alfo  hemp,  fiax,  manna,  fafron, 
many  drugs,  and  fome  tobacco.  Alface,  Burgundy,  and 
Lorraine  aflFord  good  timber  ;  filk  is  alfo  plentifully  pro- 
duced, and  aflFords  a  confiderable  trade.  The  wines  of 
France  are  fa  well  known,  particularly  thofe  of  Cham- 
pagne, Burgundy,  Bourdeaux,  Pontac,  Hermitage,  and 
Frontinac,  that  they  need  only  be  mentioned.  Wine  is 
the  ftaple  commodity  of  France,  and  is  made  to  the 
value  of  15,000,000,  pounds  fterling  annually  ;  more 
than  an  eighth  part  of  which,  befides  brandy,  is  export- 
ed. Olive  oil  is  alfo  made  here  in  large  quantities. 
.  France  contains  but  few  animals,  either  wild  or  tame, 
Ihat  are  not  found  in  England,  except  wolves*  The 
hair  and  Ikin  of  the  chamois  or  mountain  goats,  is  very 
valuable ;  but  their  horfes,  fheep,  and  black  cattle,  are 
far  inferior  ,tp  thofe  of  England.  Neither  is  this  king- 
dom fo  well  fupplied  with  filh,  even  on  the  fea  coaft,  a» 
England  is». 

The  chief  forefts  c:re  thofe  of  Orleans,  which  containd 
14,000  acre^  of  wood  of  vai'ous  kinds,  and  the  foreft  of 
FontainWeau,  nearly  as  large, 

.  The  French  are,  in  their  pcrfons  well  proportion'id  ar.d 
a«51ive>  and  more  free  from  bodily  deformities  in  general, 
than  other  nations.  The  ladies  are  more  celebrated  for 
tlieir  vt'it  jRtid  vivacity,  than  their  beauty.  The  pejrfantjfy 
mgcnewd  are  remarkably  plain  in  their  ptrfons.  The 
nobility;  and  gentry  ate  exceedingly  grac^ul,m  the  eacer- 
cifes  of  dancing,  fencing,  tind  riding,  in  whick'  Jiccom* 
jpfiihments  they  excd  »11  their  nei|^bours. 
iThr  geniiui  asd  mafltiers  0^  the  FfefW^  art  irctt 


»•*- 


•/ 


■it 


"^ 


FRANCE. 


M 


Jcfiown.  A  national  vanity  is  their  predominant  charac 
UiT.  It  fupporta  them  under  misfortunes,  and  impels  t& 
atftions,  to  which  true  courage  infpires  others.  Tliey 
aflfeft  much  freedom  and  wit,  but  faihion  and  dlverfions 
engrofs  too  much  of  their  converfation.  They  carry 
tlicir  politenefs  to  excefs,  fo  much  fo,  as  to  throw  a  luf- 
picicus  light  upon  their  fmcerity  and  candour  ;  it  is  how- 
ever only  doing  the  French  jufticc,  -to  obferve  that  there 
are  many  amiable  chara<5lers,  and  numerous  inilances  of 
difmtercfted  friendlhip  and  generofity  to  be  found  a- 
mongft  ihem,  while  their  politenefs  has  tended  to  foften 
and  poliih  the  ferocious  manners  of  the  neighbouring  na» 
tions»  •! 

The  religion  of  France  was,  for  ages,  that  of  the  Ro- 
milh  church,  and  they  were  ilrongly  oppofed  to  protef- 
tantifm,  which  they  termed  herfefy,  and  perfecuted  the 
profefTors  of  the  reformed  religion  with  the  mod  inveter- 
ate malignity  ;  but  in  the  late  convulfions,  which  have 
torn  this  unhappy  kingdom,  religion  was  forced  to  hide 
her  difhonoured  head.  The  >  convents  wfcre  thrown  open, 
the  churches  pillaged,  and  the  clergy' banilhed.  Infi* 
delity  triumphed,  all  public  refped  to  xht  Supreme  Being 
was  aboliilied,  every  religious  and  moral  obligation  ihras 
annulled,  and  rapine,  mtirder,  smd  every  kind  of  brutal 
vjolence  were  pradlfed  by  the  deluded  .people,  without 
fear,  and  i^^ithout  remorfe.  But  the  prelent  government 
again  encourages  the  return  of  religion,  and  though  (he 
returns  ftill  encumbered  with  the  fuperftitious  trappings- 
of  popery^  ihe  is  fo  neceifaty  to  the  happinefs  atid  prbf- 
pe^ity  of  anation  at  large,  as  well  as  die  comfort  of 
kidividuals.,  that  every  good  heart .  muft  rejoice  iii>  her 
reeftablilhment  ;  aiid  we  can  only  pray  that  the  time 
may  foon  arrive,  when  pure  and  undvfiled  religion,  may 
be  the  governing  principle  of  all  nations,  and  chriftianity, 
fuch  as  it  was. taught  by  our  blefled  Redeemer,  be  ac* 
knowledged  and  pta^^ifed  throughout  the  world. 

'The  French,  like  other  natiotis  of  Europe,  were  foft 
many:  centuries  immerfed  m  ignotance  aikd  ba|-barkyy 
aiid  they  made  but  iloW  fi^ogrefs  toward  tine  refinement  ti£ 
literature  till  tlie  reign  «f  JLouis  XIV.  who  was  the  Atn 


'■■?:.' 


1 


It  FRANCEr  ^ 

ring  his  reign»  are  too  many  to  be  particularly  mention,- ■ 
ed  ;  and  even  fome  of  the  female  fex  have  been  famous 
for  their  abilities  and  learning.  Tlie  literary  inftitutions 
in  this  kingdom  are  numerous  ;  they  have  28  univerfities 
in  France,  among  which  the  Sorbonne  in  Paris  is  the 
mod  celebrated. 

If  we  except  Italy,  no  country  can  boaft  more  antique 
curiofities  than  France  j  ancient  fepulchres  of  kings  as 
far  back  as  Pharamond,  in  which  have  been  found  valu- 
able jewels  ;  triumphal  arches,  built  by  the  Romans ; 
the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre  ;  and  a  famous  bridge,  built 
in  the  Anguftan  age,  by  a  Roman  colony  at  Nifmes,  is 
as  intire  and  frefh  in  its  appearance  at  this  day  as  Weft- 
minfter  bridge.  There  are  alio  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of 
Diana  j  and  a  houfe  built  by  the  emperor  Adrian  is  ftill 
intire,  the  fculpture  and  architefture  of  which  are  ex- 
quifitely  beautiful.  Many  other  antiquities,  interefting 
to  the  curious  mind,  are  found  in  France  i  but  the  limits 
of  this  work  will  not  allow  the  mention  of  them.  " 

The  cities  and  towns  of  France  are  ver\  numerous  : 
but  wefhall  only  mention  Paris  and  Lifle,  and  their  prin« 
eip;.l  fea  ports,  Bred  and  Toulon. 

Liile,  in  French  Flanders,  is  thought  to  bd  the  moft 
regular  and  bell  fortification  in  Europe^  It  is  generally 
garrifoned  with  iibove  1 0^000  regular  troops,  and  for  its 
magnificence  and  elegance  is  called  Little  Paris.  Itsr 
manufa^ures  of  camblets,  cambrics,  and  filk,  are  very 
confiderable; 

The  ftreets,  fquares,'  hotels,  hofpitals,'  churches,  &c.  of 
Paris,  are  very  (hewy,  and  fome  of  diem  fupeibly  de- 
corated with  a.  prefufion  of  paintings,  tapeftry,  and 
images,  and  without  entering  into  minute  difquifitions,  it 
muit  be  owned  is  the  paradife  of  fplendor  and  difiipation* 
The  city  -of  Paris  is  fifteen  miles  in  circumference.  Thcr 
principal  buildings  are  the  Louvre,  an  edifice  which  doesr 
onotir  to  arcfaitedure  itfelf.  The  palace  of  Orleans,  of 
at  it  is  called  the  Luxembourg,  where  a  valuable  collec« 
tion  of  paintings  are  fhewn,  the  royal  palace,  the  king's 
Ubrary,  the  guild  hall,  and  the  hofpital  for  invalids^ 
which  are  fuperb  in  the  higheft  degree.  The  hotels  of 
thie  French  nobility,  the  dmrches,  md  ihe  c^av^vtsytakf 


■'■w 
/. 


-*■*- 


(^ 


TRANCE. 


# 


Up  a  great  deal  of  room.  The  (Ircets  of  Paris  are  very 
narrow,  the  houfes  very  high,  fome  of  them  fcven  ftories; 
they  are  generally  built  of  ftonc,  and  mean  even  tfi 
wrelchednefs,  owing  partly  to  their  containing  a  family 
on  every  floor.  The  river  Seine  runs  through  the  centre 
of  the  city,  over  which  are  nuiny  ftone  and  woodea 
bridges,  which  have  nothing  to  recomfoend  them.  The 
floors  of  the  common  hsules  in  Paris  are  ger.erally  brick;, 
^vhich  witli  their  ftone  ft  airs,  their  thick  pany  walls  of 
ftone,  and  the  want  of  wainfcoating  in  thtir  apartmcuta^ 
are  good  prcfcrvatives  againft  fire,  which  feldom  does^ 
any  great  damage  in  that  city. 

The  Parifians,  as  well  as  the  natives  of  France  in  gen- 
eral, are  remarkably  temperate  in  their  living  ;  and  to  be 
intoxicated  with  liquor  is  thought  infamous.  The  com- 
mon people,  in  the  fummer  feafou,  live  chiefly  on  bread, 
butter,  grapes,  and  fmall  wine  ;  they  fcarcely  know  the 
w^  of  tea,  but  have  coflfee*  in  plenty.  The  environs  of 
Parrs  are  Tory  pleafant  ;  a.  number  of  fine  feats,  fmall 
vilk;ges  and  tov/ns  being  fcattered  round  it,  fome  of  them 
feftted  on  edges  of  lofty  mountains  rifmg  from  the  Siene, 
reader  the  fcenes  peculiarly  delightful. 

The  palace  of  Verfailles,  twelve  miles  from  Paris,  is 
magnincefnt  and  expenfive  beyond  conception,  adorned 
with  all  that  art  can  furnilh. 

Breft  is  a  fmall  but  very  flrong  town,  upon  the  Englifh 
channel,  with  a  fpacious  and  finely  fortified  road  and  har- 
bour, the  beft  and  fafeft  in  the  kingdom,  yet  its  entrance 
is  dilBcult,  by  reafon  of  many  rocks,  which  lie  under  wa- 
ter. At  Brefl  is  a  court  of  admiralty,  and  an  academy 
for  fea  afiairs  ;  docks  and  mags^zines  for  all  kinds  of  na- 
v^  (lores  ;  in  iKort,  it  may  be  termed  the  capital  recepta- 
cle for  the  navy  of  France,  and^s  admirably  adapted  for 
,that  purpofe, 

Hi^fc-XlV.  rendered  Toulon,  from  a  phiful  village, 
a  fea  port  of  great  importance.  He  fortified  tlie  town 
and  harbour,  for  the  reception  and  proteftion  of  the  navy. 

In  manufactures  the  J'rench  hare  alwajrs  been  diflin- 
guifhed  for  their  invention  j  and  the  EngUfh  for  their  inT*- 
provement. 
vi'jwice  is  famous  for  the  inanufa<ftory  of  tapeftiy,  ihc- 


,iA:, 


■--.     \ 


''■' 


T-v.. 


H^ 


V  Vi-«j  , 


NETHERLANDS. 


fined  in  the  world,  alfo  for  cloth  linen,  fail  cloth,  fine 
tlircad,  lace  lawn,  cambric,  duffs,  paper,  and  olate  el&f^ 
They  alfo  manufaAure  gloves  and  (lockings  from  Ipider 
fillc  ;  and  befidcs  the  infinite  advantages  arwng  to  France 
from  her  Inland  commerce,  her  foreign  trade  is  faid  to 
extend  itfulf  all  over  the  globe.  It  employs  one  million 
tons  of  (hipping,  and  500,000  feamen.  It  nas  no  trading 
companies,  having  abolilhed  all  monopoly. 

Sbctiou  XIV.    NETHERLANDS. 

» 

THE  feventeen  provinces,  which  are  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Netherlands,  are  bounded  by  the  German 
fea  on  the  north,  by  Germany  on  the  eaft,  by  France 
on  the  fouth,  and  by  the  BntlfK  channel  on  the  weft. 
They  are  3G8  miles  long,  and  260  broad,  and  lie  between 
49  and  54  deg  N.  lat.  and  2  and  7  deg.  £.  long.  To  p|^- 
vent  repetition  and  unnecefTary. prolixity,  we  fhaU  conim- 
er  the  feventeen  provinces  under  two  great  divifions ;  firft, 
the  northern,  which  contains  the  feven  United  Provincdi, 
ufually  called  Holland  ;  fecondly,  the  fouthem,  contain- 
ing the  Au  (Irian  and  French  Netherlands.  The  Seven 
United  Provinces,  or  Holland,  150  miles  long,  and  near- 
ly the  fame  broad,  and  lie  between  51  and  54  deg.  N.  lat. 
and  3  and  7  deg.  E.  long. 

Thefe  provinces  lie  oppofite  to  England,  at  the  diftance 
of  90  miles,  on  the  eallern  fide  of  the   Engli(h   channel. 
They  are  a  narrow  flip  of  low  fwampy  ground  ;  the  air 
is  therefore  ^oggy  and  erofs.     The  foil  is  unfavourable  to 
vegetation  ;    but  by  the  induftry  of  the  inhabitants  in 
draining  the  lands,  it  is  rendered  fit  for  padure,  and  in 
many  places  for  tillage.     Holland,  with  all  its   commer- 
cial advantages  and  boaded  cleanlinefs,  is  not  a  defirable 
country  to  live  in.     Here  are  no  mountains,  no  planta- 
tions, no  rifing  grounds,  no  gufhing    ivers,  or  nHriinj^^ 
dreams  ;  but  the  whole  country,  viewed  from  a  tdwij'^r 
fleeple,  has  the  appearance  of  a  continued  bog  or  marfh,- 
drained  at  certain  dtftances  by  innumerable  ditches,  which 
in  the  fummer  months,  are  no  better  than  ofienfive  dag- 
nant  waters. 

The  principal  rivers  are  th&  Rhine,  the  Maefe,  t^ 


-,  '■  i]\ 

.  •"-' 

-f     ■ 

:  -*:"■•••.■ 

rT 

•; 

f- 

:■•»  ■ 

1. -r;       . 
»■ 

1,  »  fiV 

1- 

'  'V 

* 

'■'■'. 

NETHERLANDS. 


59 


Scheldt,  and  the  Vecht.  There  are  a  number  of  fmaller 
rivers  which  join  thefe,  and  a  prodigious  numl  of  canals, 
but  there  are  few  good  harbours  in  the  Unitei.  .  rovinces ; 
the  bed  are  thofe  of  Rotterdam,  Helvoctfluys.'and  I'lufHr 
ing  ;  that  of  Amfterdam,  though  one  of  the  largert  and 
fafc-ft  in  Europe,  has  a  bar  at  the  entrance  of  it,  which 
large  veflels  cannot  pafs  without  being  lightened. 

The  quantity  of  grain  raifed  in  Holland  is  very  incon- 
fiderable  ;  but  their  paftures  being  excellent,  they  make 
prodigious  quantities  of  butter  and  cheefe  of  the  very  firft 
quality.  This  country  produces  turf,  madder,  tobacco 
and  fomc  fruit,  but  the  moft  of  the  comforts,  and  even 
the  neccflaries  of  life,  arc  imported.  They  have  a  good 
breed  of  fheep,  and  their  horfes  and  horned  cattle  are  of  a 
larger  fize  than  any  other  nation  of  Europe.  It  is  faid 
there  are  fomc  wild  bears  and  wolves  here.  Their  river 
fifh  are  much  the  fame  as  in  England  ;  but  their  fea  fiih 
are  larger.     They  have  large  and  well  tafled  oyfters. 

The  manners,  habits,  and  even  minds  of  the  Dutch  (for 
fo  the  inhabitants  pf  Holland  are  called)  feem  to  be  form- 
ed by  their  fituation,  and  to  arife  from  their  natural  wants. 
What  may  be  called  their  natural  commodities,  their  but- 
ter and  cheefe,  are  produced  by  their  inceffant  labour  ; 
their  principal  food  they  earn  out  of  the  fea,  by  their  Her- 
ring fi(heries  }  for  they  difpofe  of  the  beft  of  their  fifh  to 
pitrchafe  the  commodities  of  other  nations.  They  are 
flow  and  phlegmatic,  both  in  body  and  mind  j  even  their 
virtues  feem  to  be  owing  to  their  coldnefs,  for  in  regard 
to  every  objed  that  does  not  immediately  interfere  with 
their  intereft,  they  are  perfectly  quiet  and  pafllve,  though 
their  valour  becomes  warm  and  a<5livc,  when  intereft  is  at 
ilake.  They  are  in  general,  flow  of  underftanatng,  plain, 
blunt,  and  roughj  honeft  in  their  dealings,  but  fparing  of 
their  words  ;  they  are  plodding  and  uniociable,  but  quiet 
and  inoffenfive. 

The  Dutch  are  certainly  very  expert  in  contriving  ways 
of  getting  money,  and  prudently  careful  of  it  when  ob- 
tained J  but  tkeir  fpirit  of  frugality  is  of  late  years  left 
known   among  the  higher  ranks,  than  it  formerly  was. 
.  'The  luxuries  of  the  French  and  Englifli  are  introduced 


i  ».  .V 


<•? 


t-^  ' 


t50 


NETHEHLANDS. 


•among  thorn,  aiadj  they  begin  to  adopt  their  tafte  in  thetr 
buU<iings,  equipage,  drels,.  and  ftyle  of  living.  Th« 
Dutch- ^e  the  l>efl  (katers  in  the  world  upon  the  ic^,  and 
it  is  really  'amaciing,  after  a  hard  froft,  to  fee  the  crowds 
of  m?9  and  women  who  dart  along  with  furprifing.  dexr 
tejrlty  a^hd  velocity. 

The  eftaUiflaed  religion  in  Holland:  is  the  ii>re(byterisin 
,and  Calyijiifm  j  none  but  prefl^yterlans  ar^  admitted  to 
hold  any  office  or  pQft  in  government, ;  yet  all  religions 
are  tolerated,  and  have  their  refpeflive  meeting  houfes  or 
c^iapels  for  public  "wrprlhip,  anfwng  which  the  Jews  and 
^^l^s  arc  v?ry  numerous, 

Erafn^iws  and  (Jrotiuj?,  both  authors  of  eminence,  were 
ng.tiyes  of  this  country,  as  was  alio  that  celebtatedl  pwj*- 
feflbr  of  medicine,  Do(5lor  Boerhaave ;  ^d  the  X)utch 
difput-e  the  inveiition  of  printing  wilihi  the  Germaas.  This 
jti^fign  is  not  cefeljrated  fon  its  ta,fte  or,  lencouiragetraent  of 
the  belles  l^ttres,  Th^y  have  fiv€  univerfuies,  of  whkh 
^^.t  of  Ley  den  is  the  large  |l ;  it  wajS  founded  in  1575  ; 
its  library^  befides  a  number  of  printed  books»  qonitains 
SOQOiprien^  majau^cripts,  many  of  which  are  in*  Arabio 
The  phyfiQ  gai^den>  belonging  to  th0  univerfity  ai:  Utrecht, 
is  very  cur*Ous  ;  bujt  ^e  «Hher  thii^e  uiyverritios  of 
Grqn^gen,  Hardwicjk,  and  Tranikeff  have  uothing  tp 
arendftr  them  remarkabje. 

;  <  ThQ  prodigious  dykes,  faid  to  be  fome  of  them  feven* 
te^t^  elUuithicknefs,  mouuiis  and  can^s,  confliru^led  by 
theDutch.to  fecujpe  their  ^ou^try  from  th?  diread^ul  m- 
QndatipQS  to  which  it  was  forxnerly  ful^eit,  muft  be  cons- 
^Mered  a^  ^uriofities,  for  they  ar«  ilup^i^ousi  and  hardlf 
p?  l)^  «^U(|Ued«  The  Stadthou^e  m  Awflerdam^  is,  aUb  a 
«»^ie|fity  ioiliitSi  kind*  fe^^ing  bmlt.  ^i>Qn  13^659-  h'rg^  piles 
firiven  into  tile  g^roupd  Therfeiare  ftveral  iirtufeums  iti 
HpUandl  cpntainti(k|^  number^rs  icuciofitiiEts,;  b«>;th  oatuxail 
and  artificial. 

..^An|flierd*m>,  the- capital  o£  Holland,  i$  thought,  Co,  be 
jjiNtt,t0X.on4on»  tbeipoft  CQn)^ner(^i«i  ?ity  iakthe  wofW. 
Jtti^hwltiirpen  pile%of  T/e^dj.  an,d.  it^  canvenieiSiAeltT 
CQ«mier<;e>;and  thegraudeur  of  its  public  worj^s,.  su?e  «J- 
jtno^b  bey<^ndriiie&n^M(|n.,  The  f^f^n&Cs  and  cleanliii^ 
every  where  to  be  obferved,  are  admirable.     This  city, 


AUSTRIAN  AND  FRENCH  NETHERLANDS.  61 

however,  labours  under  two  great  difadvantages,  bad  air, 
and  want  of  frelh  and  wholefome  water.  Rotterdam  is 
next  to  Amfterdain,  for  wealth  and  commerce.  The 
Hague,  though  but  a  village,  is  the  feat  of  eovemment, 
and  celebrated  for  the  magnificence  of  its  buildings.  Ley- 
den  and  Utrecht  are  fine  cities,  and  Saardam,  a  wealthy, 
trading  place,  is  famous  for  being  the  place  where  the 
great  Peter,  Czar  of  Mufcovy,  ferved  an  apprenticcihip 
tofhtpbuilding,andlabouredas  a  common  handicraftsman. 

The  common  way  of  travelling  in  Holland,  is  in  cov- 
ered boats,  called  treckfcuits,  which  are  dragged  along 
tlie  can^s,  by  horfe?.  Th^  treckfcuit  is  divided  into 
two  different  apartments,  called  the  roof  and  the  ruim  ; 
the  firft  for  gentlemen,  the  other  £or  common  paifengers. 

An  account  of  the  Dutch  commerce  would  compre- 
hend that'of  almoft  all  Europe  ;  for  there  is  fcarcely  a 
manufadure,  which  they  do  not  carry  on,  or  a  State  to 
which  they  do  not  trade.  The  United  Provinces  are  the 
grand  magazine  of  Europe,  and  goods  may  often  be  pur- 
chafed  here  cheaper  than  in  the  countries  where  they  are 
made.  They  carry  on  an  immenfe  traffic  with  the  Eaft 
Indies,  where  they  have  a  very  fine  commercial  fettlement* 
the  capital  of  which  is  Batavia,  which  is  faid  to  exceed  in 
.  opulence  and  magnificence  all  the  cities  of  Afia.  * 


Section  XV. 


AUSTRIAN  AND  FRENCH  NETH- 
ERLANDS. 


AS  this  country  belongs  to  three  dififerent  powers,  the 
Auflrians,  French,  and  Dutch,  it  will  be  neceffary  to 
diftinguilh  the  provinces  belonging  to  each.  The  Prov- 
inces of  Brabant  and  part  of  Flanders,  belong  to  the 
Dutch  and  Auftrians,  Antwerp,  Malines,  Lemburg,  and 
Namur,  entirel/  to  the  Auftrians,  with  part  of  Luxem- 
burg and  Hainault.  Cambrefis,  Artois,  with  part  of 
Hainault,  Luxemburg,  and  Flanders,  are  fubje<ft  to 
France . 

The  air  of  Brabant,  and  upon  tlie  coaft  of  Flanders,  is 
bad  ;  but  in  the  interior  parts, 'more  healthful.  There 
are  few  or  no  mountains  in  the  Netherlands  ;  Flanders 
being  a  flat,  level  country,  with  fcarcely  a  hill  in  it. 

F 


-ci^j:- 


62 


GERMANY. 


iw::^: 


I  ■' 


;  The  chief  rivers  ?.re  the  Maefe,  Scheldt,  Sambre,  and 
Dender  j  the  principal  canals,  thofe  of  Bruflels,  Ghent, 
and  Oftend.  They  have  mines  of  iron,  copper,  lead,  and 
brimftone,  and  fome  marble  quarries,  and  coal  pits. 

The  inhabitants  are  called  Flemings.  They  are  ar 
blunts  hpneft  people  ;  but  not  very  poliihed  in  their  man> 
ners.  The  country  is  pleafant,  the  roads  good,  and  trav- 
elling fafe  and  delightful.         _ 

The  eftablifhed  religion  is  Roman  Catholic  ;  but  all 
other  {e&s  are  fuflPered  to  worlhip  in  their  refpeftive  forms 
without  moleftation.  There  have  been  fome  learned 
men  natives  of  the  Netherlands.  Strada  is  an  elegant 
hiftorian  and  poet.  The  Flemifh  painters  and  fculptors 
have  great  merit.  The  works  of  Reubens  and  Van- 
dyjce  cannot  be  fnfficiently  admired. 

Som§  Roman  monuments  of  temples  and  other  build* 
ings,  are   to  be  found  in  thefe  provinces  ;  and  the  mag- 
♦  nificent  old  edifices,  f^en  in  all  their  cities,  give  evidence 
of*  their  farmer  grandeur. 

Ghent  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Flanders,  and  cele- 
kjiated  for  its  linen  and  woollen  manufa<Stures.  The 
walls  contain  a  circuit  often  miles  ;  but  it  is  now  in  a 
great  manner  unoccupied.  Oftend  is  a  tolerable  harbour 
for  traders,  and  has  of  late  years  greatly  increased  in 
opulence.  Bruflels  is  a  populous,  lively  place.  Antwerp, 
once  the  emporium  of  the  European  continent,  is  now 
dwindled  into  a  tapeftry,  thread,  and  lace  ihop,  one  of 
the  firft  exploits  of  the  Dutch,  after  they  threw  off  the 
Spaniih  yoke,  being  to  ruin  the  commerce  of  Antwerp, 
by  iinking  Ihips  at  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt,  loaded 
with  ftones  ;  thus  ftiutting  up  the  entrance  of  tliat  river 
to  (hips  of  large  burden.  , 

•  At  Caflele,  a  tovvn  in  the  French  Netherlands,  which, 
is  fituated  on  a  lofty  hill,  may  be  feen  thirty  two  towns. 

The  chief  manufa(aures  and  trade  of  the  French  and 
Auftrian  Netherlands,  are  beautiful  laces,  linens,  and 
eambrics.  ^ 

SscTioN  XVI.    GERMANY. 


THE  empire  of  Germany, properly  fo  called,  is  bound- 
ed north  b'y  the  German  Ocean,  Denmark,  and  the  Baklc, 


^,^' 


'»*«»- 


GERMANY. 


63 


eaft  by  Poland,  Hungary,  and  Bohemia,  fouth  by  Swit- 
zerland  and  the  Alps,  which  divide  it  from  Italy,  and 
weft  by  the  dominions  of  France  and  the  low  countries, 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  Maefe,  the  Rhine,  and  the 
Mofelle.  It  is  600  miles  long,  and  5*20  broad,  lying  be- 
tween 4-5  and  55deg.  N.  lat.  and  5  and  19  deg.  E.  long. 
Germany  is  divided  into  nine  parts,  called  the  nine  cir- 
cles of  the  empire  j  they  are  Weftphalia,  Upper  and  Low- 
er Saxony,  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine,  Franconia,  Swabia, 
Bavaria,  and  Aiiilria. 

The  climate  of  Germany,  as  in  all  large  trails'  of  coun- 
,  try,  differs  greatly,  not  only  on  account  of  the  fituation, 
'but  according  to  the  improvement  of  the  foil,  which  has 
a  great  eflfeft  on  rfie  climate.  The  moft  mild  and  fettled 
weather  is  in  the  middle  of  the  country,  at  an  equal  dif- 
tance  between  the  fea  and  the  Alps.  In  the  north,  it  is 
iharp  and  cold  ;  towards  the  fouth  it  is  more  temperate. 
The  foil  of  Germany  is  not  improved  to  the  full  by  cul- 
ture. Agriculture  is  however  daily  improving  $  but  in 
the  fouth  and  weftern  parts,  their  efforts  are  more  fuc- 
cefsful  than  in  thofe  which  lie  near  the  fea,  as  the  north 
winds  and  eaftern  blafts,  are  unfriendly  to  vegetation. 

There  are  more  forefts  in  Germany  than  in  any  other 
European  country.     Every  baron,  count,  or  gentleman, 
.  having  a  park  well  ftocked  with  game.     The  timber  thefe 
woods  or  forefts  yield,  are  pine,  fir,  oak,  and  beach. 
The  chief  mountains  are  the  Alps. 
Germany  boafts  a  great  number  of  noble  rivers.     At 
their  head  ftands  the  Danube,  which  between  Belgrade 
and  Vienna  in  Hungary,  is  fo  broad,   that  naval  battles 
between  the  Turks  and  Chriftians,  have  been  fought  in  it. 
The  Danube  contains  a  vaft  number  of  whirlpools  and 
catarafts  ;  its  ftream  is  rapid,  and  its  co  irfe,  without  reck- 
onii\g  its  windings,  is  computed  to  be  1620  miles.     The 
other  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Elbe,  Oder,  Wefer, 
and  Mofelle. 

The  chief  lakes  of  Gemany,  are  thofe  of  Conftance 
and  Bregentze,  the  Chi-  .loe,  or  lake  of  Bavaria,  and  the 
Zirnilzerfee,  in  the  dutch ^''  of  Carniola,  whofe  waters  of- 
ten run  off  and  return  again  in  a  moft  extraordinary  man- 
ner.    Befides  thefe  lakes  and  rivers,  in  fome  of  which  are 


64 


GERMANY. 


U. 


found  pearls,  Germany  contains  large  and  noxious  bo- 
dies of  ftanding  water,  which  are  next  to  peftilential,  and 
affli(a  the  inhabitants  with  deplorable  diforders. 

Germany  is  faid  to  contain  more  mineral  and  medicin- 
al fprings  than  all  Europe  befides.  Thofe  of  the  Spa, 
Pyrmont,  and  Aix  la  Chapelle,  are  univerfally  kncwn  and 
celebrated.  The  waters  of  the  baths,  at  the  latter  of  thefe 
places,  is  fo  hot  that  it  is  obliged  to  cool  ten  hours  before 
it  can  be  ufed.  The  mineral  waters  at  Wijdungen  are 
faid  to  have  as  powerful  an  intoxicating  u  quality  as  wine. 
Several  othv'^r  places  are  celebrated  for  the  medicinal  prop- 
erty of  their  waters. 

Germany  abounds  in  metals  and  minerals,  and  many 
of  the  circles  furnilh  coal  pits.      ,       '  '  * 

The  animal  and  vegetable  productions  of  Germany 
di£Fer  but  little  from  thofe  of  countries  already  dcfcril-ed. 
The  Rhenifii  and  Mofelle  wines  are  faid  to  be  peruli:irly 
light,  and  even  medicinal  in  fome  diforders.  The  (Ger- 
man wild  boar  differs  in  colour  from  our  common  hogs, 
and  is  four  times  as  large.  They  have  alfo  a  wild  ani- 
mal, called  a  glutton,  faid  u  be  the  moft  voracious  of  all 
Inimals.  Some  parts  of  Germany  are  famous  for  their 
variety  of  ilnging  birds. 

The  Germans  are,  in  their  perfons,  tall-,  fair,  and  ftrong. 
The  ladies  have  generally  very  fine  .complexions;,  and  a 
moft  captivating  delicacy  of  Ihape  and  features.  Both 
mcti  and  women  are  ford  of  rich  drefs,  and  the  better  fort 
wear  a  great  deal  of  gold  and  fllver  lace.  The  women 
of.falhion  drefs  in  tlie  French  and  Englifli  tafte,  but  fel- 
dom  or  ever  ufe  paint.  The  peafantry  and  labourers 
drefs  according  to  their  employments  ant.  circumftances. 

The  Germans  are  a  frank,  noneft,  hofpitable  people. 
Induftry,  application,  and  perfeverance,  are  the  great 
charafteriftics  of  the  nation,  efpecially  the  mechaiiical 
part  of  it.  Their  works  of  art,  particularly  in  clock  and 
watch  making,  jewelry,  turnery,  fculpture,  painting,  and 
certain  kinds  of  architecture,  would  be  incredible,  /vyexe 
they  not  vifible.  '^  /  '^ 

Germany,  particularly  Moravia,  and  the  Palatinate,  is 
overrun  with  fedtaries  of  all  kinds,  and  a  number  of  Jews 
are  in  the  empire.    At  prefent,  the  modes  of  worfliip  and 


GERMANY. 


66 


forms  of  church  government,  are  by  tie  German  princes 
confidered  in  a  civil,  rather  than  a  relicious  light.  The 
proteftant  clergy  are  learned  and  exemplary  in  their  man- 
ners ;  but  the  popilh,  ignorant  and  libertine. 

The  Germans  encourage  a  general  tafte  for  literature  ; 
and  few  countries  have  produced  fuch  a  variety  of  authors. 
Almoft  every  man  of  letters  is  an  author.  There  are  in 
this  country  36  univerfities,befidesa  vaft  number  of  col- 
leges and  Latin  fchools  ;  and  many  natives  of  Germany 
have  appeared  eminent  in  various  branches  of  fcience  and 
learning.  With  refpeft  to  the  fine  arts,  tho  Germans 
have  acquitted  themfelves  tolerably  well.  Printing,  if  not 
invented  by  them,  made  rapid  improvem^pnts  in  their 
hands.  They  were  the  firft  inventors  of  guns,  and  gun 
powder,  about  the  year  1320.  Germany  has  alfo  pro- 
duced feme  excellent  muficians,  of  whom  Handel  is  fupe- 
rior  ;  for  it  is  acknowledged  he  arrived  at  the  fublime  of 
mufic. 

The  chief  cities  of  Germany  require  particular  atten- 
ti  en,  on  account  of  the  number  of  independent  flates  it 
contaiiis. 

Berlin  lies  on  the  river  Spree,  has  one  royal  and  feveral 
other  fuperb  palaces.  Its  ftreets  and  fquares  are  fpacious, 
•and  built  in  a  regular  manner  ;  but  the  houfes,  though  neat 
withoi'.t,  are  ill  finifhed,  ?ind  worfe  furnifhed  within.  The 
Arfenal,  which  is  Luik  in  the  forpi  of  a  fquare,  contains 
arms  for  200,000  men.  There  are  feveral  fchools,  libraries, 
and  charitable  foundations  in  Berlin,  and  manufa^ures  of 
tapeftr}',  gold  and  filver  lace,  and  mirrors.  There  are  25 
places  of  public, worfhip  in  this  city. 

The  Eledlorate  of  Saxony  is  by  far  the  richefl  country 
in  Germany,  if  not  in  Eiirope.  It  contains   210  walled 
towns,  61  market  towns,  and    3000  villages.     The  foil 
of  this  Eledlorate  is  extremely  rich  ;  all  the  precious  gems 
with  which  India    abounds,  are  to  be  found  here,  and 
they  carry  on  a  variety  of  fplendid  manufactures.     Dref- 
den  is  the  capital  of  the  Eledtor  of  Saxony's   dominions  ;. 
but  little  is  to  befaid  of  it,  only  that  it  is  beautifully  fitua- 
tfd  on  the  river  Elbe.     It  has  in  it  a  fine  manufafture  of 
chma  w?ire,  and  is  famous  for  its  founderies  of  bells  and 
cannon,  its  ftatuary  and  paintings,  -j.  ..^ 
',     F  2  •',"*■ 


i^RUSSIA»> 


i 


Thecityof  Licpfic  is  alfo  large  and  Well  built,  with 
handfome  fuburbs  and  gardens. 

Hapovcr,  the  capital  of  the  Ele<5torate  of  Hanoyer,  on 
the  river  Seine,  is  a  neat,  thriving,  agreeable  city.  The 
cleAor  of  Hanover  is  icing  of  Great  Britain. 

Breflau,  the  capital  of  oilefia,  on  the  river  Oder,  is  a 
fine  city. 

Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  is  fituated  in  a  healthful,  fer- 
tile, and  delightful  country,  on  the  banks  of  that  river,  by 
Viichitis  divided  into  w«vo  parts,  diftinguillied  by  the 
names  of  Frankfort  and  Saxenhaufen ;  it  is  an  imperial, 
free  city.  It  is  built  of  a  circular  form  ;  but  the  Ibeets 
are  narrow,  and  the  houfes  moftly  built  of  timber ; 
though  there  are  fome  buildings  in  it  that  deferve  the 
name  of  palaces. 

Vienna  is  the  capital  of  the  circle  of  A'aftria,  and 
being  the  refidence  of  tlie  Emperor,  is  called  in  general  the 
capital  of  Germany.  It  is  a  noble  and  ftrong  city.  It 
contains  an  excellent  univerfity,  a  bank,  and  a  court  of 
commerce.  «.   ' 

The  ftreets  of  Vic.  ..a  are  narrow  and  dirty,  and  the 
houfes  of  the  citizens  greatly  difproportionate  to  the  mag- 
nificence of  the  fquares,  palaces,  and  other  public  build- 
ings. The  Imperial  library  in  this  city  is  great  literary 
rarity,  on  account  of  its  ancient  manufcrij.  .  It  contains 
upwards  of  80,000  volumes,  among  which  are  fonie  valu- 
able manufcripts  in  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Arabic,  Turkilli,  Ar- 
menian, and  Coptic,  and  Chinefe  j  and  a  Greek  New  Tef- 
tament,  faid  to  have  been  written  1500  years  ago,  in  gold 
letters  upon  purple. 

jrermany  exports  to  other  countries,  corn,  tobacco, 
wax,  wines,  linen,  and  woollen  yarn,  ribbands,  filk,  wool, 
and  timber,  and  the  fined   porcelain  upon  earth. 

Section  XVII.     PRUSSIA. 


1:1 


THIS  country  is  bounded  north  by  part  of  Samogitia, 
fouth  by  Poland  proper,  and  Mafovia,  eaft  by  part  of 
Lithuania,  and  weft  by  Polifh  Pruffia  and  the  Baltic  Sea. 
It  lies  between  52  and  56  deg.  N.  Jat.  and  16  and  23 


t.^      i. 


BOHEMIA. 


67 


deg.  E.  long.     Its  greatefl;  length  is  160  mllesi  and  its 
breadth  112. 

The  air  of  Pruflia  is  wholefome,  and  the  foil  fruitful. 
It  affords  plenty  of  pit  coal  and  other  fuel.  Its  animal 
productions  are  horfes,  Iheep,  deer,  and  game,  wild  boars 
and  foxes.  Its  rivers  and  lakes  are  well  ftored  with  fifli, 
and  amber  is  found  on  its  coails  towards  the  Baltic.      1 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Viflula,  the  Mamel,  the 
Pregel,  the  Paffarge,  and  tlie  Elbe.  The  manners  of 
the  inhabitants  differ  but  little  from  tliofe  of  Germany. 

The  eftablifiied  religions  of  Pruflia  are  thofe  of  the  Lu- 
tlierans  and  Calvinills  ;  but  almoft  every  other  fe<5l  is  tol- 
erated here.  The  country,  as  well  as  towns,  abound  in 
fchools.  An  univerfity  was  founded  at  Koningfburgh  in 
I54fif  but  we  know  of  no  learned  men  that  it  has  pro- 
duced. 

Koningfburgh  is  the  capital  of  the  whole  kingdom  of 
Pruflia }  It  is  htuated  on  the  river  Pregel,  over  which 
it  has  feven  bridges  ;  it  is  feven  miles  in  circumference. 
Koningfburgh  has  ever  made  a  confidcrable  figure  in 
commerce  and  fhipping,  its  river  being  navigable  for  Ihips 
of  very  heavy  burden.  This  city,  befides  its  univerfity, 
which  is  very  fpacious,  contains  fomc  magnificent  palaces, 
a  town  houfe,  an  exchange,  and  fomt  handfome  gardens 
and  other  embellilhments.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  and 
a  citadel  called  Frederic kfburgh. 

The  Prufllan  manufactures  are  not  inconfiderable. 
They  confiil  of  glafs,  iron  work,  paper,  gunpowder,  cop- 
per, brals  mills,  camblet,  and  filk  flockings.  I'hv-y  export  a 
variety  of  naval  ftores,  flaxfeed,  hempfeed,  wax,  honey, 
and  caviar,  of  which  latter  article  vaft  quantities  is  pre- 
pared at  Pillaw,  a  town  on  the  fea  coaft. 

'  ,  Section  XVIII.     BOHEMIA. 


THIS  kingdom  is  bounded  north  by  Saxony  and  Bran- 
denburg, fouth  by  Auftria  and  Bavaria,  eafl:  by  Poland 
and  Bavaria,  weft  by  the  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  it  is  4?78 
miles  long,  and  322  broad,  lying  betw?en  4*8  and  52 
deg.   N.  kt.  and  12  and  19  deg.  eafl:  Ion.  ^^ 

The  air  of  Bohemia  proper  is  not  thought  fo  wholes 


68 


HUNGARY. 


fom?  as  the  red  of  Germany ;  its  foil  and  produce  are 
much  the  fame. 

Bohemia,  though  almoft  furrounded  by  mountains, 
contains  none  of  any  note.  Its  woods  are  many,  and  its 
chief  rivers  are  the  Elbe,  Muldaw,  and  £ger.  It  contains 
rich  mines  of  filver,  quickfilver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  ful- 
phur,  and  faltpetre.  Its  chief  manufadures  are  linen, 
iron,  and  ^lafs. 

The  Bohemians,  in  their  perfons,  habits,  manners,  &c. 
refemble  thfe  Germans.  There  is  no  middling  ftate  of 
people  among  them,  for  every  lord  is  a  fovereign,  and 
every  tenant  r.  flave. 

Though  popery  is  the  eftabliftied  religion  of  Bohemia, 
there  are  many  proteftants  among  the  inhabitants,  who 
are  tolerated  ii*  the  free  exercife  of  their  religion  ;  and 
Tome  -of  the  Moravians  have  ftruck  into  a  vifionary  path 
of  their  own. 

The  only  univerfity  in  Bohemia  is  that  of  Prague. 
Prague  is  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  and  is  one  oftlie  moft  mag- 
nificent cities  in  Europe  ;  it  is  famous  for  its  noble  bridge. 
Its  circumference  is  fo  large  tliat  the  grand  Pruffianarmy 
could  never  entirely  invert  it  at  the  laft  fiege.  It  is  a 
place  of  little  or  no  trade,  therefore  the  generality  of  the 
inhabitants  are  not  wealthy  ;  but  *-he  Jews  are  faid  to  carry 
on  a  large  commerce  in  jewels.  Bohemia  contains  many 
other  towns,,  fome  of  which  are  fortified,  but  they  are 
neitlier  remarkable  for  ftrength  nor  manufadures.  01- 
mutz  is  the  capital  of  Moravia  ;  it  is  well  fortified,  and 
has  in  it  manufadures  of  woollen,  iron,  glafs,  paper,  and 
gunpowder. 


SECTioif  XIX.    HUNGARY. 


'7^' 


HUNGARY  is  bounded  north  by  Poland,  eaft  by  Tran- 
fylvania  and  Wallachia,  fouth  by  Sclavonia,  and  weft  by 
Auftria  and  Moravia.  It  is  700  miles  long,  and  200 
broad,  lying  between  44  and  49  deg.  N.  lat.  and  16  and 
26  deg.  E.  Ion. 

The  air  and  climate  of  the  foutheni  part  of  Hungary 
is  unhealthful,  owing  to  the  numerous  lal^es,  ftagnant 
waters,  and  marlhes  j  but  the  more  northern  parts  bei"  t; 


.y 


-f 


j'.-'r-^'—' 


.::^..yH 


HUNGARY. 


69 


coun- 


mountainous,  the  air  is  pure  and  wholcfome.  No 
try  in  the  world  can  boalt  a  riclier  foil,  than  that  plain 
which  extends  .'>00  miles  from  Prefburg  to  Belgrade.  It 
produces,  befidcs  vegetables,  fruit,  roots,  and  pulfe,  in 
great  variety  and  plenty,  fuch  a  profufion  of  corn  that 
it  fells  for  one  fixth  part  of  the  price  in  England. 

The  rivers,  are  tht;  Danube,  Drave,  Save,  Teylfe,  Me- 
rilh,  and  the  Temes. 

Hungary  contains  fevcral  lakes,  particularly  four 
among  the  Carpathian  mountains,  of  confiderable  extent, 
abounding  with  fiih.  The  Hungarian  baths  and  mineral 
waters  are  efteemed  the  moft  fovereign  of  any  in  Europe ; 
but  their  magnificent  buildings  raifed  by  the  Turks,  wnen 
in  pOiTeflion  cf  the  country,  efpecially  thofe  of  Buda,  are 
fuffered  to  go  to  decay. 

The  chief  mountains  are  the  Carpathian,  which  divide 
Hungary  from  Poland  ^  thoir  tops  are  covered  with  wood, 
and  on  their  fides  grow  tlie  richell  grapes  in  the  world. 

Hungary  abounds  wiili  gold  and  fiiver  mines,  copper^ 
iron,  &c.  It  is  alio  remarkable  for  a  fine  breed  of  horfes, 
highly  efteemed  by  military  officers.  The  Hungarian 
wines,  particularly  Tokay,  are  preferably  to  any  other 
European  wines. 

The  Hungarians  have  manners  peculiar  to  themfelves. 
Their  perfons  are  well  made,  and  their  drefs,  though 
fingular,  is  very  becoming,  ^^he  men  fhave  their  beards, 
but  preferve  whiikers  on  the  upper  lip.  The  Hungarian 
ladies  are  reckoned  very  handlome,  and  their  drefs  is  gen- 
erally black,  made  with  long  lleeves,  tight  to  the  arm,  clofe 
bodies  faftened  before  with  gold,  pearl,  or  diamond  but- 
tons. 

They  are  a  brave,  magnanimous  people.  The  eftab- 
liflied  religion  rf  Hungary  is  the  Roman  catholic  ;  but 
the  major  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  proteftants,  and  en- 
joy the  full  exercife  of  their  religious  liberties.  There  is 
a  remarkable  bridge  in  Hungary,  or  rather  a  continua- 
tion of-bridges  over  the  Danube  and  the  Drave,  five  miles 
in  length,  fortified  with  towers,  at  certain  diftances.  There 
IS  alfo  a  bridge  of  boats  over  the  Danube,  half  a  mile  long, 
between  Buda  and  Peft.  There  is  alfo  about  20  miles 
from  Belgrade  the  ruins  of  a  magnificent  bridge  built  by 
the  Romans. 


■"**  ■',-■■, 


70        TRANSYLVANIA,  6CLAV0N1A,  &c. 


\ 


The  mod  remarkable  natural  curiofity  in  Hungary  i« 
a  cavern  in  a  mountain  near  Szalitze  ;  the  aperture  to 
the  cavern  is  18  fathom  high,  and  8  broad,  its  fubterrane- 
pus  parages  are  of  folid  rock,  ftretching  away  farther  fouth 
than  has  yet  been  dilcovered,  as  far  as  it  is  pra(H:icable  to 
go,  the  height  is  found  to  be  50  fathoms,  and  the  brcadtli 
twenty-fix. 

The  cities  of  Hungary  arc  much  fallen  to  decay,  but 
many  of  their  fortifications  are  very  ftrong.  Prelburg  is 
a  fortified  city  ;  Vienna  is  tlie  capital.  Buda  was  for- 
merly the  capital  j  but  it  retains  little  of  its  ancient  mag- 
nificence. 

The  crown  belonging  to  the  kings  of  Hungary,  is  of 
furprifmg  value.  It  was  fent  in  the  year  1000,  by  Pope 
Sylvefter  II.  to  King  Stephen  of  Hungary.  It  is  made 
of  folid  gold)  weighing  9  marks  and  3  ounces,  ornament- 
ed with  53  fapphires,  50  rubies,  one  large  emerald, and  338 
fine  pearls  ;  befides  thefe  jewels,  there  are  the  images  of 
the  apoftles,  and  patriarchs,  in  fine  wrought  gold. 

Section  XX.      TRANSYLVANIA,    SCLAVONIA, 
QROATIA,,  AND  HUNGARIAN  DALMATIA. 

TRANSYLVANIA  belongs  to  the  houfe  ofAuftria, 
and  is  bounded  north  by  the  Carpathian  mountains,  eaft 
by  Maldavia,  fouth  by  Walachia,  and  weft  by  Upper  and 
Lower  Hungary,  lying  between  22  and  26  deg.  E.  long, 
and  45  and  48  deg.  N.  lat.  It  is  about  180  miles  long, 
and  120  broad,  i'urrounded  on  a!ll  fides  by  high  moun- 
tains. The  air  is  temperate,  the  produce  much  the  fame 
as  Hungary.  The  chief  city  is  Hermanftadt,  a  large, 
ftrong,  well  built  city. 

Sclavonia  lies  between  17  and  21  deg.E.long.  and  55  and 

46  deg.  N.  1  It.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Drave  on  the  north, 
on  the  eaft  by  the  Danube,  by  the  Save  on  the  fouth,  and 
by  Auftria  on  the  weft.  Sclavonia  yields  neither  in  beau- 
ty and  fertility  to  Hungary  j  but  tlie  ravages  of  war  are 
ttill  vifible  in  the  face  of  the  country,  which  lies  in  a  great 
meafure  unimproved.     Pofega  is  the  capital. 

Crotia  lies  between  15  and  17  deg.  E.  long,  and  45  and 

47  deg.  N.  lat.    The  manners,  religion,  cuftoms  and  lan- 


i*t 


^!(!'roj 


:%'■ 


POLAND  AND  LITHUANIA. 


71 


^u;ige  of  the  Croats,  are  the  Tame  with  thofe  of  their  neigh- 
bours of  Hungary  and  Tranfylvania.  Zagrab  is  the  cap- 
ital of  Crotia. 

Hungarian  Dalmatia  lies  on  the  upper  part  of  the  A- 
driatic  iea,  and  confifts  of  five  diftrifts,  of  which  the  mod 
remarkable  places  are  the  two  following  ;  Segna,  which 
is  fortified  both  by  nature  and  art  ;  it  is  fituated  near  the 
fea,  in  a  bleak  mountainous  country,  the  foil  of  which  is 
very  barren.  It  contains  1 2  churches  and  two  convents. 
The  governor  refides  in  an  old  palace,  called  the  Royal 
Caftle.  Ottofchatz,  a  frontier  fortification  on  the  river 
Gatza,  that  part  of  the  fortrcfs  wheic?  the  governor  and 
the  greateft  part  of  the  garrifon  refide,  is  furrounded  by  a 
wall  and  fome  towers  ;  hut  the  reft  of  the  buildings, 
which  are  mean,  are  eredted  on  pilos  in  the  water,  fo  that 
one  neighbour  cannot  vifit  another  without  a  boat, 

Sscrinfj  XXL     POLAND  and  LITHUANIA. 

BEFORE  the  extraordinary  partition  of  this  kingdom, 
which  took  place  a  few  years  fince,  Poland,  with  the  great 
dutchy  of  Lithuania  annexed,  was  bounded  north  by  Li- 
vonia, Mufcovy,  and  the  Baltic  fea,  on  the  eail  by  Mufco- 
vy,  on  the  fouth  by  Hungary,  Turkey,  and  Little  Tarta- 
lYi  on  the  weft  by  Germany.  It  is  700  miles  Xon^t  and 
680  broad,  extending  from  4(3  to  51  deg.  N.  lat.  and  from 
16  to  St  de^^.  E.  long.' 

The  climate  of  Poland  is  temperate,  and  far  from  being 
fo  unfettled  as  might  be  fuppofed,  from  its  northernly  fit- 
luition  ;  tlie  air  towards  the  north  is  cold  but  pure,  and  the 
Carpathian  mountains,  which  feperate  Poland  from  Hun- 
gary, are  covered  witli  everlailing-  fnows. 

Poland  is  a  level  country,  and  the  foil  is  fertile  in  corn, 
tlie  pafturcsare  rich  beyond  concepiion.  Here  are  mines 
offilver,  copper,  iron,  fait,  and  coals. 

The  interior  parts  of  Poland  contain  forefts,  which  pro- 
duce timber  in  great  quantities.  Various  kinds  of  fruit 
and  herbs,  and  fome  grapes,  are  foimd  in  Poland,  alfo  va- 
rious kinds  of  clay  for  pipes  and  earthen  ware.  The  wa- 
ters of  many  fprings  can  be  boiled  into  fait  ;  and  there 
is  a  remarkable  fpring  in  the  palitanate  of  Cracow,  which 


72 


POLAND  AND  LITHUANIA. 


increafcs  and  dccreafcs  with  the  moon.  It  is  Aippofed  to 
have  a  wonderful  power  to  promote  longevity,  numbers  of 
the  inhabitants,  who  partake  its  waters,  living  to  100,  and 
fometo  150  years  of  age.  The  water  is  inflammable,  and 
by  applying  a  torch  to  it  will  flame  like  fpirit  of  wine  ; 
the  flame  however  dances  on  the  furface  without  heating 
the  water. 

The  chief  rivers  of  Poland  are  the  Viftula,  the  WrTL 
the  Nieller,  the  Borefthenes,  the  Bog,  and  the  Dw.  v.. 
The  chief  of  the  few  lakes  this  kingdom  contains  is  Oopto 
in  the  palatinate  of  Byfefty,  and  Biral"  or  the  white  lake, 
which  dyes  the  fkin  of  thofe  who  waHi  in  it  fwarthy. 

There  is  a  curious  production  in  Poland,  called  manna, 
which  in  May  and  June  the  inhabitants  fweep  iato  fieves 
with  the  dew,  and  itferves  for  food,  dreifed  vaiious  wj  ,s. 
Some  of  the  forefts  contain  buffaloes,  whofe  flelh  the  P  <;  is 
efteem  excellent.  There  are  alio  in  their  foreils  wild 
horfcs,  aflcs,  and  oxen,  and  a  kind  of  wolf  r^./ 'iibling  a 
hart,  which   affords  the  heft  fur  in  tlie  count  -y. 

Elks  are  numerous,  and  reckoned  delicious  food.  They 
have  plenty  of  tame  and  domeltic  animals. 

The  Poles,  in  their  perfons,  make  a  noble  appearance  ; 
they  are  tall,  fair,  and  well  proportioned.  They  are  brave, 
honeft,  and  hol'pitable.  Their  women  are  fprightly,  mod- 
eft,  and  meek  in  their  demeanor.  Their  mode  of  travel- 
ling is  ufually  on  horfeback  ;  and  they  are  from  chiUlliood 
inured  to  brave  the  feverity  of  the  cold  without  fhrinking, 
fo  that  they  become  extremely  hardy,  and  can  fleep  on  the 
ground,  eventn  frofty  weather,  wr  n^  at  covering. 

The  Poliffe  nobllit\-  and  gentlemen  nave  great  privileges, 
and  indeed  the  boalted  PulUh  liberty  is  coniiKiod  to  them 
alone  ;  for  they  have  the  pcnver  of  Hie  and  death  over  dieir 
tenants  and  vaflals  ;  but  if  thoy  cngiige  in  trade,  they  for- 
feit their  nobility. 

The  peafants  are  in  a  moft  abjefi-  ftale  of  fuLjeclion, 
but  they  are  infenfible  to  the  miferies  of  their  fituation. 
Born  flaves,and  accuflomed  from  their  infancy  to  j^ardihip 
and  fevcre  labour,  the  generality  have  fcarcely  an  idea  of 
better  circumftances.  They  regard  their  mailers  as  a  {u- 
perior  order  of  beings,  and  feldom  repine  at  their  lot,  but 
cheerful  and  cemented  with  their  fitualioii,  they  i^re  ready 


Y:. 


K 


POLAND  AMD  LITHUANIA. 


>« 


LiiOUS  WJ   ,S. 


Ort  all  occafions  to  facrifice  their  lives  for  their  ma.lers. 
Their  clouthing  is  in  conformity  to  their  deprelTc  J  (late, 
being  a  (heepfkin  with  the  wool  inward  in  winter,  and  a 
kind  of  coarle  cloth  in  fummer,  but  they  wear  no  linen. 

The  better  ranks  drcfs  well,  Ibme  in  the  French  and 
Engliih  mode,  but  more  in  the  peculiar  habit  of  their 
country,  which  is  flngular.  They  Ihavc  their  heads,  leav- 
ing only  a  circle  of  hair  on  the  crown.  Men  of  all  ranks 
wear  whifkers ;  they  wear  a  veft  with  a  kind  of  gown 
over  it,  a  fur  cap  (^r  bonnet,  and  fhirts  without  collar  or 
wridband,  and  neither  ftock  nor  P'*ckcloth  round  their 
neck.     The  habit  of  the  women  is  very  fimplc. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  protellants  in  Poland  ; 
but  the  bulk  of  the  nation  arc  attache^  to  the  Romilh  rc« 
ligton. 

Poland  is  not  remarkable  for  having  produced  many 
learned  men,  though  Copernicus,  the  great  reftorer  of  the 
true  aftronomical  fyftem,  was  a  native  of  this  kingdom* 
There  are  three  univerfities  in  Poland,  that  of  Cracow^ 
Wilna,  and  Pafna. 

l^e  fait  mines  in  Poland  are  great  natural  curiofities, 
fome  of  which  are  feveral  hundred  yards  deep,  with  many 
turnings,  windines,.  and  labyrinths ;  tliey  produce  four 
different  kinds. of Talt.  There  are  fomo  fait  mines  near 
the  city  of  Cracow,  on  one  fide  of  which  runs  a  ftream  of 
fait  water,  and  on  the  other,  one  of  frclhi 

The  city  of  Warfaw  lies  on  the  Vlflula  ;  it  is  the  royal 
refidence,  and  contains  many  magnificent  palaces  ahd 
other* 'liuildingSj^l^des  churches  and  convents.;  The 
Greets  of  this  tky  Are  fpaciouS,  but  ill  paved,  and  the 
houfes  of  the  common  people  beinr  mean  hovels,  built  of 
wood  ;  it  exhibits  a  ftrong  contraft  of  wealth  and  poverty. 
The  fame  may  be  faid  ofCracow,  which  is  the  capital  of 
the  i:ingdom.  This  city  is  flirrounded  by  high  brick 
walls,  flrengthened  x^itli  round  and  fquare  towers,  in  the 
ancient  ftyle  of  fortificatioh.  Grodno,  the  principal  town 
m  Lithuania,  is  a  large!  Itragglmg  place,  containing  ruined 
palaces,  falling  holifes,  and  wretched  hovels,  containing 
YOOO  inha:bitanrj^y  3t)00  of  which  are  employed  in  a  man- 
ufa<aure  of  camblets,  linen,  cotton,  and  filk  fluffs,  &c.  ef* 


74 


SWITZERLAND. 


^tabliilicd  by  the  king -in  1776.  Dantiic  is  the  capital  of 
Pollfh  Pruflla.  It  is  fituated  on  the  Viftula,  nearly  five 
inileG  from  the  Baltic  fea,  and  is  a  large,  beautiful,  popu» 
lous  city  J  -the  houfes  are  generally  five  (lories  high,  and 

r  many  of  the  ftreets  are  planted  with  chefnut  trees.     It  has 

.  a  fine  harbour,  and  is  an  eminent  commercial  city. 

The  chief  trade  of  Poland  confifls,  in  grain,  flax,,  cattle^ 

^  planks,  timber,  pitcb,  tar,  &c.  ix/n, 

^icTw  XXII.    SWITZERLAND. 

SWITZERLAND  is  bounded  north  by^  <5enTiany, 
eaft  by  the  lake  of  Conftance,  Tirol,  and  Trent,  fouth  by 
Italy,  and  weft  by  France.  It  is  260  miles  long,  and  100 
broad,  and  lies  between  46  and  48  cleg.  N.  lat.  and  6  and 
1 1  deg.  eaft  long. 

This  being  a  mountainous  country,  lying  upon  the 
Alps,  the  frofts  are  confequently  bitter  in  winter,  the  hills 
being  covered  with  fnow  fometimes  all  the  year  round,even 
in  filmmer.  The  inequality  of  the  foil  renders  the  fame 
province  very  unequal  in  its  feafons  ;  on  one  fide  of  the 
mountains,  the  inhabitants  are  often  reaping,  while  th^ 
are  fo.wing  on  the  other. 

The  water  of  Switzerland  is  excellent,  and  often  de» 
fcends  from  the  mountains  in  fmall  or  large  catarads, 
;  which  have  a  delightful  efFed.  There  is  no  country  in 
the  World,  where  the  efFe<5ls  of  perfevering  induftry  are 
more  confpicu6us  than  in  Switzerland  ;  iinpuntains  and 
rocks  formerly  barren  now  abpupi,^mQj^n  rich,  pafl^rp  and 
delightful  vineyards.  The  trace  of  the  Jlo^gh  are  viiible 
on  the  fides  of  precipices  fo  fteep  as  to  appear  jnaccefij- 
bleto  a  horfe  or  ox  ;  but  the  willing  mind  and  indiiftrU 
ous  hand  overcomes  all  difficulties,  and  fpredds  fertility 
and  plenty,  where  nature  feemed  to  have  defigned  only 
.fterility  and  fcarcity.  Some  parts  of  the  country  exhibit 
a  vioft  dreary  appearance,  confifting  of  barren  rocks,  in- 
acceflible  to  humap  foot,  covered  with  ice  and  fnow,  and 
tlie  vallies  taetweeri  thefe  fnowy  mountains  are  like  ib.ma- 
ny  fmooth  frozen  Ickes,  But  the;revif  fuch  a  diMerfity  W 
cultivated  lands,  fnow  capped  hills,  rugged  crag?,  gi^fbin|p 
*  ;tWrent§,  luxuriant  vineyards,  frozen  vallies,  humWe  ham- 


ZERLAND. 


ih 


lets,  and  ftiipendous  mountains,  covered  with  woods,  and 
terminating  in  tlie  clouds,  that  Switzerland  exhibits  to  the 
eye  of  the  traveller,  at  once  tlie  mod  beautiful  and  pi<5tur» 
efque  fcenes,  and  fublime  views  of  nature  in  her  moft  aw- 
ful and  tremendous  form. 

Nofubjeft  in  natural  hiftory  is  more  curious  than  the 
origin  of  the  Glaciers,  which  are  immenfe  fields  of  ice, 
and  ufually  reft  cjn  an  inclined  plane  ;  being  puflied  for- 
ward by  the  ptJeltire  of  their  own  weight,  and  but  weak- 
ly fupportjBdi  by  the  rugged  rocks  beneath,  and  being  in- 
terfered b]f  large  tranlVerfe  crevices,  and  prelent  the 
appeirance  of  Walls,  pyramids,  and  other  fantaftic  Ihapes, 
obferved  in  all  fituations  for  nearly  tliirty  leagues  round. 

In  this  mountainous  country,  where  nature  is  all  upon 
the  grand  fcale,  Mont  Blanc  is  particularly  diftinguiftied, 
by  having  its  fummit  and  jfides  covered  with  a  mantle  of 
fnow  to  a  confiderable  depth,  without  a  fmgle  rock  to 
break  the  glare  of  the  white  appearance.  This  mountain 
is  proved  by  computation  to  be  the  higheft  in  the  world, 
except  Chimboraco,  the  higheft  of  the  Cbrdeleras  in  A- 
xnerica. 

l^he  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  the  RufSjthe  Aar, 
the  Tefm,  the  Oglio,  and  the  Rhone.  The  lakes  are 
thofe  of  Geneva,  Conftance,  Lucerne,  and  Zurich.  There 
are  mountains  which  produce  mines  of  iron,  chryftal,  ful- 
phur,  and  fprings  of  mineral  water. 

Switzerland  produces  iheep,  cattle,  wine,  barfey,  oats, 
rye,  flax,  and  hemp  ;  plenty  of  fruit,  good  timber,  and 
gkme,  fifh,  and  fowl,  in  abundance. 

The  inhabitants  are  a  brave,  hardy,  induftrious  people, 
remarkable  for  their  attachment  to  the  liberty  of  their 
country  ;  and  like  the  ancient  Romans,  are  equally  inur- 
ed to  arms  and  agriculture.  Their  manners  are  unaffed- 
edly  frank,  open,  and  characterized  by  a  ftriking  fimplici- 
ty.  They  are  in  general  a  very  enlightened  nation  ;  their 
common  people  are  far  more  intelligent,  than  the  fame 


rank  of  men  in  moft  other  countries,  a  tafte  for 'literature 
pervading  every  rank,  and  a  genuine  artlefs,  good  breed- 
ing is  confpicuous  in  the  Swifs  gentry.  Even  their  cotta- 
ges in  Switzerland  convey  the  livelieft  image  of  cleanli- 
aefr,  eafe,  and  fimplicity.    Gaming  is  ftriftly  prohibited* 


♦.' 


't> 


..  ,*f  "--, 


76 


SWITZERLANDi 


and  any  perfon  who  lofes  more  tlian  fix  florins,  that  is  a« 
bout  9  Ihillings  fterling,  incurs  a  confiderable  fine. 

The  general  form  of  religion  in  Switzerland*  »s  Calvin* 
ifm  ;  though  there  are  vanous  other  fe^s, 

There  is  about  two  leagues  from  J'ribourg  a  wonder.' 
ful  hermitage,  formed  by  the  hands  of  a  fingle  hermit, 
who  laboured  at  it  25  years,  and  was  alive  in  1707.  It 
is  the  greateft  curiofity  of  the  kind  in  the  world  ;  it  con- 
tains a  chapel,  and  a  parlour  28  paces  la  length,  12  in 
breadth,and  20 feet  high;  a  cabinet,  a  kitchen,  a  cellar, and 
other  apartments,  with  the  altar,  benches,  flooritig,  ceiling* 
all  cut  out  of  the  folid  rock.  At  Spaff  haufen  is  a  wodden 
bridge,  of  one  fingle  arch,  four  hundred  feet  wide,  thrown 
over  the  Rhine.  The  read,  which  is  almoft  level,  is  not 
carried,  as  ufual,  over  the  top  of  the  arch,  but  is  let  into 
the  middle  of  it,  and  there  fufpended  ;  a  man  of  the  light* 
eft  weight  feel*  it  tremble  under  him,  yet  the  heavieft  wag- 
gons pa&  over  without  danger.  The  arcliite^,  who  con- 
]ftrudted  this  furprifing  bridge,  was  named  Ulric  Grubt 
enman,  a  carpenter  by  trade,  totally  ignorant  of  mathe- 
matics, and  not  verfed  in  the  theory  of  mechanics.  It. 
was  fiuilhed  in  three  years,  and  coft  80001.  fterling^  Swit- 
zerland boafts  many  noble  religious  buildings,  particular- 
ly a  college  of  Jeluits.  At  Lucerne  is  to  be  feen  a  model 
of  the  moft  mountainous  parts  of  Switzerland,  fo .  ex- 
tremely exa&,  that  it  not  only  eonitprifes  every  mountain, 
lake,  town,,  village,  and  foreft  ;  but  every  cottane,  every 
road,  every  torrent  is  diftmiftly  and  accurately  delineated  ; 
it  comprifes  about  60  fquare  leagues.  The  model  itfelf 
is  12  feet  long  and  9  1-2  broad. 

The  moft  confiderable  city  is  Bern,  ftanding  on  the  riv- 
er Aar.  Baftl,  which  by  {ame  is  reckoned  the  capital  of 
Switzerland,  is  feated  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  con- 
tains 220ftreets,  and  6  market  places.  At  Zurich  is  fliewn 
the  bow  of  the  famous  William  Tejl,  and  a  manufcript  of 
excellent  letters,  wTitten  by  the  unfortunate  lady  Jane 
Grey,  to  tlie  reformtP  BuUinger,  in  elegant  Latin  and 
German. 

Geneva  is  a  large  city,  well  built,  and  well  fortified. 
It  is  fituated  on  the  banks  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  It  is 
celebrated  for  the  learning  of  the  profeflbrs  ip  its  uniyer* 


sMiN. 


/7' 


fity,    the  good  government  of    its  colleges,  the  piiri-' 
ty  of  its  air,  and  the  politenefs  of  its  inhabitants.      The  • 
Swifs-manufaaure  linea,  dimity,  lace,    llockings,  hand- 
kel-chiefs,  ribbons,  and  painted  cottons,  and  ©f  late  years, ' 
fiik  velvet,  and  woollen  ftufFs. 

Section  X^^III.     SPAIN. 

SPAIN  is  bounded  weft  by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic  *  ; 
^ocfean,  eall  by  the   Meditenanean,  north  by  the  Bay  c{ -^ 
Bifcay  and  the  Pyrenean  mountains,  and  foudi  by  tlic  * 
Straits  of  Gibraltat. 

The  air  of  Spain,  except  during  th6  equinoftlal  rains,  =" 
IS  dry  and  ferene  ;  but  exceflivcly  hot  in  tlie  foutliern  pro-  \^ 
virtces  in  Jane,  July,  and  Auguft,  though  towards  the  north 
and  eaft,  it  is  intenfely  cold  in  winter.     In  fome  parts  oi 
Spain,  particularly  in*the  principality  of  Afturia,j^fc  air  ' 
is  fo  extremely  ynoift,   that  putrid  diforders  frdMKntly 
make  tremendous  ravages  among  the  mhabitants  k  yet, 
notwithftanding  tliis  circunnfltance,  few  countries  can  pro- 
duce more  inftances  of  longevity.     The  fame  obfervation 
may  be  made  of  Gallicia,  where  in  the  pariih  of  St.  Juan, 
in  172t4r,the  curate  adminiftcred  thefacramentto  l3perfons, 
whofe  ^ges  together  made  1499  years,  the  youngeft  being 
lit),  and  the  oldeft  127,  and  one  poor  labourer  died  there 
in  1726  aged  146  years,'    The  foil  of  Spain  was  fdrmerly 
very  fruitfivl:  in  com,  buf  the  tiatural  indolence  of  the 
natives  have  rendered  thi*  article  very  fcarce  ;  it  produ- 
ces almoft  fpontanefeufly  the  moft  delicious  fruits,  oranges, 
citrons^  lemons,  prunes,  almonds,  raifins,  figs,  aiid  grape&;' 
The  wifies  are  in  high  repute,  eipecially  fack  and  fheriy. 
There  is  in  the  diftri<5t  of  Malawi  14,000  wine  preflfes,  and 
they  export  as  much. wine as/amounts  annually  to'375>000l.    * 
ftetling. 

Spain  has  large  tfa<^s  of  uncultivated  grotmtl;'  yet'  the 
f©il  is  in  general  fo  fertile,  that  no  country  maintains  more 
inhabitants.-      Vaft  numbers  ^of  Iheep  arc  raifed  in  this*   " 
&i%dorav  which  aiFordl:he  fihc'ft  of  woo!;  '  FeA\^  countries^  ^ 
et»e  more  than  Spain  dots  td  nature,  and  left  to  indnflrfv'  • 
*©e^  water  in  Spain  is  Univerfally  thcu^ht  to  ccntai;v  rilu'v> " 


Q'M 


«     }  r  <.* 


78 


SPAIN. 


\ 


\  r 


lifercus  and  healing  qualities,  efpeciallj-  Alhamar  in  Gre*. 
nada. 

The  mountains  in  Spain  are  fo  numerous,  that  it  is  al- 
moft  impoffible  to  fpecify  them.  IThe  chief  and  higheft 
are  the  Pyrenees  ;  they  extend  from  the  Bay  of  Bifcay  to 
the  Mediterranean,  and  divide  Spain  from  France.  The 
Cantabrian  mountains  are  a  continuation  of  the  Pyrenees, 
and  reach  to  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Befides  thefe  are  Mount 
Calpe,  now  called  the  Hill  of  Gibraltar,  atid  formerly  one 
of  the  pillars  of  Hercules ;  the  other  Mount  Abyla,  being 
oppofite  to  it  in  Africa.  Montferrat  is  one  of  the  moll 
fmgular  mountains  in  the  world  ;  for  its  fituation,  fhape, 
and  compofition  ;  it  ftands  on  a  vaft  plain  in  tlie  princi- 
pality of  Catalonia,  and  is  called  by  the  Catalonians  Mont 
Sci»,  which  fignifies  acut  or  fawed  mountain,  for  it  is  fo 
broken  and  divided,  fo  crowned  with  an  infinite  number 
of  cones,  that  it  has  the  appearance  of  being  the  work  of 
man,  diough  upon  nearer  infpedtion  it  is  found  evi- 
dently the  prodiinl^ion  of  the  God  of  nature.  It  is  a 
fpot  fo  admirably  calculated  for  retirement  and  contem* 
plation,  that  it  has  been  for  ages  inhabited  only  by  monks,, 
whofe  firft  vow  is  never  to  foriake  it.  They  meet  at  th* 
great  hermitage,  on' faints  days  and  great  feftiv-als  ;  but 
at  other  times  they  live  in  a  very  reclufe  manner,  adhere 
to  very  rigid  rules  of  abftinence,  nor  are  they  allowed  to 
keep  within  their  cells  either  dog,  cat,  or  any  other  living 
animal,  left  their  attention  fhoujd  be  drawn  from  heaven- 
ly things.     Ihey  never  tafte  fl#l« 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Duero,  which  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean  below  Oporto  in  Portugal.  The  Tagus, 
which  flows  to  the  Atlantic  below  Lifbon,  the  Guadiana, 
the  Guadelquiver,  aild  the  JEbro.  The  river  Tinto  rifes 
in  the  Sierra  Morena,  and  empties  itfelf  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  name  of  Tinto  is  given  it  from  the  tinge  of 
its  waters  as  yellow  as  topaz,  and  petrify  the  fand  over 
which  they  flow  in  a  mod  furprifing  manner  ;  if  a  ftone 
falls  into  it,  and  refts  upon  another,  in  a  year's  time  they 
become  perfe<5tly  united.  It  withers  all  plants,  and  kills 
all  trees,  the  footsof  whichi  may  reach  to  the  verge  of  its 
banks.  No  kind  of  verdure  appears  new  it,  no  nfh  will 
live  in  its  ftream^  no  cjittle  will  drink  of  it  except  goats* 


R 


SPAIN. 


w< 


The  chief  Bays  are  thofe  of  Bilcay,  Ferrol,  Cadiz,  Gib- 
raltar, Carthagena,  and  Alicant.  The  Straits  of  Gib- 
raltar divide  Europe  from  Africa. 

Spain  abounds  in  metals  and  minerals,  and  many  pre- 
cious gems  are  found  in  the  mines.  The  Spanifli  iron  may 
be  wrought  into  the  be  ft  arms  in  the  world,  ^.nd  they  work 
it  in  this  kingdom  in  the  greateft  perfedlion. 

The  Spaniih  horfes  efpecially  thofe  of  Andalufia,  are 
thought  to  be  the  handfomeft  in  Europe,  and  at  the  iame 
time  are  very  fleet  and  ferviceable.  Spain  alfo  furniihes 
mules  and  black  cattle.  The  only  beaft  of  prey  that  in- 
fefts  Spain  is  the  wolf,  they  have  plenty  of  gnme  and  wild . 
fowl*  The  Spaniih  feasaffor.d  excellent  fiih,  particularly 
anchovies.      I*;.    _-■>:   u  V 

The  perfons  of  the  Spaniards  aye  generally  tall,  their 
hair  and  complexion  dark,  but  their  countenances  expref- 
iive,  and  they  in  "general  wear  muftaches.  Among  the 
good  qualities  pofieifed  by  the  Spaniards,  their  fobriety 
and  temperance  in  eating  and  drinking  is  remarkable;  the 
men  ufe  very  little  wine,  and  the  women  only  water. 

Bull  fights  are  a  favourite  amufement  in  Spain;  there  is 
not  a  town  in  the  kingdom  but  has  a  fqnare  for  the  exhi- 
bition of  thofe  fpedlucless  and  even  the  poor  inhabitants  of 
the.ftnalleft  villages,  will  often  club  together  to  purchafe 
an  ox  and  fight  it  riding  upon  affesfor  want  of  horfes. 
.  Spain  has  not  produced  many  learned  men,  in  propor-  • 
tlon  to  the  excellent  capacities  of  its  natives ;  this  is  owing 
to  tlieir  indolence,  however  the.  inimitable  Cervantes  au- 
thor of  Don  Quixotte,  will  ever  be  eminently  confpicuous 
in  the  annals  of  literature,  and  is  perhaps  to  be  placed  at 
the  head  of  all  moral  and  humourous  fatirifts.     Some  of 
the  Spaniards  have  diftinguilhed  themfelves  in  the  polite 
arts  and  many  of  the  cities  exhibit  ftriking  fpecimens  of* 
their  abilities  as  fcUlptors  and  architeSs,  and  fome  ex« 
cellent  paintings. 

There  are  twenty  four  unlyerfities  in  Spain,  the  chief 
of  which  is  Salamanca,  whither  moft  of  the  nobility  fend, 
their  fons  to  be«ducatfed.     Several  Roman  and  Moorifh 
antiquities  are  to  be  found  in  Spain;  nearSegovisuis  a  grand 
aquedud,  ere<aed  by  Tr^an.     Near  the  city  of  Salaman^ . 
caare  therenaains  af^^jRanv^fpaved  wiUi  -large  fiat 


89^ 


SPAIN. 


ftohes.    At  Toledo  are  the  remsfci^  of  a  Roman  theatre, 
which  is  now  converted  into  a  church,  600  feet  long,  and" 
500  broad,  and  of  a   proportionate  height.     The  roof  is' 
fupported  by  350  pillars  of  Rne  marble.     It  is  in  every 
part  enricht^d  and  adorned  with   the   moft   coftly  orna-  ■ 
ments.     The  Moorilh  antiquities  are  rich  and   magnifi- 
cent ;  the  moft  diftinguilhed  is   the  royal  palace  of  the  • 
Alhambra  at  Granada.     It  is   fituated  on  a  hill,  which 
is  afcended  by  a  road,  bordered  with  hedges   of  imperial  ■ 
myrtles,  and   rows  of  elms.      Many  other  noble  monu- 
ments, erecfted  in  the  Moorifli  times,   remain  in  Spain,  in 
tolerable   prefervation,  and  exhibiting   fupverb  ruins. 

Madrid  is  the  capital  of  Spain;  it  is  unfortified  and 
furrounded  only  by  a  mud  wall.  It  is  well  paVed  and  — 
lighted,  iandfome  of  the  ftreets  are  fpacious  and  handij* 
fome.  -  It  is  celebrated  fjr  the  cheapnefs  of  provifions  j 
but  it  is  by  no  means  convenient  to  ilrangersor  travellers, 
as  there  is  neither  tavern  or  coflfee  houfe  in  the  whole 
cityv  nor  is  there  a  newfpaper  pubiilhed  in  it,  except  the 
Madrid  Gazette. 

The  Royal  Palace  is  a  fpacious,  magnificent  ftru<5lure ; 
and  no?' palace  in  Europe  is  fitted  up  with  greater  fplen- 
dor  and  elegance.!     The  great  audience  chamber  is    120 
fo«tlong;  It  is  hung  with  crimfon  velvet,   embroidered 
with  gold,   ornamented  with  12  looking  glaifes,  each  10- 
feet  high,  and  12 tables  of  the  fineft   marble.     The   Ef- 
curial  is  called  the  pride  of  Spain  ;  it  is  faid  to  have  coft  ' 
%  the  founder,  PhiKp  II.  fix  million  of  ducats.     It  is  deco- 
rated with  an  aftonifhing  variety  of  paintings,  fculpture, 
tapeftry,   ornaments  of  gold  and  filver,  marble,  jafper, 
gem§,  and  precious  ftoaies.     This  building   contains   the* 
Royal refidence^,  a  church,>a  maufoleum,  a  convent,  and- 
cieifters,  a  college,   and  a  library,  containing-   80,000- 
volumes,  particularly  fome  valuable, Arabic   and   Greek' 
manufcripts.     Here   are  alfo   large   apartments  for  all» 
Jfinds  of  artifts  and  mecha^nics,  noble  wdks,  extenfive 
paths,  and   gardens,  beauti:^ul  fountains,   and   coftly   or-** 
namentr.  The  maufoleum  t)r  bftrialpdace  for  the  kings  and^ 
qseens  of  Spain,  is  called  the  Pantheon,  becaufe  it  i&- 
built  upon  the  ptoof  that  temple  at  Rcme.     It  is  ^irty  ^ 
fijiieev  in  diameter^  ej|C|^fta4  with  to  wa^xble*  -*-  - 


SPAIN. 


Sf 


Cadiz  is  tlie  great  emporium  of  Spanifh  commerce.  It 
ftands  on  an  ifland,  fcparated  from  the  continettt  of  An- 
dalufia,  without  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  by  a  very  nar* 
row  arm  of  the  fea,  over  which  a  fortified  bridge  is 
thrown»  and  joins  it  to  the  main  land.  The  entrance  into 
the  bay  is  500  fathoms  wide,  and  guarded  by  two  forts 
called  the  puntals.  The  ftreets  of  this  town  are  filthy, 
©arrow,  ill  paved,  aad  full  of  rats. 

Cordova  is  an  inconfiderable  place,the  cathedral,  which, 
was  formerly  a  mofque,  is  very  rkh  in  plate  ;  four  of  the 
filver  candlefticks  coll  8501.  fterling  a  piece. 

Seville  is,  next  to  Madrid,  the  largeft  city  in  Spaip, 
but  is  fallen  greatly  to  decay.  Its  fuburb  is  remarkable 
for  a  gloomy  Ootliic  caftic,  where,  in  J481,  the  Inquifi- 
tion  was  fir  ft  eftabliftied  .in  Spain.  The  cathedral  in 
Seville  is  remarkable  for  its  fleeple,  at  the  top  of  which  is 
tlie  figure  of  a  woman,  which  turns  with  the  wind.-  The 
firft  clock  ever  made  in  this  kingdom  was  fet  up  in  the 
cathedral  of  Seville,  in  the  year  1400. 

Barcelona  is  a  large  trading  city,  fituated  on  the  Me- 
diterranean, oppofite  Minorca,  and  is  faid  to  be  the  hand  ^ 
fomeft  city  in  Spain  ;  the  houfes  are  lofty  and  pl^,  the 
ftreets  well  paved  and  lighted. 

Valencia  is  lar^e  and  almoft  circular,  furrounded  by 
lofty  walls.  The  ftreets  are  crooked  and  narrow,  not 
paved  ;  the  houfes  ;ill  built  and  fikhy. 

Carthagena  has  a  very  complete  port,  formed  by  na- 
ture in  the  fhape  of  a  heart. 

Granada,  that  ancient  Moorifh  city,  is  falling  into  ruin; 
its  glories  are  pafl'ed  away,  and  its  palaces,  mofques,  and 
aqueducts  are  crumbling  into  duft. 

Befiides  thefe,  there  are  Bilboa,  Malaga,  Salamanca, Tol- 
edo, and  Burgos,  tha  latter  of  which  was  the  ancient  cap- 
ital of  the  kingdom  of  Caftile. 

Gibraltar,once  a  celebrated  town  and  fortrefs  of  An  da* 
lufia,  is  at  prefent  in  pofTeflion  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  a 
commodious  port,  and  formed  naturally  for  commandhlg 
a  paflage  into  the  Mediterranean  and  Levant  feas,  but 
the  road  is  neither  {sife  from  enemies  or  ftorms. 

The  chief  iflands  belonging  to  Spain  in  Europe,  are 
thofe  of  Majorca,  Minorca,  aad  Yvica,  all  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. ^         ,   .-.:--•   v.  .-.-.i^v,u;'' 


.i,i  ^- 


PORTUGAL. 


The  Spaniards  make  gold  and  filver  the  chief  articles 
of  their  commerce  ;  they  impor;  it  from  America,   and  ' 
export  it  to  other  countries. 

At  St.  Ildefonfo  is  a  very  firte  gla-T,  manufa^ory, 
where  the  largeft  mirrors  are  made.  In  Valencia  is  a 
filk  manufadtcry,  in  which  5000  looms  and  300  ftocking 
frames  give  employment  to  upwards  of  20,000  of  the 
inha])itants.  They  likewife  manufa«SkUre  porcelain,  cord-  • 
age,  wool,  copper,  and  hard  ware,  in  many  parts,  and 
Spain  is  extremely  rich  in   fait  petre.  ( 

The  Romifh  religion  is  the  only  one  tolerated  in  Spain, 
but  its  hcirrors  are  now  greatly  leflened,  as  the  penalties 
of  the  Inquifition,  (a  tribunal  hitherto  difgraceful  to  hu- 
man nature)  are  greatly  moderated,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
will  be  foon  entirely  abolifhed,  a  royal  edi<5l  has  been 
riflued  to  prevent  the  admiffion  of  noviciates  into  the  dif- 
ferent convents,  without  fpecial  permiffion,  which  will 
tend  to  reduce  the  monadic  orders.  In  1794  there  were 
computed  to  be  in  tlie  kingdom  of  Spain  54,000  friars, 
34,600,nuns,  and  20,000  fecular  clergy  ;  but,  fays  a 
writer  of  fome  eminence,  ♦*  as  little  true  religion  as^nany 
place  unaer  heaven." 

S&ttiou  XXIV.    PORTUGAl,. 

PORTUGAL  is  bounded  north  and  eaft  by  Spainy 
fouth  and  weft  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  the  mbfl: 
wefterly  kingdom  in  Europe.  It  is  300  miles  long,  and 
100  broad,  lying  between  37  and  42  deg.  N.  lat.  and  7 
and  10  deg.  W.  Ion. 

The  foil  of  Portugal  is  not  in  general  equal  to  that  of 
Spain  for  fertility,  efpecially  in  com,  which  they  Import 
from  other  countries.  Their  fruits  are  the  fame  as  in 
Spain  ;  their  wines  remarkably  good,  efpecially  that  call- 
ed porti  which  is  made  in  Oporto,  from  which  place  it  is 
faid  20,0Q0  pipes  are  exported  yearly.  There  are  fome 
mines  in  Portugal,  but  they  are  not  worked,  a  variety  of 
gems,  marbles,  and  a  fine  mine  of  fait  petre  near  Lilbon. 
The  air  about  Li(bon  is  reckoned  extremely  beneficial  to 
Confumptive  perfons. 
^  The  face  of  the  country  is  mountainous,  or  rather 


river ; 


PORTUGAL. 

'f  bckr,  and  every  brook  in  Portugal  is  reckoned   a 
but  the  principal  dreams  )|;hat  deierve  that  name,  are  the 

.fame  as  thofe  of  Sp  lin,  lifing  in  that  country  and  pafllng 
through  Portugal,  in  their  way  to  the  Atlantic  Occ;*n. 
The  Tagus  is  celebrated  for  its  golden  fands.  There 
are  many  lakes  and  fprings,  (ome  of  them  medicinal,  and 
fome  hot  badis  in  the  province  of  Algarva. 

Hogs  and  kids  in  Portugal  are  tolerable  eating,  but 
their  cattle  and  poultry  are  very  indifl'erent.  The  fea  tiih 
on  the  coaft  is  reckoned  excellent.  7'heir  horfcs  are 
light  but  lively,  and  their  mules  very  ferviccable.        _^ 

The  Portnguefe  are  neither  fo  tall  or  well  made  asThe 
Spaniards  ;  the  ladies  are  thin  and  fmall  of  (lature,  their 
complexion  is  olive,  their  eyes  in  general  dark  and  ex- 
preflive,  their  features  fmall  and  regular.  Their  charac- 
teriftic  is  franknefs  and  generofity,  tempered  by  modefty, 
and  enlivened  by  wit.  They  afFed  much  ftate  and  cere- 
mony in  their  manners,  and  drefs  very  magnificently.  The 
poorer  fort  of  people  live  very  meanly,  have  little  furni- 
ture in  their  houfes,  and  in  imitation  of  the  Moors,  fit  on 
the  ground  in  a  crofs  legged  pofture.  The  Portuguefe 
peafant  is  entirely  unacquainted  with  the  advantages  of 
commerce  in  fumilhing  fuperfluous  luxuries.  The  only 
foreign  luxury  he  is  acquainted  with  is  tobacco.  Some- 
times, indeed,  if  his  fcanty  purfe  allows  it,  he  purchafes  a 
Newfoundland  cod  fiih,  and  regales  himfelf  and  family 
on  the  dainty  j  but  it  is  feldom  he  dares  indulge  in  fuch  a 
feaft.  A  piece  of  brown  or  rather  black  bread,  with  an 
onjon  to  give  it  a  flavour,  is  his  (landing  diftx ;  and  if  at 
Eafter  or  Chriftmas  he  can  get  a  joint  of  pork,  or  veal, 
or  a  piece  of  beef,  he  has  reached  the  pinnacle  of  happi- 
nefs.  **  Happy  I"  exclaims  the  child,  pampered  in 
abundance,  and  nurfed  in  inaftivity  ;  "  happy  !  is  it  pof- 
fible  ?  yes,  my  child,  he  is  happy,  and  his  fmiling  offspring, 

►ruddy  with  health,  arid  lively  as  air,  from  an  exuberance 
of  animal  fpirits,  laugh^  dance,  and  play  with  full  enjoy- 
ment, till  wearied  nature  requires  repofe  ;  then  fleep  un- 
difturbed,  and  arife  each  morning  ftrangers  to  the  tor- 
ments of  a  loathing  ftomach,  and  an  aching  head. . 
The  eftabliihed  religion  .  of  Portugal   is  popery  in  the 

.ftri^eft  fenfe,  though  the  power  of  tlie  Pope  has  been 


#1 


l^ORTUGAt. 


> 


! 


of  late  To  much  curtailed  ^at  It  is  difficult  to  defcrlbe  the 
teli;(ious  ftate  of  tlie  ctmuuy  atrprei'cnt. 

'I'here  have  been  but  very  few  learned  men  produced  in 
Portugal,  though  it  is  certain  that  the  ancellors  of  the 
prcfent  Portuguele  were  certainly  poffelfed  of  more  knowl- 
edge with  regard  to  aftrononny,  geography,  and  naviga- 
tion, tli;in  all  the  world  beftdes. 

They  have  but  few  univerfities  ;  that  of  Fvora  is  reck- 
oned the  bell,  and  is  the  one  where  the  youn^  nobility  go 
for  education.  There  is  nothing  remarkable  in  this  or 
any  other,  except  a  very  extendve  library,  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  Jefuits,  which  is  kept  at  Evora. 

There  are  Ibmc  remains  of  MooriJh  caftles  {landing  in 
Portugal,  alfo  a  Koman  bridge  and  aquedut5t  near  Coim- 
hx'At  almoft  entire,  and  defervedly  admired.  The  church 
,and  monaftery  near  Lifbon,  where  tlie  kings  are  buried, 
JEire  yety  magnificent  j  there-  are  feteral  monafteries  cut 
out  of  folid  rocks.  The  chapel  of  Saint  Roch  is  probably 
^ne  of  the  fined  works  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  The 
paintings  are  Mofaic  work,fo  cuHouily  Wrought  withfiones 
of,  ditiferent  colours  as  to  aftonilh  beholders.  The  king 
of  Portugal  has  in  his  poflbfifion  the  larged  diamond  ever 
feen  in  the  world  ;  it  was  found  in  Brazil. 

Li(boa  is  tlie  capital  of  Portugal.  It  wa^made  a  heap 
of  ruins  by  a  tremendous  earthquake  in  1755,  which  lev- 
elled great  nart  of  the  city  with  the  ground,  and  fet  the 
teA  on  fire>  but  is  now  rebuilt,  and  contains  many  fuperb 
«difice&  Its  Situation,  rifing  from  the  river  Tagus  in  the 
form  of  a  crefcent,  renders  its  appearance  delightful  and 
j^and.  It  is  defervedly  a^^counted  the  greateft  port  in 
Ejurope^  next  to  London  and  Amfterdam.  The  fecond 
.  taty  in  this  kingdom  is  Oporto,  The  chief  art'cle  of  com- 
^Dicrce  in  this  city  is  wine.  The  Portugueff  exchange 
,their  wine,  fait,  and  fruits  fox  foreign  article  <>  .;,  they  make 
a  little  linen,  fome  coaiie  filk,  and  a  vartevy  of  ftratv 
trork  ;  aad  are  excellent  In  pfeferving  and  candying  fruit. 
Their  foreign  fettlements  stceofimmenie  value,  Brazil, 
X^ape  Vcrd  I fles,  Madeiras,  and  Azores.  They  bring  gold 
from  their  plantations  in  Africa,  and  flaves  for  manufac- 
tures of  fugar  ai)d  tobacco  in  Brazil. 


f^) 


ITALY. 


85 


SicrwN  XXV.    ITALY. 

'  ITALY  is  bounded  eaft  by  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  or  A- 
driatic  fea,  on  the  fouth  and  weft  by  the  Mediterranean 
fea  ;  and  on  the  north  by  the  lofty  mountains  of  the  Alps, 
which  divide  it  from  France  and  Switzerland.  It  is  600 
miles  long,  and  400  broad  at  the  wideft  part,  though  in 
fome  parts  of  it,  it  is  fcarcely  100.  It  lies  between  S8 
amd  47  deg.  N.  lat.  and  7  and  iD  deg.  E.  long. 

The  happy  foil  of  Italy  produces  the  comforts  and 
luxuries  of  life  in  great  abundance  j  wine,  oil,  and  the  mod 
delicious  fruits,  are  the  moft  general  produd^ions.  Tlic 
Italian  cheefes,  particularly  thofe  called  Parmefan,  and 
their  native  filk,  form  a  principal  part  of  their  commerce. 
There  is  great  variety  of  air  in  Italy,  and  fome  parts  of  it 
bear  melancholy  proofs  of  the  alterations  accidental  caufes 
make  on  the  face  of  nature  ;  for  the  Campagna  di  Roma, 
where  the  ancient  Romans  enjoyed  the  moft  falubrious 
air  in  the  world,  is  now  the  moft  peftilential,  through  the 
decreafe  of  inhabitants,  which  has  occafioned  a  ftagna- 
tion  of  the  waters,  and  confequently  putrid  exhalations. 
The  air  in  the  northern  parts,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Alps,is  keen  and  healthful,  and  in  the  more  fouthern  parts, 
mild,  temperate,  dry,  and  pure. 

The  Alps  and  the  Apenhines  are  the  chief  mountains 
in  Italy.  The  famous  volcano  of  mount  Vefuvius  lies 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Naples. 

The  principal  rivers  in  Italy  are  the  Po,  the  Var,  the 
Arno,  and  the  Tiber,  which  runs  through  the  city  of 
Rome.  The  famous  Rubicon,  which  forms  the  fou  them 
boundary  between  Italy  and  the  ancient  Cifalpin^   Gaul. 

There  are  feveral  lakes  in  Italy,  but  none  partic  ularly 
remarkable.  Italy  being  almoft  furro  unded  by  feas, 
there  are  confequently  a  number  of  bays,  gulphs,  and 
ftraits,  with  many  good  harbours,  but  they  are  too  nu- 
merous to  beparticukflzed  in  this  hafty    fketch. 

Many  places  of  Italy  abound  in  mineral  fprings,  and 
manyoffulphureous,  chalybeate,  and  medicinal  qualities  ; 
fome  hot  and  warm  baths.  Many  of  the  mountains  abound 
in  mines,  that  produce  great  quantities  of  emerald,  jaf« 


■      i      ,i!    ..' 


i;« 


M 


ITALY. 


per,  agate,  porphyry,  lapis  lazuli,  and  other  valnablc 
itones.  Iron  and  copper  mines  iire  found  in  a  few  places. 
Sardinia  is  (aid  to  contain  mines  of  gold,  filver,leaa,  iron, 
and  fulphur.  Curious  cryibils  and  coral  are  found  on 
•the  coad  of  Corfica.  B^utiful  marble  of  all  kinds  is 
one  of  the  chief  produ^lons  of  Italy. 

The  religion  of  the  Italians  is  Roman  Catholic  ;  but 
perfoivs  of  all  religions  live  unmolefted  in  Italy,  provided 
jio  grofs  infult  is  offered  to  the  eftablilhed  worlhip. 

Ancient  Italy  produced  fome  great  and  learned  men. 
In  xpodern  times  fome  Italians  have  flione  in  controverfial 
learning.  The  mathematics  and  natural  philofophy  owe 
much  to  the  Italians,  particularly  Galileo,  and  there  has 
appeared  among  them  fome  good  hiftorians.  Petrarch 
wrote  both  in  Latin  and  Italian,  and  is  celebrated  for  the 
,  beauty  and  harmony  of  his  fonnets. 

The  Italian  painters,  fculptors,  archite^s,  and  mufici* 
ans  are  unrivalled.  .     ' 

There  are  fixteen  univerfities  in  Italy,  of  which  thofe 
of  Rome,  Venice,  Padua,  and  Pifa,  are  the  moft  celebra- 
ted, the  latter  of  which  has  46  profeflbrs. 

Italy  is  the  native  country  of  all  that  is  ftupendous,  great 
or  beautiful,  either  in  ancient  or  modem  times.    A  libra- 
ry might  be  filled  with  defcriptions  and  delineations  of  all 
that   is   rare  and  curious  in  the  aits  ;  but  as  we  are  con- 
fined in  this  work,  we  can  but  give  a  very  brief  fketch  of 
thofe  which  are  moft  diftinguilhed,  either  for  antiquity 
or  excellence.     There  is  at  Rome  the  remains  of  an  am- 
phitheatre, began  by  Vefpafian,  and  finilhed  by  Domi- 
tian,  in  the  building  of  which  it  is  faid  12,000  captive 
Jews  were  employed.  It  was  capable  of  containing  eighty 
leven  thoufand   fpedlators  feated,  and  twenty  thoufand 
(landing.     At  Verona  is  another  amphitheatre  ;  there  are 
forty  five  rows  of  fteps  carried  all  round,  formefd  of  ^ne 
blocks  of  marble.    Twenty  two  thoufand  perfons  might 
•be  feated  in  this  building  entirely  at  their  eafe.    This 
amphitheatre  is  entire,  and  has  lately  been  repaired,   at 
the  expence  of  tlie  inhabitants.     The  triumphal  arches  of 
^  Vefpafian,  Severus,  and  Conftantine  the  Great  are  ftill 
'  ii^nding,  though  depayed. 
^    The  Pantheoiv  U.  ftill  remp.ining,  and  has  been  convert- 


ITALY. 


8T 


leen  convert- 


e«J  into  a  modem  chntch  ;  in  the  front  is  a  colonnade  con- 
Ming  of  itxteeu  columns  of  granute,  each  37  feet  high, 
and  cut  from  a  Angle  ^lock. 

An  inexhauAlblc  mine   of  curiofitics  are  daily  dug  out 
of  the  ruins  of  Hcrculancum,  a  city  lyii)g  between  >faplei 
and  Vefuvius,  which  in  the  reign  of  Nero  was  almoft  de- 
ftroyed  by  an  earthquake,  and  afterwards,  in  the  firft  year 
of  the  reign  of  Titus,  overwhelnied  by  a  ftream  of  lav* 
from  Vefuvius,  ;  the  melted  lava  in  its  courfe  filled  up  tha; 
ftreets  and  houfes  to  the  heichl  of  68  feet  above  the  top« 
of  the  latter.     In  the  revolution   i<f  fo  many   ages,   the 
fpot   this  city   ftood  upon  was   entirely   forgotten  j   but 
in  the  year  171iJ,  upon  digging  into  thefe   parts,  part  of 
this  unfortunate  place  was   dif«overed,  and   fome   years 
after  the  king  of  Naples  employed  men  to  dig   perpendi- 
cularly 80  feet  deep,  whereupon  not  only  the  city  made 
its  appearance,  but  alfo  the  bed  of  the  river,  which   ran 
through   it.     A  temple   of  Jupiter  was  difcovered,   ia 
which  was  found  a  (latue  of  folid  gold.     The  theatre  re- 
maim  d  entire,    and  in  it  was  part   of  a   gilt  chariot  of 
broM  ie,  with  horfes  of  the  fame  metal,  fuppofed  to  have 
been  fixed  over  their  principal  door  of  entrance.     Vari-^ 
ous  ftacucs,  paintings,  manufcripts,  furniture,  &c.  were' 
found  among  the  ruins  of  this  city.     The  ftreets  appear 
to  have  been  quite  ftraight  and  regular,  the  houfes  well 
'built,  and  fome  of  the  floors  paved  with  marble;  but  it 
appears  that  the  ruin  fell  not  fo  fuddenly  on  them  but 
many  of  the  inhabitants  efcaped^  and  carried  with  them  ' 
their  richeft  effefts,  a%very  few  ikeletons  were  found  ia* 
the  houfes,  and  no  great  quantity  of  gold  or  precibus^ 
ftones. 

The  town  of  Pompeia  was  deftroyed  by  the  fame  efup* 
tion  of  Vefuvius,  but  was  not  difcovered  till  forty  years 
after  that  of  Herculaneum.  One  ftreet  has  been  cleared, 
and  the  traces  of  wheels  are  ftill  to  be  difcovered  on  the 
pavement.  The  houfes  are  fmall,  but  give  an  idea  of 
neatnefs  and  conveniency.  Thfe  walls  of  many  are  ftuc« 
coed,  and  the  compofition  is  become  as  hard  as  marble. 

Few  flceletons  were  found  in  the  ftreets,  but  a  confid» 
(fraWe  number  in  the  houfes  ;  in  one  apartment  were  found 
kheikeletons  of  17  poor  wretche^  who  were  confiA^d  hf 


SB 


ITALY. 


the  ancles  in  an  iron  machine  $  many  were  difcoTerediii' 
circumftances,  which  plainly  ihewed  they  were  endea- 
vouring to  efcape,  when  the  eruption  overtook  them. 

The  modern  curiofities  in  Italy  are  as  numerous  as 
thoie  of  antiquity,  churches  and  fuperb  edifices  contain- 
ing all  that  is  rare  in  archite<flure,  painting,  and  fculp* 
ture.  The  church  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  is  the  moft  af- 
tonifhing,  bold,  and  regular  fabric,  that  perhaps  ever  exift* 
ed  ;  and,  examined  by  the  rules  of  art,  may  be  termed 
fauhlefs.  The  natural  curiofities  of  Italy,  though  re- 
markable, are  not  fo  numerous  as  its  artificial.  Mount  Ve« 
fuvius,  about  5  miles  from  the  city  of  Naples,  and  Motimt 
Etna,  in  the  ifland  of  Sicily,  are  remarkable  volcanoes; 
Veiuvius  is  faidto  be  3,9C)0  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
fea.  The  fide  of  tlie  mountain  next  the  fea  and  the  cir- 
cumjacent plains  are  planted  with  vineyards,  and  are 
delightfully  fertile  ;  but  the  fouth  and  weft  fides  are  cov- 
ered with  black  cinders  and  ftones.  It  has  been  a  volca- 
no beyond  the  reach  of  hiftory  or  tradition,-  burning  inter- 
nally for  tlioufands  and  thoufands  of  years,  yet  ft  ill  un- 
con^med,  and  fometimes  burfting  out  with  fuch  irrefiftifc 
ble  fury,  that  all  that  lies  in  itsi  cOurfe  are  buried 
in  fudden  and  tremendous  ruin,  'fhere  have  been* 
27  eruptions  fince  that  which  involved  Herculaneura  and 
Pdtnpeia.  In  the  eruption  that  happened  in '  1 767,  the" hot 
aibes  and  cinders  fell  fo  thick  in  th6  city  of  Naples,  that* 
pefipie  could  not  ftir  out' "without' uhibrellas ;  and  fhips 
at  feaf  20  leagues  from  Napleis,  were  covered  with  aftes 
to  ithe  great  aftonlfhment  of  the  failor*. 

Mount  Etna  is  10,954  feet  in  length,  and  is  computed 
to  be  60  miles  in  circumference.  Ihe  lower  parts  of  it 
are  very  fertile,  yielding  com  and  fugar  canes;  The 
middle  is  covered  with' wood,  olive  trees,  and  vhies.  The' 
topiis'eotered  with  perpetual  fhow.  It  is  famous  for  moft 
dreadful  eruptions;  in  one  which  happened  in  I669)fou^- 
te^9^  towns  and  Villages  were  deftroyed  and  in  1 693^  Cata- 
nia was  overturned  an4  18,000  people  pcriflied. 

Among  the  natural:  cutiofities  of  Italyare  thofe  vaft 
boeies  of  ice,  called  the^  glaciers  of  Saycy.  There  are 
fivfe  glaciers,  which  extend  almoft  to  the  wSds  of  Cham- 
Qunft  and  are  £^p«rated  \>f  wMior^s,  corn  ficids*  and" 


•-'i 


.<  r* 


■.r  ^ 


ITALY. 


8^ 


lerous  as 


tich  meadows,  fo  that  vaft  trails  of  ice  are  blended  with 
the  hlgheft  cultivation,  and  fucceed  each  otlicr  in  the 
mod  Angular  and  ftriking  manner.  All  thefe  vallies  of 
ice,  which  are  fome  leagues  in  length,  unite  together  at 
the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc,  the  higneft  mountain  in  Eu- 
rope, being  computed  to  be  15,S03  feet  above  the  level- 
of  the  fea. 

As  every  Italian  (late  has  a  diftin<ft  form  of  govern- 
ment, trade,  and  intereft,  we  IhuU  be  obliged  to  take  a* 
feparate  view  of  each. 

Of  Savoy  the  chief  town  is  Turin,  one  of  the  finell 
cities  in  Europe;  It  is  the  refidence  of  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, who  is  alfo  duke  of  Savoy.  He  is  a  powerful' 
prince,  and  fo  abfolute  that  his  revenue  confifts  of  what- 
Le  pleafes  to  raife  upon  his  fubjedl?. 

The  Milanefe  is  a  fornn'dable  11:atc  ;  the  country  is  beau-^- 
tlful  and  fertile  y  Milan,  the  capital,  is  a  ftrong  fortiefs.  It 
Contains  a  very  fine  cathedral  in  the  Gothic  tafte,   which 
has  a  very  rich   treafury  of  gold,   filver,   and  precious- 
ftones.     The  natives   are  fond  of  literary   and  political 
purfuits^  but  do  not  encourage  commerce. 

The  Republic  of  Genoa,  though  fallen  from  its  ancient 
power  and  opulence,  ftill  retains,  among  its  inhabitants, 
the  fpirit  of  trade.  Genoa;  the  capital,  is  a  fuperb  city, 
cohtaining  fome  magnificent  palaces.  The  Genoefc 
manufa(5lure  damaflcs,  velvets, .gold  and  filver  tiflues,  and" 
paper.  The  common  people  live  in  a  very  wretched  man~ 
ner,  the  foil  being  poor  and  very  badly  cultivated^  -  . 
The  government  of  Genoa  is  vefted'  in  the  nobility,  the 
chief  is  called  doge  or  duke;  every  two  years  a  ne^v 
dT)ge  is  chofon.  "^f 

V Venice  is  one  of  the  moft  celebrated  republics  in  th(» 
world.  It  is  compofed  of  feveral  fine  provinces,  and  iome 
iHiinds  in  the  Adriatic  fea.  The  city  of  Venice  is  fcated 
on  72  little  iflands,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Adriatic,  and  is 
feparated  from  the  continent  by  a  marfhy  lake,  five  miie.> 
in  breadth,  too  (hallow  f:)r  large  fhips  to  navigate.  Over 
the  federal  canals  are  laid  near  500  bridges,  the  greatod  • 
part  of  {lone.  The  Venetians  are  remiirkablofat  manu-^ 
faduring  fine  looking  ^laifes.  i  r 

la  e«clefiaftical  matter^,  the  Venetians  have  two  pa*- 
U  2 


•% 


9^#^ 


ITALW  r 


y 


}  ,^ 


triarchs^bot  they  have  not  much  power  $  and  all  religion(l^ 
eren  Mahometan  and  pagan,  are  tolerated.  The  Vene- 
tians are  a  lively,  ingenious  people,  in  general  tall  and 
well  made.  The  wcmen  are  accounted  handfome.  The 
common  people  are  extremely  fober,  gentle  in  their  inter- 
CQurfe  with  each  other,  and  obliging  to  ftrangers.  There 
are  eight  or  nine  theatres  in  Venice,  befides  an  opera 
houfe. 

The  city  of  Florence  is  the  capital  of  Tufcany.  The 
beauty  and  riches  of  the  grand  duke*s  palace  in  this  city, 
are  beyond  defcription  rare.  It  is  the  cabinet  of  all  that 
is  valuable,  rich,  and  mafterly  in  painting,  fculpture, 
architedure,  and  Indeed,  of  the  arts  in  general.  The 
celebrated  Venus  de  Medicis,  which  is  reckoned  the  ftand- 
ard  of  tafte  for  female  beauty  and  proportion,  ftands  in  a 
room  called  the  tribunal.  It  is  of  v/hite  marble,  and  is 
furrounded  by  other  mafterpieces  of  fculpture  by  Praxal- 
etes  and  other  Greek  mafters.  Every  comer  of  this 
beautiful  city,  which  is  furrounded  by  mountains  covered 
by  olive  trees  and  vineyards,  is  full  of  the  wonders  of  art. 
The  river  Aino  runs  through  it.  There  are  feveral 
academies  eftablifhed  at  Florence  ;  that  of  Academia 
JDella  Crufca,  is  particularly  celebrated. 

The  inhabitants  of  Lucca,  (which  is  a  fmall,  free 
commonwealth,  lying  on  the  Tufcati  fea,)  arc  the  moft 
induftrious  of  all  the  Italians.  They  have  improved 
their  country  into  a  beautiful  garden^,  nd  tliough  their 
number  does  not  exceed  120,000,  their  annual  revenue 
amounts  to  80,0001.  Their  capital  is  Lucca  ;  their  com- 
merce wine,  oil,  fruit,  olives,  and  mercery  goods  ;.  and 
being  in  pofFenHon  of  freedom,  iiiey  appear  with  an  air 
of  cheerfulnefs  and  plenty,  feldom  to  be  met  with  among 
thofe  of  the  neighbouring  countries. 

The  republic  of  St.  Marino  is  here  mentioned  as  a 
geographical  cui  iofity.  Its  territories  confiil  of  a  high 
craggy  mountain,  with  a  few  eminences  at  the  bottom  ; 
and  the  inhabitants,  though  but  5,000  in  number,  boaft  of 
having  prefened  their  liberties  as  a  republic  1,300  years. 

The  Dntrhy  and  city  of  Parma,  with  Placencia  and 
Gneftalla,  is  one  of  the  mofl  flouriihing  ihites  in  Italy. 
7he  foil  is  fertile;  and  produces  rich  fruit  and  pallurage. 


ITALY,  t^ 


.^1^ 


The  Duke  of  Porma'fr  court  is  thought  to  be  thepo^t 
liteft  court  in  Italy. 

Maittutf  is  remarkable  for  being  the  bixth  place  of  the 
celebrated  poet  Virgil,  who  is  often  poetically  called  th«if| 
Hantaan  fwan.  Modena  is  goyemea  by  a  duke,  who  i»»f 
abfohite  in  his  own  dominions  ;  but  they  are  far  froran 
b^ing  in  a  flouriihing  ftate,  theugh  the  foil  is  fruitful  and>| 
capable  of  high  improvement  I 

The  Ecclelkftical  ftate,  which  contains  Rome,  former-^" 
ly"the  capital  of  the  world,  lies  about  the  middle  ofif 
Italy.     The  baleful  eflfe<fts  of  fuperftition  and  oppreffion, 
are  here  evidenced  in  the  higheft   degree.     Thofe  fpotai*4, 
which,  under  the  matters  of  the  world,  were  terreftrial-t^v 
paradirefi,  enriched  with   all  the  beauties  and  luiuiie»4 
whicii  art  or  nature  could  produce,  are  now  converted*^ 
into  peftilential  quagmires  and  marfhes,  and  the  circuiC'^r; 
of  country,  which  formerly  contained  a  million  of  inliabi*  -^ 
tants,  would  now  fcarcely  afford  fuftenance  to  five  hun* 
dred,  tlie  miferable  confequences  of  monkifh  tyranny  and 
indolence.  The  pope,  who  is  the  head  of  the  ecclefiaftic- 
al  ftate,  is  alfo  a  temporal  prince,  and  has  formerly  ea* 
joyed  a  very   great  revenue  ;  but  from  what  hat  happ^« 
ed  with.n  the  laft  30  or  40  years,  it  appears  that  the  power 
of  this  papal  tyrant  will  foon  fall  to  nothing.  It  is  already^ 
greatly- abridged,  and  his  territories  circumfcribed  by ; 
the  French  and  Auftrians.    '^he  difcouragement  of  in-  v 
duftry  and  agriculture,  feems  interwoven  in  the  coniUtu<^  - 
tion  of  the  papal  government,  v^ich  is  tnvefted  in  proud 
lazy  priells,  whofe  examples,  infefling  their  inferiors,  therif 
countty  is  overrun  with  begging  friars,  who  prefer  im-//' 
pofing  on  (irangers  and  extorting  a  precarious  living 
from  the  humane  or  credulous,  to  exerting  their  own  abili*  . 
ties  to  obtain  fupport.    In  Ihort,  the  inhabitants  of  many  ;' 
parts  of  the  eccleilaftical  ftate  muft  perifh  through   their 
floth,  did  not  the  fertility  of  the  foil  ipontaneoufly  affbrd-\¥ 
them  fubfiftence.  \y  *; 

Modern  Rome  contsRnf  ^thin  its  circuit,  a  vaft  nmn" ' 
ber  of  gardens  and  viney«rds.     Thr  city,  ftanding  ,on  the  u- 
ruins  of  ancient  Rome,  lies  much  higher,  fp  that   it  is  - 
difficult  to  diftinguifb  the  feven  hills  on  which  it  was  an- Y 
cid&tly  built*    Thiw  h  .^  j^9t\geA  cesiioi^.  U>  l»eikve 


9i' 


tgr: 


,*■- 


rrALv;  T^ 


that  Rome^  as  it  now  (lands,  exceeds  ancient  Rome  in  the 
magnificence  of  its  buildings. 

'  Next  to  Rome,  Bologna  is  the  moft  confiderablecity  ia< 
the  ecclefiaftical  ftate,  and  the  inhabitants  are  an  excep- 
tion to  the  indolence  whfch  pervades  the  rell  of  the  ftate. 
There  are  many  other  cities  celebrated  in  ancient  hif- 
twy,  but  they  are  at  prefent  little  better  than  fceiies  of 
ruin  and  defolatlon,  though  here  and  there  a  magnificent 
church  and  convent  may  be  found,  which  is  fupported  by 
the  toil  of  the  neighbouring  peafants.  -^r,« 

The  grandenr  of   Ferrara,  Ravena,  Rimini,   Urbino,' 
Ahcona>  and  many  other  ftates  and  cities,   are  now  only 
to  be  feen  in  their  ruins  ;  while  Loretto,   a  fpot  nevei 
thought  or  heard  of  in  times  of  antiquity,  is  now  the  ad- 
miration of  the  world,  for  the  riches  it  contains,  gold 
chains,  rings,  jewels  emeralds,  pearls,   rubies,  angels  o€ 
pure  gold,  railing  and   gates  to  the  altars  of  pure  fdver, 
folid  gold  candlellicks,  and  an  immenfe  mafs  of  treafure, 
which  the  fuperftition  of  Roman  Catholic  princes  have- 
heaped  upon  an  imagef  of  the  virgin  Mary,  which  is  pre- 
ferved  there,  anxl  of  which  the  moft  ridiculous  legends 
are  related.  '         '  '  ■•'  i'   ■ 

Tlie  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  or,  as  he  is  called  the 
king  of  the  two  Sicilies,  is  pofTefFed  of  the  largeft  domin- 
ions of  any  prince  in  Italy.  The  air  of  this  domain  is  hot, 
its  foil  fruitful ;  the  wine%  called  Vino,  Greco,  and 
Lachrimse  Chrifti,  are  excellent.  The  city  of  Naples  is- 
the  capital ;  it  is  extremely  fuperb,  and  adorned  with  all 
tKe  profufion  of  art  and'  riches,  and  its  neighbourhood 
wtiuld  be  one  of  the  moil  delightful  places  in  Europe  to 
live  in,  were  it  not  for  its  vicinity  to  Vefuvius,  and  aifo ; 
that  the  foil  is  peftered  with  infedts  and  reptiles>  fome  of 
which  are  venomous. 

The  houfes  in  Naples  are  very  lofty,  fome  five  and  fix 
ft©i*ies  high  j  fome  of  the  ftreets  are  very  handfbme,  ef^ 
peciall/  tnofe  which  lie  open  to  the  beautiful  bay.  f»i^i^i>i,' 
;  Th^re  is  much  poverty  and  wretchednefs  among  the* 
Idiwr  orders' of  the  people^  but  great  appearance  of  wealth 
among  the  nobility,  ^vho  are  extremely  fond  of  Ihow  and 
fplendour. 

The  exportsoftjiis  kingdom  are  hejnp,  wool;  oil,  wiii^. 


L 


ITALT. 


#r 


cheefe,  vrax,  Iionej,  capers,  filk,  cotton,  and  various  man-l  f 
ufa<ftirres.  '-i-y-f.- -  >*! 

No  country  prefents  the  eye  with  more  beautiful  proM 
pefts  than  SIcUy.  There  are  to  be  found  traces  of  xnany^s 
memorable  towns  of  antiquity.  y* 

Brundttfium  hsa  a  fine  port,  but  the  buildings  are  pooP'  ** 
and  ruinous.  No  city  can  boaft  of  fo  many  remains  oC^i 
ancient  fculpture  and  archite^ure  as  Benevento.  Here^i 
the  arch  of  Trajan,  erefted  in  the  year  1 14,  is  ftill  in  tol-i, 
erable  prefervation.  Tlie  couHtry  round  Naples  has  beea^: 
frequently  involved  in  rum  and  devaftation,  by  tremen-* 
dous  earthquakes,  one  in  1 783^  was  felt  for  72  miles  round  f ,  J 
numerous  towns  and  villages  entirely  defolatedj  and  thatj  r 
inhabitants  by  thoufaads  hurried  into  eternity.  .  • 

Sicily  is  extremely  fertile  in  com.  The  climate  Is  fo* 
hot,  that  even  in  January  the  fhade  is  refrefhing.  Chilling??) 
V  inds  are  felt  only  a  few  days  in  March,  and  tlie  only  ap^I 
pearance  of  winter,  i  s  near  the  fummit  of  Mount  Etna.  Pa^ 
lermo  is  the  capital  of  Sicily ;  the  two  principal  ftreetf  *-: 
are  very  fine  i  and  it  is  the  only  town  in  all  Italy,  whichr* 
is  lighted  at  night  at  the  public  expenfe.  Meflina  was  aiij 
large  well  bmlt  city,  but  by  the  great  earthquake  in  nOSfi  >■ 
great  part  of  it  was  deftroyed. 

It  is  worthy  theobfervation  of  the  youthful  mind,  th:rtf  > 
the  beauty,  fertility,  and  various  advantages  which  Italjr;; 
enjoys  eminently  above  tlie  reft  of  Europe,  which  occafion«^!-f 
it  to  be  ternted  the  garden  of  the  warldr-and  might  ere.* 
ate  the  envy  of  the  neighbouring  covntriesj  is  fo  counter«W 
balanced  by  thefe  violent  convulfions  of  nature,  that  the^; 
moft  miferable  inhabitant  of  the  more  northern  regions,;. 
when  he  hears  ef  the  fudden  defolation  that  overtakes,  in* . 
a  moment,  fo  many  thoufands  of  his  fellew  creatures,  lift» 
up  his  heart  in  thankfulnefs  to  that  beneficent  Beingj  who^ 
has  placed  him  in  a  land  feldomi^  if  eveti  vifited  by  fuchrA 
horrors.     And  fo  it  is  with  life,  thofe  (ituatibns  which  en*^ 
able  thepoffeflbrs  to  enjoy  all  the  fplendours  and  luxuries; 
which  the  human  appetite  naturuUy  craves,  are  often  fur^f* 
rosnded  by  cares,  difficulties,  and  dangers,  and  fubjeft  tor^ 
viciflitudes  which  often  hurl  them  in  a  moment  from  thesT^ 
pinnacle  of  profperity,  into  the  abyis  of  advernty  ;  whilefs 
throMbuifoinhabitQiit  of  tbe^hucrble  cottage  eo]oy$  all 


iv„rr  y^' 


W. 


if?'-7'r^'v?;;"S,'*'£:'3^''-f' .: 'i" 


"'-k,-^,--i 


94i 


ITALY. 


the  relative  and  fecial  joys  of  life,  iinenvied  andunknowiT^ 
and  paffes  from  time  into  eternity,  in  the  arms  of  his 
family,  unvexed  by  ambition,  uncontaminatcd  by  vice, 
and  refts  on  the  earth  which  has  received  his  forefather* 
for  many  preceeding  eencrations*  -  • 

The  illand  of  Sardinia,  which  gives  a  royal  title  to  the 
duke  of  Savoy,  lies  about  150  miles  weft  of  Leghorn.  It 
contains  feven  towns  ;  the  capital  is  Cagliara.  The  Ifl. 
and  of  Corfica  lies  oppofite  to  the  Genoefe  continent,, 
between  tlie  Gulph  of  Genoa  and  the  illand  of  Sardinia* 
It  is  mountainous  and  woody,  but  produces  corn,  wine, 
6gs,  almonJs,  chefnuts,  and  olives,  and  fome  cattle, 
and  is  plentifully  fupplied  with  filh.  Bailia  is  the  capi* 
tal. 

Caprea,  or  Capri,  is  an  iiland  to  which  Auguftus  Cat* 
far  often  came  for  his  health  and  recreation.  It  lies  S 
Italian  miles  from  that  part  of  the  main  land  which  pro* 
jeAs  into  the  fea.  The  weftem  part' is  for  about  two 
miles  a  continued  rock,  vaftly  high,  and  inaccefiible  next 
the  fea.  JThe  eaftem  end  of  the  iAand  jdfo  rifes  in  preci*^ 
pices  and  rocky  mountains.  Between  thefe  elevated  ends 
of  the  ifland  is  a  flip  of  "low  ground  that  runs  entirely 
acrofs,  extremely  feuile,  covered  with  vineyards,  myrtles, 
olives,  fig  trees,  and  cornfields,  which,  when  viewed  from 
the  neighbouring  eminences,  are  extremely  beautiful  r. 
here  is  fituated  the  town  of  Caprea.  In  the  midft  of  the 
fertile  traft  rifes  a  hill,  which  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius 
was  probably  covered  with  buildings,  me  remains  of 
which  are  ftill  to  be  feen  ;  biit  the  moft  confiderable 
ruins  are  at  the  very  extremity  of  the  eaftem  promontory. 
From  this  place  is  a  very  noble  prcfpedl  of  the  fea  on 
one  fide,  and  the  bay  of  Naples  on  the  other. 

There  are  feveral  other  iflands  in  the  Mediterranean: 
fea,  but  they  have  nothing  to  diftinguifh  them  but  the 
ruins  of  their  antiquities,  if  we  except  Malta,  formerly 
Melita.  This  was  the  ifland  on  which  St.  Paul  was 
ftiipwrecked.  It  is  fituatod  in  15  degrees  E.  long, 
and  36  deg.  N.  lat.  The  whole  ifland  feems  to  be  a 
white  rock,  covered  with  a  thin  furface  of  earth,  it  is 
however  amazingly  produ<ftive  of  excellent  fruits,  vege« 
Ubles,  kc»    It  was  given,  by  the  Emperor  Charles  Vvti> 


! 


■y^ 


V;  /  ^" 


y,V;^^-t 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 


95 


the  knights  of  St.  John  of  J^rufalem,  when  the  Turks 
4rove  thcni  out  of  Rhodes  in  1530.  They  are  now 
known  by  the  title  of  the  Knights  of  Malta  ;  but  this 
order,  once  in  fuch  high  eftimation,  is  now  falling  to  de- 
cay, and  it  is  thought  will  in  time  be  entirely  abolifhed. 
Thefe  knights  were  formerly  celebrated  for  their  chalUty, 
and  took  vows  of  perpetual  celibacy. 

E^       Section  XXV.    TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

• 

THE  Grand  Signior's  dominions  are  divided  into  Turk- 
ey in  T\i\rope,  1  urkey  in  Afia,  and  Turkey  in  Africa, 
Turkey  in  Europe  is  bounded  north  by  Ruflia,  Poland, 
aifti  Sclavonia,  eaft  by  Circaflia,  the  Black  Sea,  the  Helef- 
pont  and  the  Archipelago,  fouth  by  the  Mediterranean, 
and  weft  by  the  fame  fea,  and  the  Venetian  and  Auftrian 
territories.  It  Is  a  thoufand  miles  long,  and  900  broad, 
and  lies  between  17  and  40  deg.  E.  long,  and  39  and 
49  deg.  N.  lat. 

Nature  has  laviflied  upon  the  inhabitants  of  Turkey  her 
blefllngs  in  fome  particulars.  The  foil,  though  unimpro- 
ved, is  luxuriant  beyond  defcription.  The  air  is  falubri- 
ous;  unlefs  corrupted  by  the  indolence  and  uncleanlinefs 
of  the  inhabitants  ;  and  let  it  be  here  remembered,  that 
next  to  pure  religion  and  morality  in  our  intercourie  with 
each  other,  comes  cleanlinefs.  The  perfon,  who  from  ift- 
'  dolence  and  flovenlinefs,  endangers  his  own  health,  or  the 
health  of  his  fellow  creatures,  is  guilty  of  an  irreparable 
breach  In  his  religious  duties,  and  his  moral  condu«5l.  It 
is  for  our  own  comfort,  nay,  even  pleafure,  that  flridl  at- 
tention Ihould  be  paid  to  the  cleanlinefs  of  our  perfons 
and  dwellings ;  it  adds  to  our  refpedability  ;  and  how 
much  more  does  it  become  a  duty,  when  we  remember  it 
is  equally  neceffary  to  the  comfort  And  happinefs  of  thofe 
with  whom  we  are  conneded,  and  amongft  whom  we  live. 
The  feafons  in  Turkey  are  regular  and  pleafant ;  the 
water  piire  and  wholefcme.  The  mountains  in  Turkey 
are  the  moft  celebrated  in  the  world.  Mount  Athos,  ly- 
ing on  a  peninfula  in  the  Egean  fea,  through  which  Xerx- 
es cut*a  paifage  to  accelerate  his  unfuccefsful  expedition 
.into  Greece  j  Mounts  Olympus  and  Pindus,  celebrated  in 


r-',. 


VG 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 


Grecian  fable ;  Mount  ParnafTus,  confecrated  to  the  mu- 
fes ;  and  Mourt  Hsmus  fo  often  mentioned  by  the  an- 
cient poets. 

There  are  many  remarkable  feas  and  ftraits  in  this 
|>art  of  Europe  ;  in  particular  the  flraits  of  the  Hele(pont 
or  Dardanelles,  only  two  miles  and  a  lialf  in  breadth* 
celebrated  for  the  famous  bridge  of  boats  which  Xerxes 
laid  acrofs  it,  when  about  to  invade  Greece.  Alexander 
alfo  pafTed  it  in  his  expedition  agarnft  Afia.  It  is  alfo 
•celebrated  by  the  poets,  in  the  (lory  of  the  two  lovers. 
Hero  and  Leander.  The  former  being  confi  ned  in  a 
Jofty  tower  on  one  fide,  her  lover  Leander  fwam  acrofs 
the  Helefpont  every  night,  for  the  pleafure  of  converfing 
vnth  her  from  the  window  ;  but  one  night  a  ftorm  arifing, 
he  was  unhappily  drowned.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Danube,  the  Save,  the  Neifter,the  Nieper  and  the  Don. 

Turkey  in  Europe  contains  a  variety  of  mines,  and   its 
marble  is  efteemed  the  beft  in  the  world.     Here  is  alfo 
€veiy  kind  of  vegetable   produ<5lion  in   perfedion   and 
abundance  ;  alfo  fine  grapes,  figs,  olives,  citrons,   and 
^pomegranates,  with  many  drugs  and  valuable  medicines. 
The  Turkilh  horfes  are  excellent,  both  for  fervice   and 
beauty.     Their  black  cattle  are  large  and  fine,  and   their 
goats  moft  ferviceable  animals.     All  kinds  of  fowls  and 
quadrupeds  are  plentiful  in  Turkey  in  Europe  ;   but  the 
Turks  and  Mahometans  are  not  very  fond  of  animal  food. 
Almoft  every  fpot  of  ground,  every  river  and  fountain, 
in  Greece  prefents  the  traveller  with  the   ruins  of  fome 
celebrated  antiquity.     On  the  Ifthmus  of  Corinth  are  the 
ruins  of  Neptune's  temple,  and  the  remains  of  the  theatre, 
"where  the  ifthmean  games  were  celebrated,  are  flill  vifi- 
ble.     Athens  is  a  fruitful  fource  of  magnificent  antiqui- 
ties, merely  to  enumerate  them  would  exceed  the  limits  of 
this  work  ;   but  to  gratify  the  curious,  we  will  juft  take  a 
curfory  view  of  fome   of  the  mofl  remarkable  ;  among 
which  are  tlie  remains  of  the  temple   of  Minerva,  built 
entirely  of  white  marble,  and  encompafTed  with  forty   fix 
fluted  columns  of  the  Doric  order,  42  feet  high,  and  feveii 
and  an  half  In  circumference.  On  the  fouth  weft  of  Athens 
is  a  beautiful  ftrudure,  called  the  lantern  of  Demofthene?. 
It  is  a  fmally  round  edifice  of  white  niarble,  the  roof  of 


^'^i- 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 


^7 


tvhich  is  fupported  by  6  fluted  columns  of  the  Corinthian 
order.  The  whole  is  covered  with  a  cupola,  carved  in  the 
refemblance  o£  icales>  and  on  the  frieze  are  beautifully* 
reprefented  the  labours  of  Hercules.  Here  alfo  may 
be  feen  the  magnificent  aquedu^  of  the  emperor  Adrian. 
The  remains  ofthe  temple  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  arc 
ftill  vifible  at  Caftri.  Of  the  natural  curiofities,  Mount 
Athos  is  the  moft  remarkable.  Its  fituation  has  been 
mentioned.  It  is  fo  lofty,  that  on  the  t©p,  the  ancients 
relate  that  the  fun  rifing  was  beheld  four  hours  fooner, 
than  by  the  inhabitants  on  the  coaft  ;  and  at  the  fol- 
ftice,  its  (hadow  reached  Into'  the  market  place  of  My- 
rina,  a  town  in  Lemnos,  which  was  diftant  eighty  feveri 
miles. 

Conftantinople  is  the  capital  of  this  great  empire.  It  is 
fituated  on  the  European  fide  of  the  Bofphorus.  It  was 
built  by  Conftantine  tlie  Great,  as  a  more  inviting  fitua- 
tion for  the  feat  ofthe  Roman  empire  than  Rome  itfelf. 
It  became  afterwards  the  capital  of  the  Greek  empire  ; 
and  while  it  remained  in  pofleflion  ofthe  Greeks,  was  the 
only  mart  in  Europe  for  the  commodities  of  the  Eaft 
Indies.  It  was  in  the  meridian  of  its  glory  at  the  time 
of  the  crufades,  and  the  writers  of  that  time  fpeak  of  it 
with  aftonifhment.  Conftantinople  is  at  this  day  one 
t)f  the  fineft;  cities  in  the  world.  It  abounds  with  antiqui- 
ties; the  tomb  of  Conftaritine  the  Great  is  ftill  preferved.  It 
is  a  place  of  great  trade  ;  and  its  port  is  fo  commodious 
and  beautiful,  that  the  whole  city  is  fometimes  called  llfg 
Porte,  by  way  of  eminence  5  and  one  ofthe  grand  Signior*s 
titles  is.  His  Sublime  Porte,  'I'his  city  is  built  in  a  triangu- 
lar form,  with  tlie  Seraglio  ftanding  on  a  point  of  one  of 
the  angles.  We  do  not,  by  the  Seraglio,  mean  only  the 
palace  for  the  emperor's  wives,  but  the  whole  Ottoman 
palace,  the  wall  of  which  is  thirty  feet  high,  with  battle- 
ments, embrazurcs,  and  towers,  in  the  ftyle  of  ancient  for- 
tifications. Oppofitc  the  Seraglio,  on  the  Afiatic  fide,  is 
Scutari,  on  which  is  apleafant  houfe  and  pleafurc  garden, 
belonging  to  the  grand  Siguier.  On  the  brow  of  an  adja- 
■cent  hill,  is  a  grand  and  interefting  profpe<5t ;  in  cue  vievir 
^ay  be  feen  the  cities  of  Conftantinople,  Galata,  and 
Pera^  |ijj§  Bofphorus  and  Propoiitis,  v/ith  the  adiacei^ 


96 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 


ns,  that  "  a  Tartar's 
e  ftory,  without 
liture,   cufhions 


countries  on  each  fliore.  Crim  Tartary,  or  the  Crimea, 
is  the  ancient  1  aiirica  Cherfonefus,  and  is  a  peninfula,  ly- 
ing on  the  Kuxine  or  Black  Sea,  between  44  and  46  deg, 
N.  lat.  and  34  and  37  deg.  E.  Ion.  This  country  was  ef- 
teemed  a  part  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  until  it  was  ceded  to 
the  Ruffians  in  1784.  Many  cities  were  built  on  it  by 
the  Greeks,  which  ciirricd  on  great  trade  with  the  Scy- 
thians. The  moft  conliderable  rivers  in  the  Crimea  are 
thf  fe  of  Karafa  and  Salegir,  both  of  which  take  a  wefterly 
courfe.  Of  the  towns  in  this  part  of  the  world,  the 
inhabitants  are  fo  rude  that  very  I'^^tle  can  be  expedled. 
A  celebrated  female  traveller  inf 
houfe  is  a  very  flight  building 
chair,  table,  or  any  piece  of  w 
bein^  placed  round  the  room  fo. 

The  peninfula  of  the  Crimea  has  a  confiderable  trade 
in  what  is  called  Morocco  leather,  of  all  colours,  which  is 
to  be  had  very  cheap,  and  is  as  foft  as  fatin. 

The  inlands  belonging  to  Turkey  in  Europe,  being  a 
part  of  ancient  Greece,  it  is  necefTary  that  thofe  who 
read  ancient  hiftory,  of  which  they  make  fo  diftinguiflied 
9,  part,  (hould  underftand  their  fituation. 

Negropont,  tlie  ancient  Euboea,  ftretches  from  the  north 
eaft  to  the  fouth  weft,  and  along  the  eafteni  coaft  of 
Achaie.  Here  the  Turkifli  gallies  lie.  The  tides  on 
its  coaft  are  irregular.  The  chief  towns  are  Negropont, 
called  by  the  Greeks,  Egripos,  and  Caftel  Rofib,  the  an- 
cient Caryftus. 

Lemnos,  or  Stalimene,  lies  on  the  north  of  the  Archip- 
elago ;  its  principal  riches  arife  from  a  mineral  earth,  ufed 
in  medicine. 

Tenedos  lies  oppofite  old  Troy,  and  is  mentioned  by 
Virgil,  as  the  place  to  which  the  Greeks  retired,  and  left 
the  Trojans  in  fatal  fecurity.  It  has  a  tower  of  the  fame 
name. 

Lefbos  is  famous  for  the  number  of  poets  it  produced. 
It  was  the  birth  place  of  Sappho,  the  celebrated  Greek 
poetefs. 

Scio,  or  Chios,  lies  about  80  miles  weft  of  Smyrna.  It 
is  a  rocky,  mountainous  ifland,  but  produces  excellent  wine 
Jind  com.    The  inhabitants  manufa^ure  filk  velvet,  goW 


:--  .*.-i  ruirif'. 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 


,99 


and  filver  lluffs.  The  women  of  this  ifland  are  cele- 
brated for  their  beauty.  Homer,  the  author  of  the 
IHad  and  Odyffe  (which  cot  'Ain  •  hiftory  of  the  Trojan 
war,  and  the  wandering  of  Ulyfles,  for  ten  years 
after  its  termination)  is  laid'  to  have  been  born  here, 
and  they  Ihew  a  little  fquare  houfe,  which  they  call  Ho- 
mer's fchool. 

Samos  lies  oppofite  Ephefus.  It  gave  birth  to  Pythag- 
oras. It  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  me  native  country  of 
Juno  i  and  there  are  ftill  remaining  fome  very  fine  ruins 
of  a  f'^nple  dedicated  to  her. 

"!<.  .>  (buth  of  Samos  lies  Patmos.  It  isfo  barren  and 
i,.  -1 V  i-b  It  it  may  be  called  a  rock  rather  than  an  ifland. 
li  ha&  '  otvever  a  convenient  haven.  A  few  monks  reGde 
there,  and  they  Ihew  a  cave,  where  it  is  fuppofed  St.  John 
wrote  the  book  of  Revelations. 

The  Cyclades  iflands  lie  in  a  circle  rouild  Delos,  which 
is  the  chief  of  them,  and  the  mod  celebrated  of  all  the 
Grecian  iflands,  as  being  the  birth  place  of  Apollo  and 
Diana,  the  magnificent  ruins  of  whofe  temples  are  flill 
vifible. 

Paros  is  only  remarkable  for  the  beauty  and  whiteneft 
of  the  marble  it  produces  ]  few  things  are  more  celebra- 
ted than  Parian  marble. 

Cerego,  or  Cytherea,  lies  fouth  eaft  of  the  Morea,  and  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  being  the  favourice  refidence  of 
Venus. 

Santorin  is  one  of  thfe  moft  foutherly  iflands  in  the  Ar- 
chipelago; and  though  feemingly  covered  with  pummice 
ftones,  yet  through  die  induflry  of  the  inhabitants,  is  made 
to  produce  barley,  wheat,  and  wine.  Iii  the  year  1707> 
another  ifland  arofe  from  the  bottom  of  the  fea,  near  this, 
and  now  bears  the  faine  name.  At  the  time  of  its  birtH 
there  was  an  earthquake,  attended  with  the  moil  dreadful 
lightnings  and  thunders  |  the  fea  round  the  fpot  whence 
it  arofe,  boiled  in  a  tremendous  manner  for  feveral  days 
previous  to  its  appearance,  and  when  it  arofe  it  was  a 
mere  vulcano,  but  the  burning  foon  ceafed.  It  is  200 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  fea,  and  at  the  time  of  its  emerg- 
ing 5  miles  in  circumference,  but  it  has  flnce  increafed.' 
Several  other  iflands  in  the  Archipelago,  appear  to  have 


^ 


^•«U  ^^"V. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■^128 

,50     "^ 

H:  1^   12.0 


2.5 


12.2 


18 


1.25  |,jl.4     ||,.6 

"• 6"     

► 

m 


V) 


>^A 


^ 


1 


%-V^ 


7 


Photogr^hic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


'^A' 


100 


ASIA. 


S^^  ^  $Horigr|iai  >  but  the  Tea  in  t^e  n^ighbourhootff  fs 
)^p4!|i^t^  SasWerbetiifaUidnied.  r 

In^e  mt4  iw  Khipd^lies  in  S6  dej^.  N.  ht,  and  S^de^. 
1|$rvlonViUHsut9pmi^^^  weft  of  Leff^r  Aiia>    It  is 

hi»9^^iifyi  imd  tile  ;.die'ehief  ibWn  of  the  fame  name. 
'Itie  harbour  &^e  grand  Signior^s^  ]ftindpal  arfhial  for 
^PP#ir*  T^^  ^olo(fyai  of  brafs,  which  ftood  at  the  en- 
^iflic^cif the  harbour^  was  defenedlf  reckoned  one  of  the 
W0n|er*;i>^th^  world.  It  was  ISS  feet  hrgh,  and  ftood 
%ith  onrfboioneaclifide  the  hai4)otir;  which  is  50  fa- 
^0|i^sj7ide>.fo  tl^tfhipspafled  betWe«ii  its  legs.  Itsfaee 
twb^e^nte^  ibe  fun  j'and  it  held  in  one  band  a  lisbt  houfe 
^r  t^  dii'eAion  of  marinei^.  tt  was  thrown  oOwn  by 
ab  ear^quaice.  r  The  inhabitants  of  Rhodes  were  former^ 
ly  toafterSofthefea.' 

C^di^,  the  ancient  Crete,  Is  renowned  for  jts  jbundred 
^  skn4li^  beinff  the  birth  pl^    of  ^npiten  ^' The 

_  ti^Af^li^t  Xdallan^s  in  tlie  middler  of  the  ifland]  itjs 
^  JicitCTtna^  ^a  fciNtii  rock.  '  Mere  alfo  ik  •  teihe,  the 
iiverof  otilmon  ;  ^  iia^^^  or 

CynKus^iesin  the  jt*evii.nt  fea»  about  S0n^i!esfromj|Ji6 

cJ^ll^f  Syria.    Ijt  was  fortnerly' famous  for  the  worfliip 

■  Or Vi^nnii  WB  feypiian  go'dddfs.    its  ^^-ine  is  the  ricii- 

#  .^L^fA?  fifeft  Jayour  #  any  produced  m  >© 

hai  i  |boa  hkrb^ttt*:  Nicofi^  is  ity  prefeirt  capit^^ 
lu  trrQdiic&  is.  befldes  W4ne»  oil.  filk,  turnentine,  ^d 

^^jhpi^ds'^^^^^  jSaB^ettz^,  Ce|fhalo- 

j^j^strnt  MsUira,  (^orfu,  and  2^ant4  wim  others  dffiRail-^ 
ff  ^Q^^  paiiticujarly  tfoh^  del  tJonnpare',    tl^e  alncicnt 
^'^^-i the  bjrth place  and  kingdom  pf  Uhife?..  Thefe 
leibng tothe  V^  "j^ 


-  ?■ 


SMcrio^  !XXVil.    ASIA. 


'  3^SlA,  t!hou|^  called  4h6  ftcO^i;^,  is  yet  fupeno^  %» 
5tosP?» '»n  XHe  extent  of  'M  '^hnrit^^i^s,  the.ffetttuty  of  ?tj? 
ii&,.|Bff^Mtf  of  i^j(bil,  t^e  deiicioufnefs^  of  it?  f£alts» 
»i4  p9£rj^g^3i^cj^^i>4  hjalfafliic  ^uafiti^b?^  of  its  f>liintrp; 
^ice  and  giims.    ^  inte4i<;inal  drttgs'areTery  vttitbleif 


"jt4.?>  ASIA*- 


m^ 


itr  gems,  namerous,  of  g^fttv^tr.  andjbe^tityi  lit 

commonly  fine.  Aiia  alio  hokU  |RCf^i|ienf;e,,  as  rf»m|; 
the  feat  ox  the  creation  of  the  worlo;  Here  our  all  wile 
Creator  planted  the  gaixfeo  of  £def^  #nd4>Uced  hi  it  our 
firft  parents,  from  wrnHnlpriuig  the  wKole  race  of  man- 
kind. Afia  becanjie  ^he  aurfery  of  the  world  a^r-  the 
deluge,  wbeii^e/the  <^efcendants  of  'Noah  diiperfed  theip- 
felves  over  the  gloj>e.  tt  was  ;in  Aila  God  placed  liis 
favourite  jpeople. die, Hebrews.  I^^ye,al(b  wf^  that  great 
and  merciful  worlipfqpr  Redemptjti^  acjpoinpljlte^  •by 
his  divine  Son;  and  it  vl^  from  hence  the '  It;^iit  of  iiis 
glorious  gofpfil  was  carried  with  aftonifhing  rapidity -Wo 
other  nations,  by  his  difclpl^s  aod  followers^  M^  '^^^ 
firftchriftian  churches  were  foimded,  and  here  die  Srd 
martyi-s  to  chrif^iahity  iealed  their  faith  with  their  bl6c>d. 
It.  was  in  Aii^  the  firft  edifices  were  reared,  apd  ihe 
firft  enu>i|resT4un4ecl^  On  ^IVt^e^accounu  this  <(|ttai::er 
claims  niperiorify  over  the  red  ;  but  tlie:  r^yolntiphr  ^ 
time.has  .ocpafio^ied  |,  e]^ea;^;cl^ge  ,l^;,|tf  ^jppps^imiie. 
Wi^ere  jthe  moft  marauSc^^  and  piipiilbwi^  a  once 
ft(iiod>the  tQwers  ^e  fallen,  ^e  fiplc^dbnr  fade4>  iul  fim- 
i^  but  9L^4e6sp^  jumciilti^ed  wild  is  iee|i,  and  diis 
xheUAphqly  .revei^  is  ch«e^^^  in  !3Ppp»j^.    The 

refto^i  v2i|^^ii^|u^  ^^^ 

llie'^iittnei^  of  A.i»'i$,fiti^ 
£^',lqh.  ai|4;lK^e^'the  80  deg«  •J^ijla^. 

|t*w,  4t^0  miles,  m  tromjthe..p«:d*i*^^'  P^^  Jhe 

yireil  to^th^  mott'ea^ern  fhore  of  Taitj&y.on  tbe  e^?«!  and 
^S8p  brpa^  ^dm  t^e  mbft  {bu|hem  part  of  Mal^cfa  tp 
t$e,'/ai^^4,p^nt  of  Nova  Zembla  on:,  the  north.  It  {s 
bounded  ttorth  by  the  .Frozen  Ocean,  on  the  w^i^*  it»is 
feps^rated  froin  Africa  by  the  Red  Sea,  and  froip  Etirppe 
by  f^e'  Xieyan^  or  Mediterranean,  the  Archipela^^  tap 
^pUt]^qii^f'lS\^  Sea  of  Mamora,  the  Bofphdrus,  the.  ^kiCf 
.^ip«,  the'river  Don,  and .  a  line  drawn  ftomrjit  'to  the 
rivw  Tobil,^M  fi^m  thence  to  the  river  Oby,  vifhich  fatfs 
'  into  the  Ffb;^ «i ;  Oce^n^  Oh  the  ea(t  it  is  bounded  by  Hie 
*]^acii|f*qr^lbuth  Sea,  which  f^  it  from  America, 

an4^qn  ^  South  by  the  Indian  Ocean ;  fo  that  it  is  zt' 
ouadi^^by  fea^    The  varipus  r^li^ivhs,  xiiUgja^ 
" '  '  "     -    X  2-'      "■  "  '     ■"     '"  *■'■  ■•■  ^^- 


m 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 


llijik^ms  datttm  the  glbbe,  will  be  tncn-^ 

tipd^kd»»I^B>wfa^ 


vHt 


^siki6»iix^mf.  WMEir  li^  ASIA. 


D«: 


TUKiqSY  iuAii^is^cidiM^ 
im^Circftdlit  ^  bf  Perfia,  fouth  by  Ax^ia  anci  the 
L^WiitSeay  and  yen  hf  the  Archijpelaff<^>  HeleTpoht,  and 
mooiitU,  which  iebarates  it  ftom  ££o|»e.  It  ii  lOOO 
itaOS  long,  anfd  806  br<Kid,  lyine  bet#een^^^7  and  46  deg. 
£^  Idn.  aiut25  and  45  deg.  N.  Tat. 

'Thempunta^s  in  Afiatic  Turkey,  are  celebrated  bothi 
in  iactied  sind  profane  writingsi    The  moft  remarkable 

re,  Olympus,  Tsuuii^i  and  Aati  Taun»,  Canc^fus,  and 
^at,  Lebanon  s|nd  Heirmon. 
ififanic  rtiay  be  oWferved  o£  the  rirer*,  which  are? 
th<K  j^Bi^ilttes,  Tigris^  Oioates^  Meandev,  Sai:abat^  B^a^ 
azidJdrdkn.'^  : . 

T^  pk'ictid  climate;  at^  4eliig^tfui  ia  ^e  ntmoft  i^e^ 
gree^  ^diiaiBrt^  iilti^i|oi^  i  y^  (Ucl>  is  the '  ^tuatlit/- , 
vitiir^ch  tjise  A^  of  mtare  h^  dtijfMihfed  hik 
l^fib,  thatTu^key,  both,  it|  £urope-  and  AfiSi,  Ys  o|^At 
ttfited  by  thft  pligii^  that  moft iin^btiEi^  tf Oorgeol;  man^ 
icjizid,  which  hii^  attajriotts  titnei  dt^pul^te^  ^miol^  ghies^ 
^  even  ^irtnceiB  ^  and  among  t^  Turl^j^  l]t  i$  dbiibl^ 
di^{bfii1ftfve»  &om  th^ir  tmvn^  indolente^  V  pre^entJi. 
th4i^  tikk||n|^  fiV  tn^^^  ih^ns  to  (tfadics  jr  d^en<fe 
^M^iie^  %i!i}nd  thrs  cajamlty.,  T»ii  countt»y  cdhtaiiisk 
j^e  1ibO>(^  fe^ile  frovinc^s  of  Afio^  and  abomids  in  all 
|fa£  lu«airtef$  of  life.  Corn,  tirinr^  cilj,  hcmey,  Irnit  of' 
emy  i^cies,  colt(te,  myxih,  ^d  nuir^erdus  bdoriferOttj^ 
pl^s  ;fnd  drngs,  grow  here  aJmoft  without  ^cnUtire.. 
Olvi^eit^  citrons,  oranges,  figs," leihons*  and  d^^^,  are  pleii^- 
tifi^i^and  J^l^hly  dSkions.  Ilieir  Vegeiabte»,?re  thi& 
iiieft  in  the  world*  pa^icnla^^y  afparagSs.  'iK%^.  grdws> 
to  an  incredible  ike.  Their^^rapes  &r  exce'e4'\  thof^.  0^^ 
otW  GOnntirieift  in  fi^e  and  navonr, ;  in  (kort,^  nature  hi|s» 
to^  bipbught  ail  l^r  priodudiOns  tO  the  hjghe/l  perfb#i6h. 

The  Turkiih  and  Arabian  horfes  are  v^uabie  b^yonid 
m;  iii  the  world*    Thej  hay.9^  np  quadrtipeds  pecufiscv ' 


TUltKEY  W  JflSfA. 


to  t^^c^oiilrf }  'b«t  evta-y  ofiiful  snimal  ma^  jbe;  ibund 
ft^tfi^,^  ^lg<lb,«td  >i^4tiodetttt  in'«al;  (diiniifaijjp. 

Wef-i»«ff  infoiio#-t4^ Attttf  ^Eiprnfie.  ■■      :•(;!?£•,.'  ,. .  :^ :  , - ' 

TKief  baVeft  ip^0M<)i««f  wfld  f^^  liie  oftcicb  «  « 
fiadve  of  thi4«oui!rbvv>«iniur)Kftbte  £c»r  tbtir  lici^lit»  fwift* 
nefs  iRniitfuiig».aod^ftupid$tyv  thk  iQiigy  beantaful,  whUai- 
feathers  vom  by  ladies,  are  tiie  covering  of  thefe  btrdsrl 

£xib«}]re!^<anil^!fdiiiidtn.thtf}r  fta^  and^^^^^^  The 
country;  tomato  ithe^^helft'Aietflki  and^ifis modiciml. 
^rin^s  and^i  l^tlis^  ei»^««d!  tb«ife  of  «ttf  iu  tiie  Jciiowji 
ip*ot1|;  '  Tlie^ii^iiib^Unes'dlP  Tttirk#>f ;  bptb  in  Europe  ami 
Aiia,  iiire  i^  geii^Ud  well  ma^def,  and  whim  young,  l&hv 
vhhdal'lc^es  and  hair.  The  men  are  robuA:»  ithe  wom*^ 
en  temarkahly  h^dfome  i  but  theylook  old  at thivt)^. 
rphe  TurkSj ifith^ir :|*etierid demeanor,  are  gcastt,  fedatea, 
an4  pajliye ;  but  when  incenfed;  furiotit  and.  umdr^Ke; 
-beyoM  eonce^liBilw'  1&  flnafitci»s  o|  xd^g^ktht^  ave^ftiper*^ 
Aitious  ^n4  mor^ j  y^t^houjtfhifli^y,  f«em  ^ha^ 
pable  o£htfln<iyA$ty  tb^arls  thc^  {Kho^dyF<Jt'  fiioin  diea  it 
veligioi!),  diey  are  nioc  dfeiroki  c^^  £o^  9l&&ionn,9mooi^: 
themielves.  HTho  sa<)ra9s  -Vii^  Aufttic  Turks  >are  iar 
-f  referable  ta^oft^ol*  the  ^tiropeahi  Tbcy  aw  hofpitablftr 
to  ftrangei^Sj  thanl^le  10  eac^-  other,  and  puni^ual  in; 
their  d^ngs.  Thei¥  ohttrity^d  jpoiblii  f^rH  k  «hkflr 
itohiipictieusiik  th^  biiik!iilf^«a^^^  h»ufyi  & 

ent€^rt^nniie&t>  ^m^ad^tkat  are  d^ftitute^of  aceomjnodtf^ 
tion'forthe  rd^dhto^l^f  poot«  pilgrikis  atld^e^ 
Wl^  the  fame  laudtfbte  ^ws,  ihey  ditg '  Well*  -on  thdir- 
iroadsi/^faich  in  this  hot  chmate,  is^a  great  iufturyvto  wear^ 
travelers. 

Their  ideas  are  very  confined,  and  i^iey  have  Itttl^.  cU<» 
ribfitr'  ^jl^  informed  ^ef-  die  ftate  of  their  own  or  any- 
btliefippuhtr^jr.     They  are  almOft  ftrdng^rs  to  ti^it  ar^dr 
ti|p:tleHbl^  co;iV^ifation.  '^hey  have  flew  boaks,  imdlfe^ 
^aa^fbut  the^Kora^/  '-^v;  r      :■  h 

The  Tui'ks^dine  at  eleven  o*cl6cii  but  (uipper  j»  tfiieir 

'  principal  meai,  which  they  take  at  ^  or  6  o'clockw.  Thef. 

nfe  nettfaer  kn^e,  fork,  or  fpoon  ;  but  convey  their  food  to* 

^ir  aio^Jl  wtthvtheir  fingers^    They  are  forbid  the  Joh: 


104 


TURKEY  W  ASU.V 


ofwineb^thaurrdt^ton.  Their  chief  dtiok  tdierrfoi^  i* 
ymtait  .Ihito^betK  aod  coffee ;  but  the^  takev^  qiuuuitities 
QCioi'ii»W  which|ffTesi  them  ieniatiQns  lilne  it^to^icatio^, 
^Jiejr  are*  hvf,  ey^a  to^  a^^proverW  A9d  Iwtire  ,Qi».  .i|cl^  of 
riding,  walking,  or  takii%i(n^kii)4  o|exetx;Ueye|tiier  for 
healm  orliiiTeracm.:  Sotoetkne^  indtted  th^ir  great  inen 
take  t)ie  diverfioniof  ■kUDtiagf  pr  vamMtith/^iQiervef  with 
ftcdtingata  madi*^  Withio-^dooi^  they  i^,a7a(> chefs  or 
draughts.  > 

'  •  I Themtn ihtve  their  headi , t  whlf^i : they  cover  with  a 
tarh^fVnduN^vtear^t^ir  beaig4f]<m^-:<^T  drefs  is  very 
looie*  fiMlimed  rouad "thev  wniii'Witha  ^ihorbeH  Sthteir 
ftocldngs  al«  ofcja  pSee^  with  tlieirr  drawers, /.a^  inftead 
of.>fiM3esth<^w<arifi|^rs»swhich  theyput^olf  whjn^ 
enter  a  |^a^  of  woruup.  ^  The  dreis  of  ther  ^omen  di£[ers 
little  from  the.meii.'  ThevTurks  are  allowed  by  la|v  four 
viyes  s  but  the  great,  men  ai«  indulged  in  .as/  many  as 
tliqr  can;  aificini  to  maintaiii*?:   .  -     .     |  ^ 

/pie.efUbliiihed^feligton   is  Mahometai^     The  laoi. 

fia|Mrgeiier(|tty;fjpMBtok  ^^^i^  Greek. 

heTttricSy ^l^iateri^rofefled a ibyereigii  contempt  for 
IsailBsng  s  aA(dl  larrfeece,  formerly  the  nurlbry  of  genius, 
aits^  and  (cJetfces,  nQif«'j>i!efetits  only  ignoiwice  and  barba- 
lifm  I  ^.e4bcati(m  o^.a  Turk  feldom  extending. ibeyond 
;3ieadiag'  the  Ki«>rani  md  writing  a ,  common  lett^. . 
'<;  rvThe  antiquities  and  curio0t^f|,l|oth  natural,  ^aodartt- 
Jkiali  in'  Afi^c  Tiiikey,  >ure  iim^mer^ble*    |ii  ancient 
.tikiiei^  thefet^  countries  contained  alithat  was  rich^  magnif- 
icent, and  beauttftil^  in  ardiite^urej  j|nd ,  fcuipt^f e ; ,  but 
^  ve^g)^',Qf  thb;.,mag9i&:ence  wbiirhftill  remam* /bear 
dirploramen^tksof  iiegleA*    Among;  fupli.a  j^^^n^tude 
of  curiofities,  we  can  only  feledl  {ome  of  the  niqu^i^^lcing, 
feo  ^tify  the  4audab|y   curious,;  youthful  mbjl*    The 
cities  of  Balbec  and<^^Palmyra>.  fonofi  ^tbe  pride  crt^^jill ;  af^ti- 
.!qiiity«  V  Balbec  is4tua^d  at  tha^ioot  of   ^u^ljyil^anus, 
iiod  itJt laijns  diiplay  the-  bojii^ft  plans  o^  ^nj^teaiire 
that  ever  were  attempted.    The  .portica  of  tl^e  temple  of 
'  H<lliopf4is  ijs(  magnificeitt  even  iu  ^'vip.    A  )(iQati  temple 
^is  Mil  ftandilig,  with  ^  nedeftal  of  eight  columns .  in  front, 
and  fifteen  in  flank,  richly  pmam^enti^d  with  £|gures  In 
;ltltQ  f^ef>  •p^preflin^  the  hg^ds  of  gods,  [  heroesi  ^^sd .  <sm- 


X 


TUR«J:Y  in  ASIA. 


JOS     ^^ 


parovi,  ^atd  pan  of  the  ancient  mythology.  The  other 
paitsof  4hU  ancient  -city  a» proportioftable»  beautiful; 
and  ftvpeiidoiis.  Vaififtus  have  been  the  conje<Aiiret  con«*^ 
opming  the  founders  of  ^efe  hmvnenfe  buildtogs.  Soipe  at« 
tribute  them  to  Solpmon  ^  and  from  the  boldncfs,  beauty, 
and  execution  of  the  whole,  it  appears  mofl  probable 
that  they  were  conftru^d  a  confiderable  period  before 
the  chnfttan.o-a.  Balbec  Is  at  preTent  a  little  city,  encom*^ 
paifed  l^  a  wall  i,  the  inhabitants,  which  are  cluefly^ 
Greeks, living  tnfmall  houfes,  built  out  of  the  ancientr 
ruios; 

Palmyra,  or  as  it  was  called  b^  the  ancients,  Tadmozf 
in  the  defert,  is  (ituated  in  the  uri^ds  of  Arabia  Petraea,  QOOt 
mtlesibuth  ead  of  Aleppo.  U  is  approached  thr(«agh  at 
narrow  ^lain,  Uaed  as  it  were  witli  the  remains  of  anti« 
quity  ;  but  opening  all  at  once,  tlie  eye  beholds  the  moi^ 
ilriking  obje£ks  the  world  aSbrdi^  The  ruin^^the  teBi<^ 
pie  of  die  fun,  to  w^ch  you  pafa  thfODgh  ift  ni^ijoabeir  of 
beautiful  Goiinduan  columns  of  wl^te  mar^^' j(upfrb» 
beyond  ^Qoncepdoo,  ftupendous  arc^,  anaazisig^colivmnf^ 
a  colonade  4<)00  i^t  in  length,  terminated  by  ji^raliil 
maufoiteum,  itempl«e,  porticos,  periftyles,  and  entablatures^ 
fintlhedin  thelugheftLftyle^  of  ert,  appear  brol^en,  fcau 
teredt^nddtsjotntfidon ftUhax^siand  thefe  liipc^b  ruin% 
oontr^^Aed  iby  the  mtfenible  liutu  of  the  wtld  At^^»  ¥r^ 
reficfe'near  them,  give  aioreiUe  Idea  o^  ^w|^  ipi^n  ,fg  -ij^^ 
a  ^at»  6f  harbarkldBpi^  aa^d  of  w4ia<|  be  >s  capabl€t>  v^y^  v^, 
dttlged'  wiih  the  beaaefits  of  ed^cjation.  I^otiiing  ^ ,  4^ 
cukr  proof  could  convince  any  man  that  ^o  xi^ag^%^ 
ce^  a  city,  10  >  miles  in  circum^enoe,  could  h^^  exiii^ijt 
in  itheonidftiof  ^hait  atie  now  barDeu-tra^  ofiuiiji^h?!^^'^^ 
aldefaadii  ^yiet  nothing  is  moree^ain  t^aUithat  ffX*^ 
myvatwa&oateiheJcApitiiliofa  Ifroal  lingd^^iin,  jtb^f^dd) 
df  tlie  i9faifterai»torHl,andjth^  the  lUMnan  Wizens  Fficiiiiff; 
edthe  luxuries  of  India  and  Arabia  frCHSa  itf>  v^^i^fp^^ 
"  But  ail  idling  bayiQ  an, jead  r'^hwdbePjactd  ckie^  ^hich 
hav9  difdafe^ilikemien^  muft^  havpe  ]lik0  dealli  w|;iii«h  ;  th<i||f } 
have.**  ,c;i.:  ■     '■.,  ;>'!^  ;  .[j 

Judea,  Is  now  a  mifod>le  ha^p  ik  ruins.    In  v«ii  4oeiP{ 


106 


TURKEY  m  ASIA. 


urhich  furrounded  the  thrones  of  Pavid  and  Solomon.  In 
vain  doei  the  devout  chriftian  look  for  traces  of  Uie  fteps, 
and  fcenes  of  the  fufferin^s  of  the  Saviour  of  the  world. 
He  i^ke  the  pi  ophetic  words,  and  in  lefs  than  forty 
years  after  his  crucifixion,  of  aU  her  palaces  and  temple» 
not  one  ftone  was  left  upon  another )  ev<ni  the  Holy 
Temple,  the  pride  and  glory  of  Judeat  was  levelled  with 
the  duft,  and  the  plough  paifed  through  the  earth  on 
which  its  lofty  columns  once  refted;  But  let  a  city  or  na- 
tion he  under  thefrown  of  Heaven,;  and  abandoned  to  the 
oppreffion  of  tyrants,  however  flouriihing,  however  fertile, 
how  foon  will  it  become  a  defert. 

'   Mecca  and  Medina  are  curiofities,  only  through  the 
Aiperftition  of  the  Mahometans  ;  the  former  being  the 
birth  place  of  the  impoftor  Mahomet,  and  the  latter  the 
place  of  his  interment.     The  neighbourhood  of  Smyrna- 
contains  many  vahiabk  antiquities.    The  iame  may  be  faid : 
of  Al^^.     Thefeaf  of  old  Troy  cannot  be  diAinguiih- 
*d^  by  the  fmalleft  veftlge,-  It  i»^  t>nly  known  by  oeing 
e^poiite  tl^ Ifle of  Tenedos.    A  templeof  manble,  buiK> 
iif  honour  of  Angulhis  at  MUlalTo  in  Cskriai&iiiif  entire  ;: 
alfo  three  theatres^and  a  noble  cir6is  near  Laodicea,haye: 
fiiffered  very  little  from  time  ;  and  fome  haVe  fuppoied- 
they  could  difcem  the  ruifis  of  the  qelebrated  temple  of 
Diana  njftir  Efi^^rttsl    The  cities  of  Turkey  as«  very  nu-- 
itliereit^bttt  fallen  from' their  ancient  grandeur  \  and  hav«> 
nig  little  or  no  trade,  they  are  very  inugnificant.   Aleppo,  . 
h^veVer,  ftill  preferves  a  ref^^able  rank  ;  it  is  the  capital 
of  Syria,  apdi^  fuperior  to  moft  of  the  Tiirkifti  cities. . 
It  is  fnmifnedi  with  moft  of  the  lieceflaries  of  life,  except  > 

food  v(^ter  ;  but  even  that  is  fuppliedi  by  an  aqueduA, 
iftant  about 4  miles,  faid  to  hay^  been  ere^^  by  the: 
tta^xet^  Hel^a.:    llie  foreign  n^rchantsWre  are  nu» 
mapo^.    llidlr  ^coffe^   i»  «iXtiellent  1^  ^  and 

fVMcihieats  d^lici^Dus.  /  f-  ; 

1|hie  heat  of  the  ^country  tnal^ee  it  convenient  for  the 
lAh^bit^Ats  to 'fleep  in  the-' open  air, .for  Which  reafon 
their  houfes  are  flat  on  the  top.  -^ 

|cB|gdat,^u^  iiip(ki  the  Tigris,  fis  Hot  far  from  the  fiif^ 
pd^y  fitebf  ancient  Babylon.  It  is  the  capital  of  ancient^ 
C^ldeat  but'reitaiAs  few  marks  of  its  Ibhner  giaiijdeU9*s^> 


V 


TARTARY  IN  ASIA- 


107 


non.  In^ 
theftepsy 
i  world, 
an  forty 
I  templei' 
the  Holy 
Ued  with 
earth  on 
ity  or  na- 
[tedtothe 
er  fertile* 

•ough  the 
)eing  the 
latter  the 
F  Smyrna 
layhefaid 
iftmguiOi. 
by  being 
jpble,  bttilt> 
lilt  entire ; 
itceathaye 
I  fuppofed 
Kmple  of 
}  jrety  tm- 
y  and  hav- 
Aleppo, 

he  capital 

iih  cities. 

jfe,  except. 

aquedu^r 
by  the. 
axe  nu» 

Fruit  and  ^ 

for  the 
reafon 

■■   % 
)f  ancient^ 


Ancient  AfTyria  is  now  called  TurkiOi  Curdidan;  the 
capital  is  Cnf^ftan*  the  ancient  Nineveh.  It  is  &id  to 
becut  out  of  a  mountain.  Orfa,  the  capital  of  Mefopo- 
tamia>  is 'now a  mean  place,  chiefly  fupported  by  a 
maiW^^re  of  Turkey  leather.  Momely  oppoflte  where 
Nineveh  fonperly  ftood,  is  in  the  fame  province. 

TefliSi  the  capiul  of  Georgia,  is  a  handfome  city  |  the 
houfes  built  of  (lone,  with  flat  reofs,  which  ferve  as 
walks  for  the  women,  for  the  Tufkifli  women  feldom  or 
ever  go  abroad,  or  are  feen  by  any.  but  their  neareft  re« 
lations. 

The  ancient  cities  of  Daihafcus,  Tyre,  and  Sidon,  ftill 
retain  part  of  their  former  trade.  The  approach  to  Da- 
mafcus  ^now  called  Sham)  by  the  river,  is  inezprefllblj 
beautiful.  It  contains  a  fine  mofque,  which  wai  former- 
ly a  chriiTian  church.  It  is  famous  for  fleet  works,  for  a 
manufa^ure  of  filk,  called  damaik^  ahd  for  rofe  water»  ex<* 
traded  from  damafk  vofes.  Sidon  lies  within  the  ancient 
Phoenecia,  has  ftill  fome  trade,  and  a  tolerable  harbour^ 

Tyre,  now  called  Tur,  fo  famous  for  its  rich  dye,  is 
now  inhabited  by  a  few  miferable  fifkermen,  who  live* 
amidft  the  ruins  of  its  ancient  grandeur,  fulfilling  the 
prophecy  in  the  fcripture,  that  Tyre,  the  Qt^een  of  Nati* 
ons,  fhould  be  a  rock  for  fifhers  to  dry  their  nets  nets  eli.* 

Natolia,  comprehending  the  ancient  provinces  ,  of  Xy^ 
dia,  Pamphilia,  Gappadocia,  Pontus,  and  many  other  ter« 
ritorles,  celebrated  in  Greek  and  Roman  hiftory,  ar  now 
only  a  theatre  of  ruins. 

Commerce  and  manufadures  are  but  little  attended  .to. 
The  Turkiih  government  is  fuch  £ls  deftroys  that  happy 
fecurity,  which  is  the  mother  of  arts,  induftry,;and  com^ 
merce.  In  an  extenfive  empire,  where  all  the  commodi- 
ties neceflary  for  the  largefl  plan  of  induftry  and  com-' 
merce  are  jirodiiced,  the  Turks  content  themfelves  with 
manufaduring  carpets,  leather,  cotton,  and  foap. 

,    SscTioN  XXIX.    TARTARY  IN  ASIA. 

IT  is  impoffible  with  any  precifion  to  mark  the  extent^ 
ltmitS|.dad  fituation,  of  the  vaft  regions  called  Afiatic 
♦  Easekid,  chap.  xxvi.  v.  5* 


4 


108 


TARTARY  IK  ASIA. 


Tctrtary.  Taken  at  its  fiiileft  extent,  it  is  bofbnded  north 
by  the  FVonen  Ocean*  e^ftby  the  Pacific.  Oceiinr,rouih 
liry  Chtiniy  Iild(a»  PerlU,  and  the  Cafpiaa  fea^.  and  weft 
byMufcovy.  It  is  4000  miles  long,  and  9400  broad, 
lying  between  50atid>150deg.  £.  Ion.  and  90  atid  72 
<leg.  N.  lat. 

'  fCainisbatka  is  a  great  peninAila,  extendi]^ firon^  north  to 
Ibn^about  ftiveii  degrees SOminutes.  It  is  divided  into^ur 
diftri^  .It  is  the ^ace  where  many  WDhapyy  European 
•xilebart  condeinnedi  taltngchr  out  the  reaiainfl|of  exigence. 

The  air  of  this  vaft  country  is  very  different.  In  fcume 
partsy  which  reat^  beyond  die  irdic  or  polar  circle,  the 
•cold  i«  ^'^ry  iittenie  {  tlie  fouthem  parts,  beine  in  the 
J^ititt  .  of  l^ain^  Brance,  sLnd  Italy^  are  pleamnt  and 
temperkte. 

Nbfi^a  Zembia  and  Ruffian  Eapland,  ar^  moft  uncom- 
Ibrtabk.  regions*  Thd  groiiiid  is  covered  with  fnow 
fiine  months:  iivtliry^ar,  and  the  face  of  the  country  is 
cncuiMbtred'  with  unwholefome .  marihes,  uninhabited 
tnomitainSy^  and  in^^enetrable  thicknefies.  The  climate  of 
Siberia  is  cold»  but  the  air  pure  and  whokfome.  It 
|^i?odtttes  rye,  oats,  and  barley,  fome  culinary  ve^tables ; 
litit'dU' attempts  tocultnrate  fruit  trees  hiive  been  hitherto 
i^afbi  |«^5K^  curratttsaind  ftrawberries  have  been  brought 
tQ  peneaiioii.  Tl^ere  are  no  bees  in  all  Siberia.  The 
ibiithehi  putsof  Tsntsry  are  -fertile*  and  where  cultiva- 
^  led^  produce  exc^ent  ihiit,  particularly  grapes.  The 
fumroers  are  dry,*^and  they  are  troubled  with  incredible 
t]Ualititiet  of  I6cvfts.  It  is  faid  that  Siberia  contains 
mines'  of  gold»  Alver,  iron,  jafper,  lapis  lazuli,  and  read^ 
ftones.  iXey  have  camels,'  drcfnedaries,  bears,  wolves, 
aMd  all  the '^fheit  land 'and  aniphib«oi!is  aniiiiais  that  are 
cemmOn  in'  thetit^therr  parts  of  Eurape. 
^- Near  Aftracan  there  is  a  bird,  called:  by  the  Ruffians, 
^  baba,  of  a  grey  colour,  fomething  larger  thiaxi  a  fwan  ; 
he  has  a  broad  bill/  under  which  hangs  a  l^ag  that  may 
contain  a  qttart  or  more  \  h^  wades'  ntar  tlie  edges  oi 
tiv^rs,  and  on  feeing  a  Ihoal  of  fmall  fifhes,  hefjpreadshls 
-^Wingsi  drives  themr  to  ir  iljallowj  where  he  vmobbkl  as 
'  maf^yt-as  he  can  imp  his  bag,  then  going  on  uxorp  ^^ts 
them,  or  carries  tiiiem  to  tlie  young.  ;^   * 


TARTAKY  m  ABIAi  j^ 

^  The  TAot  m,  i^^,!^>S!?  *«  '"T^ilmbir 

btamifnl.  .  V-     *^'«ffia«'«»omen  are- eifrft^ 

wechMiics,  except  duS  S^^  "?*"«  '^'"f  ^3  few 
^*o  tend  th^  flocfa^^lSL*  *''*7  <"^f  *"iipIoyihm 


Puffed  kyc.«  or  melaSS'  ^'"^  ^<'«^^e. 
«t.»ed«t  *gtea(;  <ige;  W ari •/if JXf!?.^*'? <^?»? have 
tempers,  the  neareft  ^iZTi^^iy^  memm  diC 


fioM,  Iratiadolft.  tf -.„™Ilr'""  'here  with  fome  DtavL 


t(ii.So.tid  s.;"  y^  ~te°rw; ,  »ia./S^ 

*hem  through  all  ng^  *°  *^  ?|»^nts  has  dm^m 

Thejr  lire  i/h«,,  Z^  ^tSS*  '^«"^« H^Jv 
** 'n  the  middle,  and  a  S,  ^*"*£  *]=  8'-'S'n<J  *ith  1 

They  awifor  tfenioftTaH  ZS'-rP"-  ■  "™ 

Mahometwiffti,  andeven^Ch^^^  !.*°T"^?«'*  M^ 

2s2?.=.™*£d?f  Mta^^'tHflv  ^^i^!m 


^-  coiifidii^tZ;^  °"„**™>  hint  tiife' hjiar^ 


110 


TAHTARY  IN  ASIA. 


thj  mo^  dil^nt  pgrtt  to  bring  him  rich  offerings.  The 
pn^t  make  thefe  fuperftitioui  enthufufti  believet  when 
the  I^ama  fippeact  to  die  of  age  or  infirmity,  ]iil  foul  only 
quitt  its  crazy  hjibitation,  to  pafs  into  another,  younger 
suiKl  better,  which  dhey  pretend  to  have  the  power  of 
difcOTering,  and  accor^lingly  they  fpcedUy  procluce  fome 
child  or  ypQthy  vrhom.they  afiirm  is  t^e  renovated  i.ania. 
The  iffnorant  oeinffs  are  deceived,  believe,  and  blindiy 
•yrorikip*  The  rendence.of  the  grand  X^arna  is  at  Patoli, 
.»  Val^  paldL^  on  a  mountain  near  the  bankt  of  the  Bur- 
ruiiipooter.  Thci  Thibetaaxtf  have  a  great  veneration 
(iDt  Uie  coiir,  which  they  iay  a/Forde^  we  firft  man  his 
^rft  nourilhmrat*  They  alfo  haiire  a  high  refpeA  for  the 
•Faters.qf  the  Oan^y,  the  (burce  of  which  thev  beUeve 
to  be,  in  heaven.  Ohiey  have  another  fcd»  called  Scha*- 
manes.  They  confiderr  women  as  very  inferior  to  men ; 
that  they  virere  created  only  to  j>eople  the  worlds  and  to 
look  aft^  houjfehold  affi^vs. 

Thoni^h  at  prefent  the  Tartars  aire  fo  rudeand  barbae 
f  biii,  yet  ynder  the  reisn  of  Jengis  Khan  and  Tamerlane, 
.and  tfieir  early  defcendants,  Aftracan  and  (he  neighbour* 
mg  conntries  were  the  feats  of  learning  and  politenefs,  as 
^wi^l  at  empire  and  magnificence.  Learning  was  the  firft 
iii^  of  thde  princes,  and  confequently  lof  their  court. 
Tliey wrote  in  the  Perfian  and  Arabic  tongues)  and 
-^^manv  of  their  hiftories  are  ftill  extant. 

The.curiofities  in  Taitary  are  comprehended  in  the  re- 
mains of  bttildhigs,  towers,  ditches,  and  ramparts,  and 
other  velU^s  of  decayed  importance,  fome  maufoleums, 
.cemeteric^f^fepulcnral  vaults. 

*Ofth^r  cities  and  towns,  we  know  little  but  their 
names  and  that  they  -^re  no  better  than  fixed  hordes^ 
Wc  do  x)ot  find  tiiat  they  are  under  any  regular  gov- 
eri^ment,  or  ^9t  the^r  could  make  a  defence  agakiil  any 
enemy. '  ToboUk  and  Ailracan^  however,  are  confiderable 
.citiiss,  and  (bme  forts  and  villages  have  been  lately  erefl* 
•ed  by  the  Ruffians,  in  different  parts  o£  Siberiabv 
>>rhe  Tartars  have  little  conundrce,  the  chte^of  their 
nrii^cponfifting  in  cattle,  and  fine  ox  tails,  which  are  taken 
#C)t£  si  f)|^e]s  of  animal,  caUed  the ,  grunting  ox  $  ^ey 
;are  lieau^fully  ^hitei  ansi  foft  as  fiiki  viery  long  and  glo^j^  ^ 


Eiwins  OF  cum.  nj 

^«r,.v  XXX.   EMPIRE  OF  CHINA. 


J^'^J'"'  '''«^^«3'1fe.     r"*^  rive,,  ,li- 
?W7«n<li«erei«in  CMmr  ^vy*    Common  water  i/ 

Nanhn  Md  Canton.    But  thdr  -^^  *"'^*  ««  thofe  of 
«M»mifaamoBri)eoX     ?i- "•«'•»«'««•  of  a  Moft  wi& 

to  the  fouU»,hot    l^feS    "^"l"  '«>  tie  middle  mad! 
^'^'"^    £»e,7  raretree,  a^fttScT^^:;^.^ 


3W 


EMPIRE  OF  emHA. 


medkinai,  that  aboua4  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  are  to 
be  found  ^  China»  and  fome  peculiar  to  itielf.  Some  few 
muft  be  particularly  imentioned. 

The  tallow  tree  has  a (hort  trunk,  fmoothbark,  crook- 
ed branches,  snd  leaves  fhaped  like  a  heart ;  is  about  the 
height  of  a  common  cherry  tree.  The  fruit  it  produces 
hasalltl^e^iit^ities of  taU<yw, and  when  mixed  with  oil, 
ikrve^  lliQx^tives  for  candles.  Of  the  other  trees  peculiar 
ioChip^  theitt  ai^eibme  which  yield  a  kind  of  flour,  and 
others  partaike  «f  the<naiure  of  pepper.  The  gum  of  fome 
is.|K)ifon^i8,  yet  afford  the  fined  vamtih  in  the  World.  But 
wemitft  not  pafk  over  in  Alence  the  raw  filk,  which  £> 
muclr  abounds  in  China,  nor  the  tfa  fjctnt,  or  ihrub.  It  i» 
plinted  in  rows,  and  pruned  to  prevent  its  luxurianey. 
Xt  is  generally  thought  that  the  green  and  bohea  tea  grow 
on  t)M  fanae  plant,  but  the  difference  between  them  con- 
0(^  ift.tl^e'raethod  of  curing  for  ufe  (to  which,  notwit^^* 
ftanding their, endeavours  to  difcover  it,  Europeans  are 
i^ill  ArsMigers.  The  other  kinds  probs^y  take  their  namea 
&onp|)b(|  provinces  in  whio^h  ^ey^Qw,>and.  'their  quaii- 
li^s  irom  the  difevence  'Ofthe  f<^l:  m  iR^ch  thej  aite  cul* 

|iyate4*  -^r!--  ;  ;!?:5rti*>-'  ■■  ■  -"•-■^'  -^  ■  ••- 

.  ^1^1  w4SLi|itrodviced  inio^gland^boiit^  thne  diae 
CSromwell  was  ptMite^tor  «»f  the  kingdom^  and '  il:  ^eoanis 
common  at  court  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

Gini^ng,  a  valuable  medictnal  root*  is -a  native  of 
Ouna,  tJiQugb  it  ha«  of  lite  years  been  alfo  difco^ered  in 
ibin,e  parts  of  America.  China  is  faid  toiprodiice  all  tfa« 
aaetals  and  n^erals,  that  aire  laiown.in  ,^e  world  ;  white 
copper  i$  pec^^iar  to  this  cowitry.  The  Chinefe,  afraid? 
^  ht|r$u^  iQ^fhT',  by  imsratd^cingi  too  much  gold,  fuf^ 
£er  thi^r  goldmines  to  t»k  uaydifturbed,  or  oi^y  flightly 
woi^  ^em,  smd  the:  chief  of  that  metal  ufed  in  China;  i»' 
fupplied  by  grains  picked  \ip  liaJi^eiiHadof  rurers  and 
BioAiat^B*.-      ^-^ir  i... ,  -,  .    ■  -^ 

.According  tofGpneaccDttntSitiiere  are  58^000»0d0  tit 
inhab^^tpts  in  Chii» ;  and  BotwiiliftoBRding  the  great  in>- 
duftry  of  th^  peti^e^  l^eir  aaiaaii%  pofnlatioD  Ireqitentif 
occafionsA'  diediSi  of  pn)v^on&  l4rents  who  tamioc 
import  t})ieiirj|^macle'di^ren,  are  i^owed  to  baft  theni^ 
V9^.ikt,mmih  >but they  laften  a  goard to  the^tiids  thalt 


EMPIRE  OF  CHlM. 


Ife 


it  Rlight  float  on  the  watet,  ahd  tliere  are  often  coihpaf- 
fionate  people  of  fortuiiei  who- fnA^ch  them  fix>m  thewatry 
grave,  and  bring  them  xxp,  '  '   - 

TheChinefe  are,  in  their^tfons^  middle  fi«ed  j  thetr 
^ces  broad,  with'  fmali  black  eyes,  and  ihortnofes ;  their 
complexion  towards  the  north  is  fair,'  tothe  fbnth  fwar- 
ihy,  and  the  fatt6^  a  man  is,'  the'faandfomer  thet  thiidc 
him.  The  women,  thotrgh  florid  in  their  corhpfexioh^,  > 
are  delicate;  they  are  refmarkablefor  little  feet  i  as  ntc 
gentlemen  of  fortune,  efpecially  thofe  Who  are  leaiiied. 
For  long  naihi,  which  they  let  grow  to  a  great  lengthy  tto  • 
fliew  they  are  not  empioyed  in  any  manual  labour.- 

The  genius  of  the  Chinefe  is-  peculi«r  to*  ritemfdveS.  - 
They  have  no  idea' of  what  is  beautiful  ih-wHtmg,  regular 
in  archite^ure,  ov  -natw'al  in  painting ;  and. yet  in  gar- ' 
dic^ning  and  planning  their^rounf*s,  they  hit  on  the  true 
fubtime  and  beautifiih  They  <^^  excell^t'aridhnetf- 
eians,  and'^perfbrAi  their  operations  with  incredible  quick- 
nefs.  '  It  is  ffenerftlly  believed  Ihat  they  underflood  print- 
ing before  the  Europeans,  for  thiey  had  printed  almanacs, 
many  hundred  years  before' the  art  was  difcdvered  ih 
Europe.  There  is  no  part  of  the  world  where  li^hing 
IS  honout«d  with  liich  diftin Aion  as  in  China.  .  ThSs-^ifel"- 
ati  are  the  only  nobility^knOwn  in  China.  If  their  btfdi 
be  ever  fo  mean  and  low,  thfey  become  mandarins  of  the 
higheft  t^nk,'  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  their  learning. 
On  the  cdntrary,  however  exaJted  dieir  birth  may  bit, 
they  quickly  fmk  intb  poverty  andobfcurityj;  if  they  tiegf- 
Itfft  thofe  ftudies  vHhich  raifed  their  fathers.       •  ;^ 

'  The  invention  of  gun  powder  is  jultty  claimed  by  tl» 
Ohinefei  who^made^Seof  it  again  ft  Zinghi*  Khan  arid 
Tamerlane';  but  they  were'  unacquainted  with  the  life  df 
fihall  fire  armir.    Their  induftry  in-  manufkaures  of  ftiiflS, 
porcelain, -japanning  &c.  can  only' be  equalled,  by  their  " 
labours  in  » leaking  canals," -levelling  mountain^,^  7atfih|; 
gardens,  and  navijg^ating  their- junks  and^>oalts.>'    'BiJ!^ 
^  'Few  natural  curiofities  prefent  themfelves  *  iit  Clh^, 
Ihey  hav^  fome  few  volcartofes,  and  Tome' of  th^i:  Jalrfs 
arefaid'to-iJetriiy  even  fifliv  when  thfey  are  put  intd  them, 
'liie  great  wa^l,  bulk  to  prevent  the  iricurfions  of  the'Tki?-  - 
taxfi)  is^Aid  to  e;it«n<i  nearly  1500inileS|  rifing  overnumii^-- 

1^2 


4p-\ 


IH 


EMWaE  OF  CHINA. 


tarn  9.nd  dafcending  bfia  valUes.  It  is  built  of  brick  and 
Ziionar  9  but.ib  weU  tempered^  that  though  it  has  ftood 
for  1800  years,  it  is  but  litt^  decayed.  The  Chineie 
j^4g^s  canaot  be  f^ffipieuil^oadmired ;  Come  are  built 
.uj^n  barges  ftxo^^  cb^^ufd  together*  j^t  £o  9|s  to  be 
pai^4!  and  let  vefjefe  ;^a£i  that  iail  up  and  down  the 
;]rii|er  i  fome  ran nc^ mounta^iito xnowntain, a^d  con)^ 
o]^^  one  arch^  That^v«r  t^  river  Safra#y,  is  SCK) 
cubits  highland  4QQlong,  though  «inly  ope  arch.  They 
have  alfo  triuinphal;  axches,'^  and  iepulchial  monuments  in 
tb>  co|intry,  which  as^  gteat  curipiiti^s.  Their  pemples,or 
pagoda$>  are  grcaf  «i|ab3lilhinentsto  the  face  of  thecoun- 
ti;-y*  Thai^ sitNanlunr which h 200feetiugh and  40  ii)  dia- 
meter,  igthi|.moft  adxnired  ;  it  is  called  the  Porc^^hi 
Towex>  b^fki^fe  it  is  lined  -with,  Qhinefc:;  tiles.  ^ 

Tl^^ur  <utie8  are  immoiife,  and  very  numeroiu^,;  a^ionn^. 
Higl^  ffSTerai  thou^d  walled  citiep  j  the  chii^ef  whidi 
arePekui,  Nankin,  afid  Canton.    Pekin  is  the  capital  o£ 
.^  whole  empire,  and  the  refidence  of  their  emperors. 
^t|^;^«alUlitul  gati^s  of  P«kin  ^e  of  the  furprifu^  he^ht 
.qtSO^  cubi|s,and  ib  broad  that  centinels  on  horft  back 
,^re;  placed  on  them,  and  houies  are  these  built  for  ;the 
gUf^4'>*     Idpfi  p£  the  ftceets  are  buih  in  a  dire^  li»e»  the 
^ge^  is  ISO  feet  broady aiid  a  league  in.. length..    The 
hoiM^f  in  this  city  are  low  and  poorly  built  $  but  the 
inlperial^ palace  deferves  notice,, not  fo  xmich  for  it& 
grandeur  4)r  elegance,  as  for  the  multitude  of  its  gar- 
)a«^>aj^  buildings,  aU  regularly  difpofed.     Within  the 
walls  are  not  only  the  emperor  Vhouie,  but  a  little  town*, 
ii^abited,  ^y  the  officers  of  the  court,    Thf  walls  oif  this 
p^aeeafiK  n^or^  than  3  xnilecrin  ckcumferf n/se,  oroament- 
ed  without,  and  fiirni^ed  within,  wi^  ^  that  is  beauti-^ 
j^),^iic]^,andrare,  in  China  ^nd  the  adjacent  ccwntries. 
.  ..  Thgugh  PeV-tn  is  the  Capital,  yet.  Nankin  is  faid  to  ex- 
Cj^;^,  bo^h  h^  extent  and  population, ;    but  Canton  is 
the  greateft  pq>rt  in  China,,  and  indeed  the  qnly  one  that 
}^  been;  n>uch  .viiited  hy  j|i|Foppans.    This;^ity  4si,  five 
Jnt^lff  in  cirx^umfiirpnce.    T)^  country  around  i^  is  bea^- 
|ifuii}l  inter%pr(4^  ymx^  il^unt;Mn9*  hills»  ^^a^ies,  fm^lL 
tow^  high  towers  su^d  the  p^la^es  of .  the  i^ftndarms,. 
iraJb^^ed  with  dfiU^tful,  lakes  mJk^amk^  md^  &fM^ 


\ 


EMPIRE  OF  CHIHA- 


rm 


branches  from  the  rivfn  Tay  ;  on  which  are  numbedeff 
f[9mipani8  and  junb,;  •  Hog  different  ways  thfOjugh  a^ 
jQoft  fertile  country^  The  city  has  feveral  iron  gates, 
withia  iidefach  is.a.gnard  hovfe.  The  ftreet^are  (^ight, 
and  paved  with  flag  ftonesj  ibut  they  are  narrow^  <  and 
on  that  accoonty  crowded  and  inconven^Dt*  'Woinen^f 
rank  or  faihion  are  ieldoai  ieen  in  the  ftreets;  Thtf 
have  an  excellent  market  for  Sefii,  SSkt  pottltry^  and  veg- 
etables.   . 

China  IS  fo  hapi|^  fitiiated»  and  produces  fuch  »  ta» 
riety  of  materials  foTvmanu&dtures,  that-  it  JIMiy  .  be  faid* 
to  be  the  native  land  of  induftry  ;  but  thoitgfb^  '^14^  hftile 
great  ikill  and  neatndV  in  their  worl^  they  hNfivrio^^faer- 
tafte  nor  elegance.     The  l]keautji£al  manQfia<dure  of  poro^ 
lain,,  called  in  general,  China,  is  well  kn0wn  and  highiP 
efteemed  ;-  dbe  Ghinefe  filks.ahd  gauzes  sve  alfo  vakiai^ 
articles  of  traffic^  as  alfo  their  muflins  and  other  c^ttd&i 
manufa^ures. 

Though  the  Chinefe  are  kiolator^,^  yet  their  ^iIoib» 
.  ,phers  and  legiflators  feem  to  have  very  }uft  ien^iiments  of' 
the  Supreme  Being.     The  morality  of  Confuciim>is-a  moSt 
eicellent  fyftem»  and  fipproxiijc^atea  to  that  of  chriftkintty.. 
The  public  roads  in  China  are  rexnarlEftbly  good  j   gre«tt 
atjtention  hafr  {been  paid  to  the  falety  ^md  con-veni^pcfrof' 
travellers.     Thefe  roads  are  in  general  very  broad.$  y«d* 
lies  have  been  filled  up,  and  parages  cut  through  tjiscks 
and  mountains,  in  order  to  make  the  highways  jcomnio--- 
dious,  and  pr^ferve  them  upon  a  level.     Th^y  v^re  bor- 
dered with  lo&y  trees,  and  in  genersd  paved.     The  tinn^ 
■  on  the  roads  are  numerous^  but^  the  acAommodattqns  tnd^-> 
ferent ;  and  a  traveller  who  is  not  willing  to  fleep  en  a*, 
bare  mat  muft  carry  his, bed  with  him.  ? .^    ^     --t^.   :  ■ 

Their  trade,  it  is  well  known,  is  open^^^.aR'Eu^r^aiv^ 
nations,  with  whom  they  deal  for  ready  nK»K^  X  ^^or  iudlt 
h  the  ^ride  and  avarice  of  the  Chkiefe,  tbat'lJi^y;  thk^ 
no  manufa<5inre  equal  to  their  own,  though  it  i&  e4^t9in» 
iince  the  difcovery  of  the  porcelain  manufa^res,  andthe^^ 
vaft  improvements  t^e  Europeans  have  made  in  weayingj;^ 
!  the  commerce  of  China  has-been  oa  the  declin^*^ ' 


lie 


INDIA  IN  GENERAL; 


-  '-  SHcTiofr  X3^XPi    INDIA  IN  GENERAL.      - 

,..  :         •  .......    i      .  .  .  .......        _    ,  ^ 

THIS  vafl  coiwitfy  ir  fiihirat^-'fewecii''  68  tod  109 » 
^(ftig4  'E^  1^.  dhd  WWeen  1  and  40  deg.  N.  lat.     It  k 
lltouii*d'nortbb5^Ufti*5  Tartary  and  Thibet,  firath  by 
^  Indian  Oe^tr,  eaft  by  thb  Chinefe  Sea,  and  weft  by 
Berlia'andthe  Ihdiah  SiHL 

It  may  properly  be  divided  into  S  parts.  The  Empire 
oC  the  Mdgu)^  called  gefiferatlylndoftan.  The  Weftem 
]V»iiif^^dii  this  fide  the  Gangev.  The  Eaftern  Penin- 
luUi,  b^nf^  d^e  Gaiiges; 

llidia  I&' the  rieh^  cotxiitry>  in  aHAfia^  and  takes  its 
Jljime  Itdm  the  river  Indus/ ^ 

■  The  otf^nak  rnhabitahts'of  Indik-  are  callt^  Gfentoos, 

-«r  by  ib|ne   Hindoos,  and  their  country  Hindodftan. 

^ffy  pf«tend4:hat  Bnunma^-  who  was  their  legiflator  in 

politics  and  religion,  was  inferior  only  to  God  himielf, 

aiid  tfiat  he  ^exi&d  many  thoufand  years  before  our  ac- 

"  tO«nt  of  thi&'iiriBationi'    This  Brtmima  was  probably  fome 

great  and  'i»Oodm^,  whofe  wifdom-atid  benefitence  led 

the=|»6o]^fe  io  pay  him  divine  honour.     The   Bramini, 

^(S  are|he  G^itt^b^^priiftfts,  pretend  that  he  bequeathed ' 

t&the^-'aibook  calle#the   Shahftah,' containing-  hisdoc- 

ttlaes'f  a^d  that,  though  the  original  is  Ibft,  they  are  ftill 

po^H^  iof  a  commentary  upon  it,  writteit  in  the  Shan- 

fti^-langua^,'"v4sich  is  under ftood  only  by  the  Bramins 

-  tiiemfdVeS^'.  -This  dodrine  oonfiftsMn  a  beliief  of  one  great 
<  ttnd  S^^eme  Bfeiong,  Who  created,  rules,  and  go^j^ms  all 

thing^V  [rK  the  immortality  of  the  foul  and  a  future  ftate; 
T¥fmtjdi'&  and  pmu(hmentis,  Whicli  is  to^  confift  of  a-  tranf- 
migrdtion  into  diffferent  bodies,  according  to  the  li^esthiy 
nhktc  led'in*their  preexiftent  ftate  ;  biit  many  of-  the  fol- 
lowers of  Brumma  are  grofs  idolaters,  worlhi^ping  dif- 
-^ent  animal^  and  the  moft"*  hideous  inanimate-  Inures 
and  images.  The  Hindoos,  are  divided  into  &ur  gneat 
tribes;  The  firft  are  the  Braminsv  "^"ho,  like  the  Levites 
umong  the  Jftwsj  alone'  eah  6dScitlte  in  the  piefthood^i 
but  are  forbid  all^^Ofh^  puilltiits,  by  the  religibu'S  !*»%» 
Thefecond  tribe  are  the  Sittfi,  who  ought  tobe  ^rfl-^iiii^.*' 
taiy  men, ..  The  thii'd  are  the  Beife,  who  are  chidEly ^f]^£^- 


« 


.^;/^. 


INDIA  IN  GENfeHAL. --^U  ui 


ehants  and  fhopkeepers .;  and  the  fourth  is  the  tribe  of 
Sudder,  who  are  menial  fervants,  and  incaprble  of  raif- 
Ing  tbemfelves  to  any  fuperior  rank.  If  any  one  belong- 
ing to  either  of  thefe  four  tribes,  are  excommunicated, 
they  are  Aiut  from  all  fociety  ifbrever,  excepting  that  of 
the  Harri  caft,  who  ate  held  in  utter  deteftation  by  ereiff 
one,  tfnd  only  employed  in  the  vileft  offices.  Thi?  cWpw 
iequence  of  excommunication  is  fo  dreadful^^  that  a  fiih* 
doo  will  ftt!ff)er  d^ath  rather  than  deviate  from  one  artier^ 
of  his  faitli.  How  happy  wotfld  it  be  for  nrtankind  werfe 
eveiy  «hriftian,  who  wilfully  deviates  from  ttie  gre^ 
moral  principles  of  his  rdig^bn,  thttscondenmed  to  obld- 
quy»rbaniihed  fociety,  and  trfeatcd  as  an  objefk  of  contempt 
and  iboi4i  $  fuch  a  conduift,  uniformly  praftifed  by  die  wife 
and  good,  efpecially  if  they  were  m  exilt^d  ftations,* 
would  tend  mbre  to  the  teformatiotv  iof  the  n^oirid,  than 
^heavieft  pecuniary  fines,  or  fevereil  cofporeal  puni(h- 
ment.-  Wer«uyicelnit  once  unfalhionnble,  it  would  fooni 
be  aihamed  to  (hew  ks  iiead.         '        - 

BefiCles  ^i^e  di^idons,  the  Gr^ntO(^  ar^  fubdivecMi 
into  ctffts  or-claffeft.  A  member  ^a  ^fe^ibt '6aft,wci\sl<i 
Afteem'Hitalelf  diflionoUred  by  any  intercourfe  with  one 
of  ftn  rnrferior  caft  ;  nor  Will  any  Hhki^  but  extreiae  hun-l 
gett^  oUfge  tiiem  to  tafte  the  food  prepared  by  or  for  an 
inferior,  tboogii '  the  latter  receit«s  the  -foialieft  noti^ 
from  a  fuperior  with  the  greateft  refpedt.  The  membeiti 
of  each  caftTlidhere  invariably  to  the  religion  of  utheijr . 
forefadiers.  All  thefe  cafts  acknowledge  the  Braziiin^ 
for  their  priefts,  and  believe  in  tranfmigratipn,  wlup]^  ob- 
liges Chem  not  only  toaMain  frbtn  aniznal  food»  btkt  to 
be  patiKCnlarly  eamtrl  not  to  hilrt  ati^  llvii'ig  creature^ 
however  infignificant ;  but  the  inferior  calls  ai^  xniidh 
lefs  fcrupftlovsin  '^is  particn^lar,  and  wiU ,  eat  \ though^ 
fparingly}both  offi&  and  Heih.  Their  jirmcipal  fooif 
is  rice,  vegeti^bles,  and  -milk. 

Their  mamiers  are -gentle;  and  their  happineft  confifts 
m  the  folates  of  dbmeftic  life.  Tlieir  laws  aftloW  feveral 
wive^^but  they  fekk>m  faa^d  more  t3ian  ope  ;.  and  ^ 
dieceiicV  of^dameanef^  fidelity  ta  their  vows»-  Mi  MtHmit 
easpdiW^^ir  families,  wtiich  charaaeriie  the  GMoj^f 
viv<^  l)(»ght  4o  honour  to  human  nature  in  more 


m 


INDIA  BEYOND  TH]^  GANGES;. 


need  coiintfies^  Their  religion  forbids  them  to  quit  theb 
owQ^hbres.  They  are  penuaded  '  that  the  waters  of  the\ 
three  great  rivers^  Ganges,  Kiftna,  and  Indus,  have  the 
(acred  virtue  of  purifying  all  who  bathe  in  them ;  and  thefe 
iacreoc  rivers  are  fo  fitUatedt  that  there  is  not  any  part  of 
l^dia  ^Isere  the  inhabitants  may  not  have  an  opportu-^ 
pixy  of  ^Willing  away  their  fins;  Their  (bldiers  are  Gall- 
ic rajah  ppots.  They  are  a  brave,  faitliful  people,  and- 
win  entei^into  the  fervice  of  any  that  will  pay.  them  ;  but 
when  thetr- leader  falls  in  battle,  they  thipk  it  no  (lain 
upon  their  honour  to  run  off  the  field,  as  they  fuppofe 
their  engagements  with  him  then  finifhed^ 

The  ouSom  of  women  burning  themfelves  upon^  the 
jKlzvecfl  pile  of  their  h^ibands^  ft^U  continues  to  beprac- 
tii(ed;jamong  them,  though  not  io  frequent  as  fdrnierly. 

The  temples  or  pagodas  of  the  Gentoos,  are  Aupen^ 
dpus,  but  difguftful  ftone  buildings,  bredked  in  every  capi<^ 
tajl }  there,  are  however  fome  few,  which  are  highly  or-- 
fiamental,  and  difplay  both  tafte  and  magnificence.  The 
people  of  Indoftanase*  governed  by  no  written  laws,  nor 
sstherealawyerki.  their  wboje  empire.  Their  courts  of 
m^ice  are  regulated,  by  precedents.  The  complexion^  o£ 
^i^e  Gentoo9^ls  black,  their  hair  long,  and  features  regu- 
lar. They  are  however  ambitious  of  interm^trrying  with 
t)ie  ^^erfians  and  Tartars^,  on  account  of  <  the  fairaefs  of 
their  complexion.^. 

^crw?f.X:pn..,INDm-BEydNl>T       GANGES. 

.^l^^^S  pjimtnfidaiii  bounded  by  Thibet  ,»xd  China  on 
tnenort^)  eaft  by  the  Qhinefe  Sea,  foutb^bythe  StMiits  of 
Ma|acca>andvby;  the-Biay  oif  Bengal  and  hither  India  on 
the  Weft.  It  is  2000  miles  long^  and  1000  broad,  lying 
^iween  1  and  30  deg.  N«  lat.  and  92  and  109  deg.  £. 
n>n.  1%^  whole  of  this  pehinfula  was^  unknown  to  the 
ll^cieiits^iindriiL^p^irtly  fa  tP  the  xnoderns^ 

.'Tlie  air  of^e^^  but  ii^ 

$Qme;place%  mbi(|  and  confeq^ently  unhealthy.    Ilie  cli* 
nijai!ei$l|D^]bje^  to]  Hurricanesr  (hre^d^  tempefts  of  thun* 
il",  li|^tnmg,  ^n4  immenfe  large  hail,  alfo-  inundations,, 
'i^^atiheiiou&s  are  huilton  piuais,  to  defend  themitotari 


INDIA  BEYOND  THE  dANGE3^         ni 


ihe  floods;  They  have  no  feafdfn$  but  the  ^i  slnd  the 
dry.  The  eafterly  and  weft^y'monfoons  .prevail  in  this 
country. 

They  have  mountains,  running  from  '  north  to  Touth' 
almoft  the  H»hole  length  of  the  country  ;  i)ut  the  Wjids 
near  the  ieaire  low,  and  overflowed  in  the  Viiny  feafon.! 
There  are  numerous  rivers  in  India,  But  the' Booram- 
pootfcr  is  b^fkrthe  moft  cbniiderable.  It  is  called  the 
rival  fitter  of'  the  iJanges.  Thefe  two  noMe  rivers,  When 
they  approach  the  fea«  divide  into  fuch  a  niultitiide  dT 
xhannels,  and  receive  fuch  a  number  of  naVigiibie. 
ftreams,  that  atraft  of  country  nearl/  equal  to  Gibat: 
Britain  in  extent,  enjoys  by  their  m^ans,  die  fineft  iiilknil' 
navigation  diat  can  be  conceived,  and  .gives  etnph'ywxi 
to  SOiOOO  boatmen.     ■  ^^ 

The  foil  of  this  peninfiila'isiruitftiY  in  genetzd,'  and  pro- 
duces all  the  delightful  fruits  that  are  fbund'  in  other 
countries  contiguous  to  the  Ganges,  as  WelV  roots  as  veg- 
etables, alfb  f^t  petre,  and  Indian  Oak.  It  'abounds  m 
filk.  Quadrupeds,  both  domettic  and-wUd>  particularly 
elephants,  ar6  tobe  foui)d  here,  die  fanieai  ih  th^  fouth- 
em  climates  of  Afia.  The  natives  carry  on  a  great  trade 
in  g9ld,  diamonds,  rttlties,  topazes,  amediyfts,  s^nd  dther 
preciatts  ftones.  X 

Tonqui»»produces  little  or  no  corn  orwine  ;  T)ut  it 
is  the  moft  healthful  country  of  all  the  peninfijla.  The 
Tonquinefe  are  excellent  -mechanics  and  fair  traders,  but' 
greatly  opprefTed  by  the  king  and  nobility.  The  people; 
m  the  fouth  are  a  ifavage  race,  and  goailzhoft  tiaked/ 
with  large  amber  and  coral  rings!,  and  gc^d  and  fill! 
ver  bracelets.  In  Azem,  wnich  is  thought  one  of  tbe' 
fineft  countries  in  Afia,  the  people  prefer  dog*s  f]e{h  td 
all  cither  animal  food,  though  they  eat  rats,  mice,  ferp^nti^. 
and  ftinking  fiih.  ^  .    , 

Though  the  religious  fuperftitiohs  that  ixrevail  in  this 
peninfula,  are  extremely  grofs,  yet  they  believe  jn  a  £a^ 
ture  ftate,  and  when  their  kings  die,  a  number  of  ani-' 
mals  are  buried  "wnth  them,  and  fuch  ycflels  of  gold  and 
filver,  as  they  think  wilt  be  ufeful  to  them  in  a  ^ime  Kfe.^' 
Th(e  commerce  and  manufadmes  are  various,  in  the  dif* 
j^reat  countries.    They  are  very  iivduttnous  in  JRreaving^ 


1^         pH>IA  3EYOND  TH£  GANGES; 


embroi4erii^  and^fewiag.  The  fioenefs  of  xhtiv  linen» 
an^  their  filigree  work  in  gold  and  fdyer,  are  beyond 
any  thing  of  the  fame  kind»  to  be  found  in  any  other 
partt  of  the  wo^ld.  The  commerce  of  India  ii  courted 
in  all  trading  nations*  and  was  known  even  in  tihe  time 
of  Solomon  j  even  the  Greeks  and  Romans  drew  their 
hig^eA^articles  of  luxury  from  thence* 

Th^  rarities  and  cities  in  ^bek  countries  are  fo  nume- 
reiisyithat  it  is  neceflary  tp  give  a  flight  4^etoh  of  the 
wiotts  kingdoms  to  which  they  belpng.  We  knowt  little 
of  |he;kii^aomofTipra,  butthat  it  was  once  fubje^  to 
the  latng  ot  Arracan,  and  that  they  fe^d  to  the  Chineie 
iUk  andigold»  for  which  they  receive  filver  in  return.  Ar« 
raipan  lies  to,  the  fouth  of  Tiprai  and  is  governed  by 
twelve  princes,  mb}ed  to  tlie  chief  king,  who  refides  in  a 
large  palace  in  his  ci^»tal|  in  whidi  we  are  told  th^e  are 
ilpyen  idols,  caA:  in  gol^t  two  mches  thick,  each  of  a 
iQ^'s  height,  covered  widi. diamonds,  and  other  p^ecious^ 
ftones.  Macsbo  is  the  gtenx.  mart  of  trade  o|  the  king- 
dom of  Pes u.  We  know  little  of  the  kingd<»n  of  Ava, 
oply  thattSW  king^  aiTumes  honours  next  to  divine* 

11^  pk^gdc^n^  ^  S^^  has  often  b^en  deferibed  in 
the|  ^oif{  '^btnantic  terms,  and  in  Come  ca&s,  4)eyond  the 
fatbun^s  of  probability.  It  is  indeed  ungommonly  rich 
gu^d.  ilpuriihing.  It  is  f^rrounded  by  h'igh  unountains, 
qindits  extent  is.  very  uncertav]^  ;  it  is  however  very  in- 
d^erenitl}  peopled.  The  inhabitants  |<^  this  kingdom 
sfffimpxe  delicate  in  their  manners  than  thofe  of  the  red 
oCtbe  |>eAii^la,  Tj^ej  take  great  care  of  the  education 
df '  tiiieir  children.  Siam,  the  capital,  is  very  extenfive, 
Ij^^v^y, thinly  iiilha^ted.  The  government  is  very  def- 
n^^Ck,;  ^etven  the  mandarins  proltrate  tbemfelves  before 
the  l^impk  The  Butcb  have  a  fadorv  at  Ligor,  which  is 
ih  Siam. 

.,;The,:penmfulaof -Malacca  is  a  large  country,  con- 
taining ibveral  kingdoms,  though  the  Dutch  are  the  real 
mailers  hete*  'Xpie.nattyes  are  but  little  better  than  ani-\ 
i^^h  flying \  merely .  from  inftind.  Its  chief  ^odws&m 
jp^jfer,,xv^,  elephant's  teeth,  caaes^  and  gunas.  :  ¥ 
'^simbQm^  Is  s^  Coventry  little  kiiown  to  Europeaius* 
*"  *    ^  -     -  ji^hfs  a  Ip^cious  river  i?inni|ig:  through  tty 


mWA  WITHIN  THE  CANOES.  .       lai 

tKe  banks  of  which  are  the  only  habitable  parts  in  the  na« 
tioD»  on- account  of  theftiltry  air,  and  the  peftiferous  4it*' 
fe^s  and  reptiles,  which  infeA  it.    Tke  chief  Ivtury  of^ 
the  inhabitants  confifls  in  ftnokitig  and  chtwing  the  be«i 
tel  nut. 

CodMn  Ghinai  or  the  weftern  China^  is  fitoated  under ^ 
tlie  torrid  2one,  extendhir  500  mUes  in  length.     Th4^ 
manners  and  religion  of  the  pebple  feefh  to  be  oHginall/^ 
Chinefe.     They  are  fond  of  trade,  aind  their  king  is  faid^ 
to    be  inamenfely  rich  ;   his  kingdom   enjoys    all    the 
advantages  of  commerce  to  be  fotind  in  other  pdots  ol^ 
the  Eaft  Indies,  and  it  muft  be  acknoWledgedi  howetw 
dark  the  accounts  we  have  of  thefe  kingdoms  may  be^ 
yet  there  is  fufficienr  eViderice  t6  pfbve  thtit  they  aiie 
exceedingly  rich  in  all  the""  treaAtres- of  nature  j  but  thefi*^ 
advantages  are  counterbalanced^  by  the  mdft  dreadM 
calamities,  fuch  as  floods,  yoltanoes,esi«^qiiiakes,  te^peft^^ 
poifonous  and  rapacious  animalis,  which  rendef  the  pdi^ ' 
leiHon  of  lifcf  uncertain,  even' for  an  hoiftl!'. 

'","'■•'  ■  . ' 

Sscriorf  XXXMI.    INDIA  l^riTHIN  THE  GAK«» 
"    GES,  Olt  M0CUL  EMPrRl^. 

THIS  empire  is  hounded  hot-th  by  Ufte^'  Ta¥ta*y  ttna^ 
Thibet,  eaR  by  Thibfet  and^he  bay  of  Bengali-  foUai  h]^  • 
tlie  Indian  Ocean,  and  ^veft  by  the  fame  and*  Perfia.     It 
is,  including  the  peninfula  weft  of  the  Ganges,  2000  mSes 
long,  and  1  .^OO-'bfoady  lying  bet#to  T  an^  40  degi  N. 
lat,  iand  66  and  92  <ieg.  E.  Ion.  "thie  thain  land  biittfij- 
the  Rf ogul  eniph-^,  or  Indoftan.     The/°1BiiitlA  nation  J)c^ 
fefs,  miuitfovereignty,the^^holefoubfdi  of  Bengal^  and- 
the  greateft  part  of  Bahar.     The  winds  in  this  climate^ 
generally  bib w  fdr  fix  months  frbm  the  fourth,  and  ^x 
from  the  north.     April,  May,  and  the  beginning  of  June# 
are  inteiiffJly'  hdti    but   reffSfhed '  l^y  fea    brecsces.'    Ill ' 
fome  dry  feafohs,  the  hurricanes  talcetip^^hefimd  si:tid  let? 
them  fall  in  dry  fhowers,  which  are  exceflJi'ct^^  difii|;t'ee- 
able.     Europedfns*  are,'  in  igeneral,  feiied  with^veis'  6n 
their  firft  arrival  in  Indoftati,  but  proper  treatilje^tjwith 
temperance  and  abflinence,  in  general  recovers   wie  pa* 
■tient,- and' they  afterwards  moll  commonly  provfeHealtlifi  ' 

h 


Jfig:        INDIA  WITHIN  THE  GANGES. 


VFhe  ffeneral  religion  is  Mahometan.  They  have 
among  uiem  »  fort  of  religious  mendicants,  called  Fakirs, 
vrho  trafftl  about,  pnadlifing  great  auilerities,  and  fome 
ofdiem^p'Oiteoft  najced ;  but  many  are  great  impoftors. 
AnoUierieiCt  are  called  Banians,  from  the  aiFedled  inno. 
cence  o£  their  lives,,  llie  Feriees  of  Indoftan  are  the 
Gkiits,  deforib^d  in  Perfia.  They  pretend  to  be  pofleflcd 
o£:tbe  ^orkt^  of  Zoroafter.  They  worlhip  fire,  as  the 
pyitefl  emblem  bf  the  Divine  Nature. 

-  The  honf^s  belonging  to  th«  principal  inhabitants,  are 
commonly  n^t  and  commodious,  and  many  of  them 
magnificent ;  but  thofe*  of  the  common  people  are  poor 
AQo:  mean. 

^The,  Mahometan  merchants  her^,  carry  on  a  trade  with 
M&cca  in  Arabia,  up  the  Red  Sea.  This  trade  is  car- 
ried oa  in  a  partictilar  kind  of  veiTels,  called  junks.  The 
largeft  of  thefe,  we  are  told,  befides  the  cargoes,  will  carty 
1700  Mahometan  pilgrims  to:  viflt  the  tpmb  of  tlieir 
prophet.  In  Mecpa*  they  meet  with  Abyifiman,  Egyp*. 
tian,  and  otiber  traders,  to  whom  they  difpofe  of  their  car«>^ 
goes  for  gold  and  filver,'  fo  that  a  Mahometan  junk,  re*  . 
tummg  IrOmthi?. voyage,  is  often  worth  200,000/.  fter** 
Kttg.  The  province  of  Agra  is  the  largeft  in  all  India, 
i^ra  i^  the  greateil  city,  and  its  caftle  the  largeft  fbv- 
ti^ation  in  all  the  Indies.  The  Dutch  have  a  ladtory 
there.  The  city  of  Delhi  is  the  capital  of  Indoftan.  It 
isa%e  city,  containing  an  in^perial  palace,  adorned  wit^ 
the  ufual  eafterpi  magi^ificence.  Its  ftables  formerly  con* 
tained  12,000  horfe$,^s^pd  500  elephants*  When  fors^e 
fails,  through  the: heats  of  the  feafon,  thefe  horfes  are  fed 
in  thp  morning  with  bread,  butter,  and  fugar,  and  m  the 

evening  with  rice  and  mi^Ii^- 

The  province  of  Caffimere,  beirig  furrounde4  by 
mountains,  is  difficult  of  accefs.;but  when  entered,  api. 
pe^rs  the  paradife  of  the  Indie^  It  is  well  ftored  with 
cattjie  and  game,  without  anybenfts.ofprey.  The  na- 
tives are  nearly  as  fair  ;as  Europeans. 

The  province  and  city  of  Labor  is  one  of  the  lar&;eQ: 
and;fineft  provinces  in  the  Indies,  and  |)roduces  the  beft 
fugar.  JBut  Bengal,  of  all  the  Indian  provinces,  is  the 
mof!^  inttrefting  %o  Europeans.     It  is  eiieemed  the  ft  ore* 


THE  PENINSULA  Within  THE  GAKGES.    13^ 

fioufe  of  the  Eaft  Indies  and  its  fertility  exceeds  that  of 
Egypt,  when  overflowed  by  the  Nile.  The  country  is 
interfered  by  canals,  cut  out  of  the  Ganges,  and  extend* 
nearly  lOOleagfues  on  each  fide  that  nnajeftic  river,  fall 
of  cities,  towns,  caflles,  and  villages.  The  principal  Eng- 
liflifa^ry  in  Bengal  is  at  Calcutta,  and  is  called  Fort 
William.  It  is  fituated  on  the  river  Hoogly,  about  100 
miles  from  the  fea.  The  river  is  navigable  up  to  the 
town,  for  the  largeftftiips  thatvifit  India.  The  eaoltel 
of  Bengal,  where  the  nabob  keeps  his  court,  is  Moor.fl*ed- 
auad  ;  and  at  Benares^  lying  in  the  fame  pvovincti  is  the 
Gentoo  univerfity. 

Chondenagore  is  the  prmtipal  plate  poflTeflW  by  the' 
French  in  Bengal.  It  lies  higher  up  the  river  thait  Cal* 
cutta.  Hoogly,  50  miles  north  of  Calcutta,  upon  the 
Ganges,  is  a  pfece' of  prodigious  trade,  for  the  lichefl: 
commodities  of  India.  The  fearckfor  diamonds  is  car^r 
ried  on  by  nearly  lO^OOO  people.  Dacca  is  the  largeft 
city  in  Bengal.  Ther  tide  comes  up  to  its  walls.  It 
contain^  an  Englifli  and  a  Dutch  faftory.  We  know 
Kttle  of  the  province  of  Malva,  which  lies  Weft  of  Bengali 
The  proNrinee  of  Candiih  includes  Berar,  and  part  of 
Orixa.  Its  capital  is  Bnrht^mpoor,  which  carries  on  a 
great  trkdei  in  chintzes,  calicoes,  and  embroidered  (luffs. 

The  above  provinces  belong  to  the  Mogul's  empire,  to 
the  north  of  what  is  properly  called  the  peninfula  within 
the  Ganges.  Thofe  that  lie  to  the  foudiwardy^fall  inta 
the  delcriptiort  of  the  peninfula  itfelf. 


.«•'*.' 


^HcrtoM 


XXXIV.     THE   PENINSULA   WITHIN 
THE  GANGES. 


THE  «ctent  arid  fituation  of  this  penmfula  was  inclu-- 
ded  in  the  foregoing  fefticHi*  The  climate,  face  •of  the 
eountry,manners,  and  trade  of  the  inhabitants,  remain  only 
therefore  to  be  fpofc^n*  ofk  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Mahan»> 
ada,  the  Nerbudd«i  the  Pudder,' and  the  famoui  K}ftnk.' 
j>  The*  ehain^  of  mountains,  which  run  from  TiOtih^  to 
ibuth^dtsdjlready- mentioned,  renders  it  winter  on  onefide^ 
tiff  the  pentnfula)  while  it  is  fummer  on  theot^ier.  AboiHr 
liiBJ  end  of  June,  it  begins  to  be  tempefiuous  and  r&iti^' 


•iM  THE  P£NINSULA  within  the  OANQES. 


iOn  the  coail  of  Malabar.  This  hds  four  moathi,  whik 
itUif  fair  and  /crene  on  the  coad  of  Coromandcl.  About 
ithe  end  of  O^ober,  the  rain  and  wind  begins  on  the  coaft 
lof  Coromandel,  which  having  nogoodharboursi  the  trad- 
uig  iVAiTebat  that  time  return  to  fombay,  on  the  Malabar 
coafl.  The.  air,  in  t)m  ptuninfula^  is  naturally  hot,  hut  the 
4.wind  changes  here  every  twelve  hours  )  from  midnigh. 
•to  noQn»  itbloufS'Olf  ;he  land>  when  k  is.y  ry  hot ;  du- 
Hiligfcthe  .9ther.(welf  e  tho^vs  ft  blows  from  fh^fea,  which 
is  ft  great  rcfr^ment  to  ^the  inhabitanu.  The  natives 
«fe  of  a  dvxkpr  €OQfi|iilexion  than  thofe  of  the  other  peniniu- 
la.  This  peninfula  is  divided  into  foubahfhtps^each  foubah 
•containipg  fihporal  provinces.  We  fhidl  ipeak  of  them  as 
Mongif>g  either  to  the  Malabar  or  Coromandcoaft,  the 
ivo  groat  obje^t^  of  £nglMh  oommtuce  i^  that  country. 
The  eaftefn,  or  Cororoandel  cQaft»  jMJgiB'  ^t  Cuap 
Comorin*  the  Ti»pfk  ^Hthempoifit  of  i^  peniafula.  Ma> 
jdi»ra>  a  todl  kingdom  a^out  a*  kiif^e  as  Portugal,  is  fitu- 
Ated  hmt,  Tvetchinopoli  is  the  capital.  The  chidf 
fiches  «rif  this  hinigdom  coaTiil^  in  ^  pearl  fiiherjr  uppn  iu 
fioaA.  Tamour*  to  tthe/eaft<?f  Maduraa$«rfm^ll  fertile 
Itingdom.  \irifhki  it,  lien  |1m  J^anKh  ^tilenient  of  Tran- 
l|udbar,  and*  thi?  Dutph  ieiiM*i  of  Negap^^^f^mt  i|ow  \^  tire 
poAtfioo  of  die'^gjlAflb.  The  Cac^i^fft  i^^pifnded  eaft 
by  ;be  jftay  of  Beit]^}  north  oy  the  riv^  Kiftna,  wefl 
by  Vifafour,  and  iouih  by  MeT^ur  jind  Ta^jour.  Th« 
capital. is  Bifiiwar.  The  country  is  healthful,  fertjje^ 
and  populous.  Wuhia  this  country,  on  the  Coromandel 
^coaft,  lies  Cttddalore,  belonging  to  the  Enelifh,  and  five 
^U^l  to  the  north,  Potttlicherry,  a  F^cb  ^ttleipent^ 
Mf'^^ras  is  the  capital  of  the  Enjg^lifl^  Eaft  India  Com- 
pa:^i>'s  dominions  in  that  part  of  the  Eaft  Indies.  Fort 
Saint  George  is  a  large  aivd  ^ropg  fortrefs,  an<^  ptmeifls 
two  tiowus,  called  from  the  c.ompfesions  of  tl*^;  ..Vial 
inhabiiafttStfvth^vHiito  and  th<ii4a<jk.  Notver '•  .« 
diiscity,  are  very  fine  .diamond  tinines,  Mac^i^^  carries 
O&^H  <:j»nfideral>le  tmde  with  C^ina*  Per0a,  and  Moeha. 
<>Til^jG(  country  of  the  Deccan^orasthe.name  dgnifiestthe 
iotuJMrn  ::^-n!ry,  comprehends  feveral  large  provinceiw 
mi  fome  r  i) ;  rrdii^  s.  Bvt  modern  g^ogr^her^  af e  jam 
a^pised  »'  i)\u  *h:.'^\esmit  Mad  fituatk)iu    io  thi^  cohmk 


THE  PENINSULA  'vithik  thk  GANGES.    W5 

uy»  neur  Uowlctabiid»  i^i  t1)e  famous  pagod  of  Elora  i  cil<: 
tombs,  chapels,   temples,  pi  lars«  anU    many   thciiOnd-, 
figures  that  I'urround  it,  are  fuiJ  to  be  cut  out  of  the  na- 
tural rock,  and>  to  furpaf»  ^ill  '^thei  efToris  of  human  art. 
The  Portuguefe  territory  in  t)        o\intr> ,  li«*  in  the  prov- 
iBeeof^'Baslnnii  cxtcndiu^  .OleugiK      to  th«.  north  of 
Goa  f>  but  t^oir.  pofleiTtoui^  Uftr  c  a  re  on  th  c  dec  1  i  ne«    Gu « •^ 
crat  is  CMie  pt  .the  fineft  j^covinc^s  in  Tndk.;  but  iah;i^{t<?d. 
by  a  fierce,. rapacious  p^ple.    The  Eiigliihi   h«>wever,. 
liave  a  fadlory  tliere. 

Ann)!"  t:  the  iilands  upon  the  eoad,  is  that  of  Bombay^ 
hr^>'(if'    to  tbe,EiigUlh  Eaft  India  Company...   Its 
iiai.i>i>¥     *ri  conyeniently  contain  10Q()  fhip»  at  ^mchor. 
'Kh"  iflanu  Ufelf  is  almoit  d^ftitute  of  aiUbe  conveniences 
of  i«jc.    The  town  is  pqorly  bnih  ;  and  the  climate   was 
fatal  to  European  coniUtutions<    till  experience  taught 
t^e1^  caution  and  temperance.     They  have  no   water 
foarcely,  but  what  is  caught   in  th^   rai«y  feafon,  and 
preferved  in  tanks*     The  inhabitants' of  tlx;   iHand   arc> 
compofed  of  various  nations,  qjich  of«  whicJi  enjoy  their 
awn  njode  of  religion  undillurbed.    Nejiir  BJmbay   arc 
feveral  other  iflands,  one  of  which,  called  Elef^lianta,  con- 
tains th0' mofl   inexpjicuble  antiquity  i^  the  world.     A 
figure  of  an  elephant  of  the  natural  fwe,  cot  coarfely   in 
Oone,  prefcnts  itfelf  oa  the  landing  place,  rveafj^t^e  bot- 
tom of  a  mountain..    An  oaTy  flope  then  leads  to  a  (lu« 
pendpus  temple,  he-v^n  out  of  tlie  folid  ro(:k,  80  oi%  90 
f#et  long,  and  40  broad  j  the  roof,  which  is  cut  flat,  is- 
fupported  by  regular  rows  of  pillars  abput  10  feet  ,high  ; 
nX  tibe  farther  end,   are  three  gigantic  figures  ;  •  on  esscli; 
fide  ^re' various  groups  of  figures,  one  of  wljijch  b«ars- 
avrude  referablance  of  the  judgment  of  Solomon.  Tf  here 
is  alfpajcolonade,  with  a  door  of  rcgi^ar  architeftiire  ;. 
hiit  rhe  whole  has  no  refemblance  to  the  work  of  the- 
G.entoos^    The  ifland  of  Goa,  the  capital  of.  the  For-- 
tviguef0  fettlement,  has  one  of  the  finell:  and  bed  fortified; 
ports   in   India.     Sunda   lies  fouth|  of  the  Portuguefo' 
ter;ritoTiefi,  one  of  the  mod  pleafant  and  hetdthy.  ilmndg 
on  the.  Malabar  coad.    Kanara  lies  to  the  {cAith  of  Goa, . 
fa^mQil  s  for  producing  rice.     The  Kanorinos  are.govem- 
«ir.by_a  woman;  her  fon  has  th/e  title  of.  Rajah^  and  her. 


ms 


PERSIA. 


v,_ 


fttbj^£l&  are  the  braved,  mod  civilized,  and  meft  comxner- 
ciai  o£  anf  qa  the  perJniula.  v 

■/■ ' 

Smctms  XXXV.    PERSIA. 

MODERN  Periia  is  bounded  by  the  xnoimtahis  of 
Ararat  on  the  north  weft^  by  the  Csd*pian  Sea  on  the 
north,  by. India  on  the  eaft,  by  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the 
south,  and  by  Arabia  and  Turkey  on  the  weft. 

It  is  ISOO  miles  long,  and  1100  broad,  lying  betw^a 
44  and  70  deg.  E.  long,  and  25  and  44  dtg.^  N.  lat. 

|n  fo  ext€;nfive  an  empire,  the  air,  in  its  different  parts, 
ruuftvary  confiderably.  Thofe  parts  which  border  on 
Caucalus,  and  the  mountains  near  the  Cafpian  fea,  are 
cold ;  thofe  mountsuns  being  generally  covered  with 
ihow.  In  the  midland  provinces,  it  is  ferene,  pure,  and 
ethilerating  ;  but  the  fouthem  provinces  are  fo  intenfel)i[ 
hot,  that  the  noxious  blafts,  arifing  from  the  heat  of  the 
atmofphere,  fometiir  es  penetrate  to  the  midland  prov- 
inces, and  are  very  mortal  to  the  inhabitants,  who,  ta 
fordfy  their  heads  from  the  fatal  e£Pe^  of  theie  blafts^ 
wrap  them  in  thick  turbans. 

The  foil  and  prpdu^ions  vary  like  the  air.  The  foil 
is  not:  luxuriant  towards  the  Cafpian  Sea,  but  it  might 
be  made  to  produce  abundance  of  com,  by  earefal  culti-^ 
vation.  South  of  Mount  Taurus  it  is  very  .fertile,  pro- 
ducing an  exuberance  of  corn,  wine^  oil,  the  moft  4^1i« 
cious  fruits  in  the  greateft  variety,  nuts,  and  numerous 
falu;ary  and  odoriferous  plants  and  drugs,  particularly: 
rhubarb  and  fenna^  Near  Ifpahan  the- foil  produces-all 
the  moft  fragrant  and  beautiful  flowers  to  be  fdund  in 
Europe,  especially  rofes,*  from  which  they  extrad  vet*y 
fine  rofe  water,  and  the  celebrated  otto  of  rofes,  fo  valu- 
able in  Europe.  The  Perfians  manufaifture  great  quan>- 
tities  of  excellent  filk,  and  very  fine  pearls  are  found  ia 
the  Gulf  of  BaiSbra,-  The  medicinal  gum,  afiafcktida^ 
flows  from  a  pWnt,  called  liltot  j  the  white  kind  is  very 
raluabie.  The  natives  eat  it,  as  a  great  rarity,  and  fea» 
fott  all  their  richeft  fauces  with  it.  Shirauc  is  a.  moft* 
'  ddightful  fpot  ;  it  is  fituated  in  a  valley ;  abounds  with 
every  ihing  nece^ry  to  reader  life  cprnfortaWe  »tt#' 


commer- 


mtams  ot 
!a  on  the 
n  on    the 

t  between 
lat. 

ent  parts, 
larder  on 
i  fea,  are 
;red  "with 
pure,  and 
)  intenfeljj^ 
sat  of  the 
and  prov- 
,  who,  to 
efe  blafts^ 

The  foil 
it  might 
efal  cuiti- 
iitile,  pro- 
oft  (kU- 
umerouis 
liticularlyr 
aces^all 
fdund  in 
raft  yt/pj 
fo  vahi- 
it  quan- 
Ifonnd  iiv 
iafcktida^ 
Id  is  very ' 
land  fea» 
a  nwft* 
ids  with 


PERSrA. 


m 


stgreeabte.  The  wine  of  Shirauz  is  celebrated.  It  id 
made  from  a  fmall,  black  grape,  and  is  reckoned  ex> 
tremely  delteious.  The  fli^p  in  this  neighbourhood, 
are  of  very  fine  flavour ;  their  fieece  is  extremely  fine^ 
And  they  arSe  remarkable  for  the  length  and  fiz<l  of  their 
tuils,  fome  of  which  have  been  known  to  weigh  30  pounds^ 
Provifionsof  all  kinds  are  very  che^p  ;  the  price  beings 
regulated  by  the  Dajora,  or  judge  of  the  police,  sMidnor 
perfon  dares  deinii^nd  more,  under  the  fVvere  p^nialty  of 
loting^  their  nofe  or  escrs  ;  fo  that  the  pooreft  inhabitants 
may  have  a  (hare  of  the  comforts  and  conveniences  of  life> 
as  well  as  the  bare  nece&ries  \  atid  the  danger  ne^dr  not 
fearJ  impofitioff. 

The  mountains  of  Caucafuy^and  At^at,  eozhmonly' 
called  the  mountains  of  l^aghiftan,  with  Taurus  and  it»C 
divifions,  run  through  the  middle  of  Perfiaj  from  N^tb- 
lia  to  India. 

No  country  of  fo  vaft  an  extent  has  fo  f(^w  nav^g&ible 
rivers  as  Perfia.  The  only  confiderable  ones  are  the 
Kur,  and  the  Aras,  which  rife  near  the  mountains  oF 
Ararat,  an<f  joining  their  ftreams^  fall  into  the  Cafpian' 
Sea*  Perfta  has  the  river  Indtls  oil  the  eaft.  The  £n<»' 
phrat«s  and  Tigris  on  the  weft,  and  the  Oxus,  which  di- 
vides it  frorv  U(be(i  Tartnry,  on  the  nordi. 

There'is  a  fcarcity  of  water  in  Perfia  ;  but  this  defe^' 
is  admirably  iupplied  by  means  of  refervoirs,  aqueda^ 
canals  and  other  ingenioius  methods.    There  are  miller' 
of  iron,  copper,  le^,  and  tttr^uoife  (l<)neS)  in  •  this  coUn^  ' 
tr'yj  quarries  of  red,  white,  and  black  marble  ;,  and  fuf- 
phur,  fait  petfe,^  and^antiiiiOnyi  are  fduhd  in  the  moufi*  • 
tains;  [■  ■    -;--  ■  /'  ■    ■■:  --^■* 

The?  Perfians  of  b6tte  ftxe*,  are  in  general  hiaiidfbirle  V 
their  complexions  towiards  the  fonth  are  fwarthy^  The 
m^n  (have  their  heac^,  but  they  fuffer  a  lock  to  grow 
on  each  fide,  and  the  beards  of  their  chins  to  grow  up  to 
their  temples  ;^  religious  people  wear  very  long  beards. 
Men  of  diftintftion  wear  very  magnificent  turban^,  and^ 
their  general  maxim  being  to  v|ceep  the  h^ad  warm^  tut* 
bans  are  worn  by  all  ranks,^  nor  do  thiey  pull  then!  offy 
eve*i  in  liie  prefenc6  of  the  kingi  Their  drefs,  thougH  ' 
map^esbrasue  ^mplei  is  in  general  ft^riiEtet^  of  exjfpeniiye 


1^' 


PER-SIAV 


iDat^fiaU)  conHfting  of  rich  filks^  cottons,  and  muflms> 
embroidered  with  gold,  filver^aud  coloured  filkg.     They 
"Ws'ear  flippers  on  their  feet,  and  at. all  times  a  dagger  in 
t^ieir  lalhes.     The  collars  <j(f  th^^ir  ihirts  are  open.     The 
dfefs  of  the.  women   differs   but  little,  from  that  of  the  ■ 
rnen.     The  Perfians  accuftom    themfdves.' to  frequent 
ablutions,  which  are  really  neceflTswy,  for  they  feldom  put. 
on  clean  linent ,-  They  breakfait  early  upon  coffee,  dine  at . 
e)^ven  or^ffi^ity  fweetmeats,  and  milk,  r%ud  make  fupper 
thc^Ti^hief  meal. .    They  ufe  neither  knife'  or  f<Mfk,  but 
convey  their  viduals  to  their  mouths  with  their  hands, 
'^l^iey^ufe  very  little  ceremony,  but  when  the  oldeft,  man 
in  company  fpeaks,  though  he  be  po6r  and  pjacpid   at  the;: 
l^f^^,  end  ^f  the  rQonri,  all  giye  a  fil'ent  attention  to.  his 
vf^jr4^,'  They  are  extremely  polite  to  all  ftrangers*:  and^ 
ix4]l  break  through  an  ellabliftied  ciiftom  to  accommodate, 
them,  and  give  them  pleafure.     In  thefe  two  particulars,  \ 
latr.|]0«rjemind?ny  young  friends*  that  the(  Perfians  are  cer- 
tainly.'deferying  imitation..    Age,  at  all  times,  demands 
a  degree  o£refpeft,andwHen  accompanied  by  wifdom  and: 
virtue,  however  deformed  or  decrepid  the  pejfon,  how- 
ever unfafliionable  or  uncouth  the  appearances,  however 
humiliated  the  ilation  it  appears  in,,  (hould  ^command 
veneration   and  defference.-    Aitention,  to  ftrapgers   is  a. 
iqiarkof  true  ■  pplit^nefs ;  and  when, we  give  up  our  ovfrn 
opinions,  and  general  cuftoms  (tliat  i^  when  they   inter- 
f^e  not  with  our  religious  tenets,  or  moral  principles) 
t0;gr^tify.  the^wiih,  or  avoid  wounding   the  feelings   of. 
aJPellow  creature,  though  oiily  a  traniient  gueft,  we  give 
thehigheft  proof  jfliaginable,  of  a  chriftian  fpirit.       ; 

The  Perfians  write  like  the  Hebrews,  from  right- to- 
loft ;. they  are.  wpuderfully  neat  aftd  eipeditious '  in  the 
art  y  and  as  there  is  no  printing  allo"wced  in  Perfia,  an  in- 
credible number  of  pjeople  are  employed  in  their  nianu- 
foripts. 

The  jferfians  are  fond  of  mufic,  are  excellent  horfemen,. 
and  jexpert  archers ;  remark  ably  ^pleaiant  in  their  man- 
ners and  very  hofpitab-le.  Indeed,  the  practice  of.hofpi- 
taUty  is  fo  fgtand  a  point,  that  a  man  thinks  himfelf  Jion^ 
cured,  if  you  ^ill  enter  his  houfe  and  partake  of  the  fain- 
%,fare  f:  an^  to  go  out. of  a  houfe  .towliich  Qnehasbecaa^r 


PERSIA. 


139 


1  command 


invited)  withont  fmokiog,  or  taking  refreHiment,  is  efteeiri'- 
ed  a  high  aiFront ;  for  they  fay  every  meal  of  which  a 
ftran^er  partakes,  brings  a  bleifing  upon  the  family. 
Chrillian,  .go  thou  and  do  likett^ife. 

The  Perfians  are  Mahiometansi  of  the  (eA  of  Ali ;  but 
fome  of  them,  who  are  denominated  Guebrcs  or  Gavrsii 
preten4  to  be  follower!!^  of  the  ancient  Magi, .  difciples  of 
Zoroafter.  They  w^rihip  fire,  as  being  the  pureil  ^m? 
bi&rn  of  ihfi  all  jperfe^  God ;  and  a  eombuftible  ground, 
^bout-ten  lAiles  from  B^u,  a  city  in  the  north  of  P6r(l«i 
is  tile  fe«iife  of  their  devocions.  • 

The  ancient  Pef/ians  ixrere  famous  for  their  learnings 
and  their  poets  were  reniayned  all  over  theea^*  Hafe2» 
the  celebrated 'pdet  of  Shiraua,  conciliated  thye  favour  of 
^n  oiSeiided  etnperor,  by  ^e  delicacy  of  his  ynt,  atid  thi» 
el«g4ince  of  his  yet^.  The  fnfoft  powerful  monarch 
fought  in  vain  to  draw  him  from  his  literary  retirement* 
His  woHcsAill  centincie  the  |[dmiration  of  the  jovial  and 
gay.  Thf&  tpmb  of  this  deieryedly  admired  poet,  is  aboai 
two  miles  diftant  from  the  ci^y  of  Shirauz ;  it  is  placed 
in  a  large  gtrdNSn,  under  th?  Ih^de  of  moft  beautiful  cy« 
prefs  ti^ees^  and  is  cimnpoftid  of  fine  white  ma^rble.  Qtl 
the  top  and  itdes  of  ^e  tomlb  (tre  fele^.  pieces  ifrom  th^ 
^otit'ls  own  wwks,  ciit  in  the  Pet'fian  chara^er.  Buff  ac 
prefilni^  leai!Aiftg  is  at  a  veiT*  low  ebb  am<»|g  ^  P«r^ 
fianil. 

Itie  monuments  of  antiquity  in  Perfia,  are  more  cele« 
brated  for  their  magnificence  t^suvbeauty  or  tafte.  There 
are  fourteen  columns  of  the  celebrated  palace  of  Perf#-, 
polis  remaining,  of  Parian  marble,  each  15  feet  high» 
There  are  othei*  ttiiti^  of  ancifelft  t>>iildings,btlt  void  of  the 
elegance  which  diftinguirties  the  Greek  architecture.  The 
tombs  of  the  kings  m  Perfia  are  ftupendous  worlcsi  tut 
out  of  folid  rock,  aild  highly  ornamented  with  fcUlpturc. 
There  is  a  pillar  to  be  f6en  near  Ifpahan,  60  feet  bigln, 
compofed  of  the  fkulls  of  beads.  Shah  Abbas,  jup^n  the 
fuppreffion  of  a  rebelioUj;.  vo#ed  t6  ere(ft  fucb  a  pillar  ofH 
human  fktills,  tint  aftf i^'ardft  pai'dooed  die  fUbi&itti^g  te- 
bels,  and  perfoirmed  his  vow,  by  <>bli^ng  evfcry  o»^  t^. 
fumifh  the  (kttil  of  a  brute.  ; 

.T^  bath«  aea/Ootabrdoa^aadiHLQrpiui^sneat  Baka^ 


190 


ARABIA. 


r^ith  the  burning  grounds  and  its  inflammatory  neighBoui*. 
liood,  are  reckoned  among  the  natural  curionties  of 
Perfi«, 

The  houfes  are  buik  ofbrick,  feldom  above  oncJ  ftory 
high>  with  fl.it  roofs.  The  kitchens  are  built  a^art  from 
the  houfes,  few  bf  which  have  chimneys.^  They  have  but 
little  furniture  hi  their  apartments,  as  they  fet  on  cUfliions, 
mnd  a  carpet  and  coverlid  ferves  them  for  a  bed. 

Ifpaban,  the  capital  of  Perfta,  is  feated  on  a  flne  plains 
withm  a  mile  of  the  river  Zetiderhendi  It  k  faid  to  be 
12  miles  in  circumference.  There  are  a  nutiber  of  fine 
Iquares,  flireetS)  and  palaces  iii  it.  Shirauz,  about  225 
mile»  fouth  eaft  of  Ifpahun,  is  in  an  ineafpreflSbly  rich  and 
beautiful^  country,  being  liid  out  for  Aiiles' round  in  gar* 
Aensy  the  hnits  and  flowers  of  which  are  incomparablei 
The  caravanfaries.  and  bazars  of  this  city  are  extremely 
keatitiftil.     .';:''''     '  ■  vKvvi ./.  :.,•.....  •    .    /  -  .' 

The  cities  ibfOrmus  aiidi  Gombroon  were  formerly 
l^laces  ©f  confequence,  but' now  of  little  importance,  ei*^ 
iher  i^  the  political  er  conimercial  world, ''      -?    fstf  4  ^ 

The  Pferfians  are  thoujgftt  €o  exceed  all  Ae  world  in^ 
!^  manufaifhired  of  ^tfe,  wboU^,  mohair,  carpets,  ^nd 
lekh^r  V  their  works  in  thei^,  join  fancy,  tafte,  and  ele- 
gance^  to  riebnef^  and  Ihew.-  Their  colours  for  dying 
aVe  exquisitely  vivid,  and  their  embroidery  in  gold  an« 
filver,  remarkable  for  preferving  its  luftre.  The  Perfians. 
have  no  fliippihg*  5  all  their  tttade,  therefor*,  depends  on 
other  nations,  as  their  imports  and  exports  mud  be  made* 
in  foreign  bottoms^ 

''    SjicTioi^XXKV%,y  ARABIA. 


^:.f'f- 


3  ARAWA  is  bounded-  by  Turkey  on  the  north,  by  the 
Gulfs  of  Per^a  and  Ormu«  on  the  eaft,  fouth  by  the  In- 
diim  Ocean,  and  Vreft  by  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  1300  miles 
long,  aiad  1200  wide,  and  Kes  between  3&  and  60  deg. 
^Awi^^tii  i2and  80  deg,  N.  kt. 

'  Aiabifi  is- 'dividisd  into  3  part9»' Arabia  Petr»a,  or  the 
Rdcky,  on  the  niarth,  Arabia  Felix,  or  the  Happy,  on 
^e  fouth,  and  Arabia  Defcrta,  or  the  Befart,  in  the  mi«U 
d^^'.  ^Tbe  moumains  of  Sinaland  Hereby  lying  in  Axa^ 


^fery  iWighBouN. 
al  curiolities  of 

above  on^  ftdri. 
built  a^^art  from 

They  have  but 
'  feto»»i  cbfliions^ 
ra  bed.  *^  w. 
onafiriepUfrti 

ItMfftidtobe 
nuinberoffine 
'uz,  about  225 
effibly  rich  and 
5  roQftd  in  gar* 
incomparablei 

are  extremely 

sfi-  ...  '• 

"^ere  formerly 
nportance,  ei- 

cai^^ts,  and 
afte,  and  ele- 
[«  fof  dying 

m  gold  ancfe 
The  Perfiana 
►  depends  on 
nuft  be  made* 


ARABIA. 
bia  Petr«a,  eaft  of  the  Ro^  c  '^^ 

fcwfpnngs  or  rivers  in  ft;  ™°"  "o'ed.     Tlien. ' 

t«.    X,  ifalm««'^L^:„^''J:^°"«7^  except  the  E^^« 
Gulfs  of  Perflaand  Ormusl^  fl'i'^.'^*  ^'^  Sef^.. 

As  a  confiderable  part  ef  Sf     *  ^"''""'  O*'""- 
tomd  zone,  and  the  tropi/ofcl"""'^^  "*«  ""der  thft- 

p^rti^trf';  ^:%^^r  th'7'^''' '^""^^^^^^ 

nothmg  more  thanXeifelts  °''l'".  '"-"*  P'^  t' 
by  the  winds,  roll  like  t),.  ?      L,  ?"'"'  "'hen  aritated 
ynuin^in     h,.,httktr!;""^^  ocean,  anf^ 
iofl.     In  thefe  deferts  the  car^t?     f ""?  ^^  Juried  and 
guided  as  at  fea  hr  ,        <=a"»ans,  hav  n?  no  tra^-iT  "" 
travel  chiefly T;  nit  '°SP^*'  «■•  the  &Z  Tj^lu"'  ' 
"i*  fl»clcs.  L?o^g[ds  Sf".  '"'">°  P*ft"res  c  ofe  i 
all  IS  a  dreary,  defolati  iu   "'"^y"^''  or  olive  varT^!         ■ 

truces  balm,  myrrh,  rofl^     ^  ^cellent  foil,  whtrh  11     '' 

"h'-r^c-e'  r^^'^^'^'rf^^ 

fiuits,  ioney  in  plenty    anH  f        '*  »'^°  «l>iindi,ee  df  ' 
country  is  celeb^ated^orl^? f°"«  "^  ='°d  ^'ne     Th-f  ' 

bu'httle  timber,  or  wood  of  a^vli':^''-  "^T''    There 
The  moft  ufeful  animals  in  7  u"** '"  ''^'^''ia.  ;  ; 

» «'-i-ce..nd  iet  0^.;;;^-- Sej:  s  i:  I  ^- 


ld«i 


ARABIA: 


\  - 


TRe  beauty  and  fpJtit  of  the  Arabian  horffcs  \\  well  known 
Jri  Europe,  'they  are  fwlft  and  mettleibme ;  but  fit  on. 
ly  for  the  iaddle. 

'  The  Arabians  are  of  a  middle  ftatttfe,  thin^  and  of  a 
fw^rthy  complexion,  witk  bla<rk  hair  and  eyes.     They 
are  fwiffc  of  foot,  excellent  Horfemen,  expert  at  the  bow 
and  lance,  good  iliarkfnien,  and  \ti  general  a  martial, 
brare  people.     The  inhabitants  of  the  inland  parts,  live 
in  tents,  aiid  remove  from  place  to  place  with  their  flocks 
and  Hei'ds,  and  have  done  fo  ever  fince  they  became  a 
nation.     The  Arabians  are  the  defcendants  of  Iflimeal, 
of  whoie  poftferity  it  \vas  foretold,  that  they*  flipuld  be  in^ 
vnieiblej  "have  their  hands  againft  every  man^  and  every 
hian's  hand  agaihft  them.'*    They  are  at  preferit,  and 
hi|vfe:rejliiainea  fr6m  the  remotefl  agei^,  a  convincing  proof 
of  the  divihity  of  this  prediction.     Thife  Arabians  in 'gene- 
ral are  fuch  thieves,  that  travellers  arid  pilgrims,  who  are 
led  tJnther  through  iubtiVes  of  dfevOtibtt  oi^  curiofity,  are 
ftru^k  -i^ith  terror  "Wl^en  they  approach  the  deferts.    Thefe 
robbers,  headed  }af ''  a  eaptkiti,  traVerfe  the  coiintry  in 
trooMjI^n  horfeback,  a^id  aflktih:  ^^hd  plimcfer'the;.cara- 
vams;-  'On  the  fea  coaft'  tTiey 'are  mere  pirat^si'  and'mafce 
a  prize  of  every  veffcl'thipycanf  maltei*/  of -Whatever  na- 
tion, -llie  habit  of  tfife  ro^itig  Arabs  i^  a  kitid  of  blue 
Ihirt,  tied  routid  the  waift •  with  a  fafh,  with  drawers  and 
fli^P«*rsV  but  lio  ftbcKhigsv    They  haye  a  cap  or  turban 
on  thieirhead  J  b^t  ibme^of  the^  in  the  eafterii  parts  go 
alriibfl  nal^edl'    The  Wohifeh  are  in  gtneVal  fo-  wrapped 
upf,'  xhkx.  nothiiig  can  be  Iben  but  their  eyes .     Like  ptHer 
M^ometatiigf/  they  eat  kU  hianner  of  ile{h^  except  hbg's. 
Thejr  drink  coffee,  tea,  and  iherbetjj  made  of  dtarig|^'or 
lei^bfijjQrc^rfuj^atr'and^W       .  TliefKiye  no  ftrbng  li- 
tju^orii '   The  people  in  genet  al  pi-ofefs  Mahometanifm  j 
bujf^anyof  th^ 'wild  Arabs  are  ftill  gagans. 

"iliougli'tht, Arabians,  in  former  ages,  were  famous 
for^  their  lea^tith^/ and  fkill  in  tlie  liberal  arti.y  yet'there 
is  f?ar<ielyV country  at  prefent;  where  the  pec^ple  are  fo 
imivetfiliy  i^fnorant. 

#hi4t  15  c^i^^  the;  Defart  of  Sinai,  Is  a '  l?eaUttiui 
plain,  nearly  niiife  miles  long,  and  above  three  broa<t< 
Thfs  plain'  IS  fdfi)acious  as  to  have  contained  the  whol^ 


<  caijuY  o£v^  i^elitfes;  .Fvom  ^ount  Sinai  may  be  ftfea 
Mount  Horeb)  where  Mofes  kept  the  flock  of  Jethro, 
wh^^he  facw  the  burning  btiih.  The  chief  citiet  of  Ara- 
bia. ^^ttMochti,-,  Aden>  Mufcat,  Juddah,  and  Suez* 
Mp^haji?  wejlibiilt,  the  houfes  lofty,  and  covered  with 
a  ft^iQcaifif :  ;^  datzliMp  Mi^tenefk.  The  harbour  is  femi-  ^ 
circ^Jj^r*  ii«4  tki  waU  two  miles  ia  circuit/  Suez,  the 
Arfinoc^;  of  the}  ancients,-  is  furrounded  by  the  defert,  a 
lha^by,illjbu4ik  places  Juddah  is  the  place  of  greatefl 
trade  of  any  in  the  Red  Sea  ^  for  there  the  commerce  be- 
tween  £ar(^  and  Arabia  meets,  and  the  latter  ex- 
change tiieir  fpices,  gums,  drugs,.  co£Fee,  Sec,  &c.  for 
the  cH>tl^  iron,  ^^  oi  theffonner. 

Mee4:a,  thecftfAlal  of  all  Arabia,  and  Medina,  d^fctrcs 
partitmlar  twtics.  At)  Mecca,  the  birth  place  of  Mahom* 
et^.  ill  rit  n^oTfiae  fix  gleriovs,  that  it'  is  in  general  reckoned 
thi9  jnoi^maigniftceat  tenmlt  in  the  Tuncilbi  dominions. 
ItsUftyiN)of  is  raifbd  in  me  faihiott  of  a  dome,  and  cov- 
ered with  f^l^>  with  two  beautiful  towtvs  at  die  end,  of 
extieaotdimify  hieigfat  an4  aicfaitfeftuM.  This  mofque  has 
ahnildted  gdtes,  and  a  window  oiect  each,  and  thfe 
w  hole^tttldmg.  it  deeoi!a^  with  the  fineft  gildings  and 
tapeftry.  The.nltihber  oTpilgnaii,  whb  yearly  Tiiit  this 
place»  is  iiKine^Iie,,  as  efrerfi^sAilinaii  is  obliged,  by  his 
religioBy  tocooMrlwdHariaiiceraiiisrlife,  or  fend  a  deputy. 
At  Mediniif  aboCit>50  miles  from  the  Red  Sea,  the  place 
where  Mfl]i0Aiet  was  buried,  is  «  flately  mofque*  fup- 
ported  «-by.:  1*00  pillars,  and  fumtfhed  with  800  filver 
lamfxs^CyWhjtch  are  kept,  continmUy  burning.  In  this 
mofqiie  biplaced  the  coffin  of  the  tinpoilor,  Covered  with 
cloth  of  gold,  Aader  ;t  canopy  of  filver  tifluei  Over  the 
foot  of i  rae  i  coffip  is  a  rich,  golden  crdlcent,  curiotffily 
wrougbii,  imd  adomedt  witli  precious  ftpnes  of  immeafe 
value.'  .  ' 

SMertoir  XXXVIL    INDIAN    AND     ORIENTAL 
I  ISLANDS. 

THE  Japan  Iflands,  Japat<;  l^go,  Tonfe,  and  De- 
ziiaja^fi^mtogether  what  has  been  called  the  Empire  of 
JiMuUi.    T^eyiarelttuated  about  150 miles  eaft  ot  Chi« 

M 


\ ,  ■  ■ 


,t'i 


IS*     INDIAN  AND  ORIllN^AL  ISLANM. 

na,  and  extend  from  80  td  41  deg.  N.  l^t.  arid  Mm^  ISO^- 
to  147  deg.  E.  Ion.     The  chief  town  is  Jeddo.     The  foil '' 
and  produdions'of  this  country  are  much  the  fame  with 
China  i  and  the  inhabitants  are  famous  for  their  laqnered 
ware,  known  by  the  name  of  Japan.     The  iilands  them- 
selves are  very  inacceffible,  through  d^eir  hi^h  rrx^ki  ahd 
xehipeiiuous  i.!as.     They  are  fubjetfV  to^arliKquakes,  and  ^' 
liave  fome  volcanoes.     The  complexians  of  the  Japaneft '\ 
arfc  in  general  yellowifh ;  "but  fome  of  th^  women  :lve  aU'^^ 
moft  white.     Th^ir  eyes  are  narrow,  and  eyebrcms  high  *  * 
like  the  Chinefe  ;  their  iiair  nniverfally  black  ;  and  there  ( 
IS  fuch  a  famenefs  in   their  ^Ihions,  that  the  failie  head  P. 
drefs  would  fuit  the  emperor  isrm  peafantv  ,^ht  v^f^metf  ^^' 
-wez.?  more  .omaixients  than  'the .  men  i  but;  jtiic!  '^fblliion  of 
their  jgarmeiUs  have  JMfen  the  fame  Frxiin  t\mi3mim4m6ri^%. 
aU'.  Their  houfes  are  built  ivith  upright  'jftqOap (ftofkd^*'* 
and  m'attled  with  bamboo  ;  pkftered  and^i.-wjiifiewiaDfied^t; 
witbm  and  witho^tt.^  'jPhey  are  low,  (thenftp^iADt^^-  i 
ing  feldom  habitablir^  :  The  floors  are  coTei4a>^ii0i  mats.if' 
They  have  noftfi-niturejin  their  'roomsj,mi&t/ev«ttbed8!.<)P 
Th^Y  fit  an  mats,  winch  are  always  f(Ut  and^ih^nJ  H/ha^  f 
food:  is  ferved  on  auloW  boar (^loi&d  only j^<6iw>fhcher^ 
from  the  floor,  and  bal|»iQiie.,dilhat'a^tini9."{Theii  ^lirin^  ^ 
ters :  beino;  verjr  £eMCfQ^iiiliqrare'  obliged  <  to>  wavm  •  tbetr^  | 
houfes  ;  but  t.hey*  hatA  wuklmdanypiMa^  nor  ftoVes^  but  - 
uSe  larg<s  copper  ^anli  Hned  with  loanij  iii'Twhkh  they^^ 
burn  charcoal.     The  Srft  coiiapliment  offei^edto^oMlvan*^ . 
ger,  is  a  difli  ciftea,  anda  ptp^<of  tobacco.*  ^  Th^^fiWholeq 
nation  a«e  very  cle{inlfi,iiaoo&iatly  Effing   bath?r.rt';vObedi^^  i 
eofi^to:  patents,  artd;re4pe)9it(l'fuiidriors^hrfechah^de9i(^^9xt 
oft^is  naiton^     They>af-j&  Uniformly  p ollte/rajldc  .^i\«il  oniv 
all  docafions  to  dieir  nei^el^  o^ne^ioiisf^^iandcdhildreiyilt 
are  accuftomed  to  prai&ife  th^ipieafm^aiwiiibffi^  tb^;  t\w*i 
example   of  their  parents.     Their  penal  laws  are  vefrjr.jc 
fevere  ;  and  perhaps  there  is  no  country  where  fewer, 
crifnes^dre   c^^mitfiedi^g^sfitift  Gfoidiety.   » Ci6mm^c<fcaniit^ 
.manufacture  flouiiih  ;  agy^ftUltlire  is  well  underft(>pd  ;  and 
the  whole  country  even  to  the  tops  of  the  hills  is  culti- 
vate.! .Theytr^ei^hieftjr  )i^i  th^  Duticflii'M;  l^rflT 

Thel-adrone  I^cisj.of  wWohaUie  diief  is  rGtiani^'- 
lie  in  146,  deg.  Eklanjafid.H^e^oNiiat..  aT^islre ISis^l 


V^ 


anmber  ihvL%  ^e  know  nothing  of  them  worth  mention* 

Jhgj 

rormofajf  iituatedto't^e^aftof  Chtng;  The  im.abi- 
^nts  pfjthe  ^aAera  piiit<  ar^  a  i^agCt  but  inoffenfive 
people,,  Tlipie.ottlije  wfi^nit  ar^^e  Came  as  the  Chi- 
nefe,  WK>ina.x^;made(ihemrelves,ma(lersof  that  part  of 

.1i|i^ife«<jf-i'  :<;.(.  3j  « ^ijfit  tin    '.■  .  - 

The  P)^|lippin9^i,9f  wh^^Tther^  are  1100  m  timnber, 

}ymfl  in*  the'i^bi^ieie  Sea>  ^CiO  miles  i'o^th  eail  of  China. 
Manilla  is  the  chief  idand  and  capital  city.  The  inhabi- 
tant8)ai;e  j^  mixtu^t^  pf  Chinefe,  Etliicxpians,  Malays,  Span- 
iards^,agid^.f^^^^'PI^^  ^^4^^  n;Ytions,..  rTh&fe  iilands  were  dif- 
cpVfCret}  by,^ttgqllanj,,and.  5>(r.e  tjio  property  of  Spain. 
ithfYtW^'^^^^ii'^  alUl^  nfceirflries  o£ life,  and  beautt- 
fi^l|f^,^i^,f^^^..  "inhere  .js  a.  tpee  inr  thefe  iilands,  called 
ame^t  >yiiicji,/iipplies;£tie.,^tivjes  with  water.  There  is 
alfq  a  ktud  of  cafie^  ^vvhii;]!,  if  cut,  yields-  fair  water  enough 
for  a  draught)  of  which  there  ar£  plenty  in  the  mountains 
whezeAvateris.fcaT^ce.  Ckvite  is  th&  port  of  Manilla, 
,defeij4?f!  bjy  thcj  xaftle  of. ^.; Phillips-  In  the  year  1762, 
lilanilla  <was  taluep  by  the  Englifh,  but  ranfomed  by  the 
&>pani/h-^icej|9y:,  for  a  million,  pounds  flerling  j  b^t  the 
Ta^foratnas  never  been  wholly  paid^ 
;  Though  thefe  iflands  are  bountifully  fupplied  with  all 
tile  neceilaries  and  delicacies  of  life,  in  the  greatell  pro- 
fusion, to  counterbalance  thefe,  they  are  fubjedl  to  dread- 
ful, earthquakes,  tremendous  tempefts  of  thunder, 
lightning  and  rain  ;  and  the  foil  produces  poifonous  herbs 
and  powers*  which  kill  indantaneoufly,  and  abounds 
with  ^pxious/ and  venontous  animals..  Some  of  their - 
moiintabs.  ar£,  volcanoes.  ^■ 

...  The  Molucca^  or^  Spice  iflands,  lie  all  within  the  com- 
pafs  of  251eagut^  tothefouthof  the  Philippines,  in  125 
Aeg.  E.  Ion .  and .  I  deg.S..  and  2  deg.  N.  lat.  Thefe  iflands^ 
produce  neither  Qorn  nor  rice  ;  lb  that  the  inhabit^ts 
live  upon  a  kind  of  .bfead  made  of  fago.  Their  chief 
produce  jCpniiHts  cxf  ploves,  mace,  and  nutmegs,  which  are 
m6n9ppi(ized  by^  the  Dutch. 

The  ^Ban^a,  or  Nutmeg  iflands,  are  fituated  between 
tSl7  and  128  deg.  £.  Ion-,  and  between  4  and  S  deg.  S. 
la%  ^They,  ^retieittireiy  i^b|i^  jo  the  Dutch.    Anqboxaa 


'»W   WWAN'A«D^*«fittOT)fiE^miM^N3D« 


U  the  moft  confiderable  .6f  tbe  Mol^cc^<  It  ifr^f^VMit^. 
miles  in  circumference.  'V  A^ 

The  iiOand  of  Geleb^^ity^aicftfTar, \i  ^mpted  tinder 
the  equatot.  ItfttM*f  pitjdueeisjn^ppei'lin^^^pitJ^i'iiTid 
a  very  great  variety  bf  poif6H»:  T%e  ihhibi^nts  ^i«  hif- 
pitaWe,  faithful,  and  <jttH*t, '^eh  not  prov<iked.'  Thfcy 
trade  with  the  Chinefe,  and  their  nort  of  Jampoi^ifk^fs  the 
moft  capacious  of  any  in  that  pirt  of  the  liorid.   V     .  , 

The  Dutch  a!fo  pof&fs  two  other  fprce  iilands;  6irTdIo> 
andCeram.  .-*  .i  •  4.^<!  .  _ 

The  Sunda  Inlands  are  fxtuated  hi  the  Indi9in^0ceaf>,. 
between  93  and  120  deg.  E.  lOn.  and  8  deg.  N.  a^d  8  deg> 
S.  lat.  comprehending  the  iilands  of'^om^o  Sumatra, 
Java,  &c.  Borneo  is  the  largeft,  behig  '800  milps'^  long, 
and  700  broad.  The  inland  parts  are  marfhy  ^d*  'un- 
healthy, and  the  inhabitants  live  in  towns  built  on  l)ciatsy 
in  the  middle  of  the  rivers.  The  foil  produces  riccj  com, 
cotton*, peppeis  camphor,  tropical  fruits,  gold,  aud  dia< 
monds.  The  famous  ourang  outang,  is  a  native  of  this 
place>  and  ift  thought  of  all  irrational  animals^  to  teicm- 
ble  man  the  moft.  The  chief  port  in  tftis  iftand''w  'li^-- 
jar  Mafleen.  Sumatra  has  Malacca  on- the  "nortti,!  ^Bor- 
.neoonthe  eaft,  Jaya  on  the  fouth  eaft,  Arum  '^fch  it  is 
ieparated  by  the  ftrafts  of  Siinda.  It  ^tendi  five  de. 
grees  north  eaft,  and  five  fouth  eaft  of  the  equator ;  j .  is 
IpOO  miles  loi^i  and  1.00  broad.  This  iflaiid  proJuiiies 
i<i  much  goldj  that  it  is  thought  to  be  the  Ophir  nten- 
tioned  ii^  the  fcriptures.  The  inhabitants  on  t^  fta. 
coafts  are  gpremed  by  Mahometan  .  princes  ;  the  inte- 

*  "xior  are  pagans.    -They  have  frequent'  heavy  r^ins  here, 
withthunder,  lightning,  and  fometiihes  earthqiialres.  The 

^JtiiflSa  tree,  which  is  a  native  of  this  <f buttitry^  is  very  beau-^ 
Wul  fit  grows  to  50  or  60  feet  high,' the  ftem  is  not 
more  than  2  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  regular  fpreading 
head.  Within  about  ninety ,  mtl^s  ,  of  Sumratra^  is  the 
ifland  of  Enganho,  which  is*  very  li^t j&  knbVfn,  dn  aiccbttnt 
of  tie  terrible  rocks  and  breal^crs  tHa^fil^otiiid  it;  '  The 
greateft  part  of  Java  belongs  to  A^  ptatcji,  'whto'jfj'^e 
ere^ed  here  a  kiiid  ofcommertial  nionj^hy,;the  c? 
tal  of  which  is  Batavra.  ^-:%t  iij  a  noble,  pbpulqus 
lyiag  ia  the  latitude  of  ^t.  degrees  fotithi  at^  the  m< 


i 


INDrAN  AND  ORfENTAL  ISLANDb.      W 


v^4Mrtt4Vor  Jucatat'ahditfuniiflied  wkh  one  of  the  fined 
:  hJti4><kir»  hi  the;  worid.  This  city  is  buUt  in  the  manner 
'  (if  ril6fe  hi^  Hol^nd,  furroundeil  by -regular  fortificv 
tions  f  it  t^at  beautifiil  as  it  is  (bong: ;  andii;^^-  ine  ca- 
nail,  hridgtt,  ftnd  avenues  rendtr.  it  a  moft.  agreeable  ref- 
'fdencr.  ■-  '••  •    ■■'■ 

^  '  T!<e  Andaman  and  Nicobitf-  iilands  lie  at  the  entrance 
idf^e  Bayof  Bengal^andfumifli  refreOiments  to  ihips 
tlmt  tovdi  there.  :  They  are  inhabited  by  a  hamilefsi  in- 
oflRmtiv«^b^'idolatroutt  people.    Ceylon  is  the  richeft 
andfineft^'tflt^AdfA  the  world.     It  is-fituated  inthe  In- 
dian ^ceftn,ntAr  Cape  CoDiorin^and  is  250  miles  long, 
and  200  broad.     It  produces  eicellent  ihiits  of  aU  kincu» 
pepper,  cotton,  the  fineft  ivory,   (ilk,  tobacco,   ebony, 
mu(k,  chk-yiHil,  lead,  ironiiWl*  ebpper,  cinnamon,  gold, 
(liver,  and  all  kinds  of  precious  ftones,  except  diamonds  f 
'aU  kiAdi'Of  fotdandfi(h  ;  every  ufefuland  dome(^iciini-^ 
mftl.     Its  elephants  are  the  mo(i  valuable  in  the  world, 
jiferticiilarly  if  they  are  fpottedt     The  natives  of  this 
tflttnd;  call  it  a  iierre(lrial  paradife^  and  it  really  deferves 
^fhtft«ikni)6.'   ^Hethieffettlement  of  the,  Dutch  is  Ne^am- 
^ibk'    Ili^!ca}ii€alxity  's-  Candy,  which  is  in.  the  middle 
^df  the- *iflanil^  wlierer>  the  native  king  remams  (hut  up, 
%itiii^utin^ communication  with  other  countries,  or  any 
-  pi't^rty  in  the  riches  of  his  own  dominions.     The  na- 
4lv^y  aris  ft'fobev,  ino£fen(ive  people,  but  idolaters.    Trin- 
•^iLi^mi^is  the  chief  iea  port.  r 

<     ^Fh^  Maldives  are  a  (hiall  cluiler,  q£  rdands  &r  rocka, 
^<tift^^1»ov%'tbe.wi£tfeviilyinr>benArecn^  the  equator  and  8 
iSfeg.  NJ  totti  •■  'Eheyi  at-e  chiefly  relbrted  to  by  the  D^tir^, 
f^a  t#^>!i!rlch)tbe  natives  for  conries,akind  of  (malKheU, 
t^^MMl-^innerlyjtiiireKhlbr  money  en  the  coaAa  of  dlifieikr 
^uW4S«lK?r  parts'Of!  Africa.     The  eoCoa  tree  of  the  Mak- 
di'\^9$  incapable  of  being  rendered  wonderfully  ufeful. 
'Ve(fi4«  are  xompletely  built,  rigged,  and  fupplied  with 
M9^  from  this  tree,  while  its  fruit  affop^s  pleafant  food^ 
"Indihe  mitit  contamealin/tt,  awholefonie,  cooling  bever- 
4tgd.'i1S^mbciiy>hasl>6Ciialreafly  mentioned  in  ouraccoustf 
•f  India.  .     »     ,i    ^ 

:^*l4i^  Mv>t*htioir1<^liiate»  the  moft  i^uthem  point  of 
£amf<!hatkafi^'Japitin,.:c(sitaias  a  nttmber  of  ilUad% 
M  2 


1»8 


AJ^i  JA1it3fJtlCAa:^iA  VJMtXl 


in  8  poiiCion  fVMU  north  «afti  tos  foqth  ^r»A»  Hhiifk  Hre 
called  the  Ku#lie  Klands.  They  are  upHmfd^:  <tiw>  in 
number,  mountalnoiifl,  and  abounding  I  jh  voScaftoet  and 
hot  ijprhlga.  The  inhabitants  ace  ;hait)tae»  «K>vrteous, 
heneit  and  hofpiuble  ;  but . ndveriky  ntndett  them  timtd* 
and  prompts  them  to  fuicide.  They  have  a  ]N€u)}|ir 
veneration  for  old  age.  Tlie  m^n  are  emf^yed  in  hunt- 
ing and  Hftiing  ;  the  Womcn'have  the  ifire<ofth«  kitAhffn* 
and  make  the  clothes.  .  TheifoutKemiikindeili.Are  vn^re 
fefinedand  poli/hed  than  ^'northseniiiaguic^fTy  •OPoa; 
Ibrt  of  commerce  with  Japanv  exchaaig^;  >  their  tw)»tt)c 
oil,  furs,  and  feathers^iiiov  tobacco  all  riort4rOfA9inke(s, 
and  flnaU  wares.         )jx- .j,  :..h      t      ';ii\ii  i.'ih:  in<: 

SMCTtoif  XXXVilU    AER10A»  f       '      -' 

AFRICA,  the  third  grand  divijRtm  of  the  gl<rt»f!.  ;  i^va 

peninfula  of  prodigious  extent,  joined  to  Afia  only  »by  a 

neck  of  land  about  60  miles  over,  between  thellledr^a 

and  the'    Mediterranean,   called  the  IfthmUS  of.Sw)?. 

Africa  extends  from  Cape  Verd,  in  17  d^^.  W*  tl^i^filo 

Cape  Guardafat,  near  the  Straits  oiififabft^nd^),  Wil 

ideg.  E.  lon«  S,500  miles,  from-  daft-ttfiTwr^ft^  t  and.  Sr^xfi 

Cs^)eBona  in  the  Mediterranean!,; in  87  deg*  K^i  W  lO' 

the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  S4  dfee^  &  lat.^  4^300  mH^. 

It  is  bounded  north   by  the  Mediterrace4'n  Se9«:whi4B^ 

Separates  it  from  Europe,  on  the  eaft  by  the  .lHh^mus  (9^ 

uSuez,  the  Ked'Sea,  and  Indian  Ocean,  which  (div^fs  it) 

from  Europe,  >ronth  1yjP')ihe*So^heim  Ocean,  a»d  (<)fi  «|be 

fireft by  Ae great  Aclattttc,i^hlch t^patiftes  itfjfoiin Am^- 

ica.     As  great  part  of  this  extenfive  tetrijbDfy  ti«s  i  upon 

the  equator,  and  the  far  greater  part  bet^wc^  thcftf^^viep, 

tiie  heat  is  almoft  iniupportable  to  Eutopeans,  e^()eciMly 

'^arhereit  is  increafed  by  the  refleaiidn  of  the  fun's  ^ayi» 

•^om  deferts  of  burnine  fand*     The  coafts,  hawevefTi  aid 

l»anks  of  rjirers,  efpecially  thofc  of  the  Nile,  are  ^^t^mfy 

fertile.   TTiere  is  little  variety  io.  the  eli«»»tffi    .^nPF 

ieldom  or  evei^  falls  in  the  j^ains,  and .  ia  lo^Jf  c  r^i^d.  ^ 

the  tops  of  high  mountains.  . x.  If.       i 

The  mod  cOfl^erable  rivcr&4>f  :^lliidkaf}9fet^  Mf^n 

wlikb  falls  iikto  tfce  Atlafitie  at  8iniiega|«   i(r.i)(^<ci^^^ 

1   M 


Antch*' 


itn' 


wnUkamwUm^  \ikt  the  Nife^fcttiliiiny  Uit  eihiirtiy  romA. 
eoU\m1mnd\ntm  kndL  Tlie*8m€|g»I  amI  Gwnlna 
iW  «nlr  bt>aiuib«t  of  this  riven.  Tbe  Nile,  wiiicli  HifU&tig 
t$jpL  lato  tMfo  partt,  dtfchsffgtf^  itfiilf  mte  the  'MmUmt. 
fweaiir.i.lliiiMiMiuiint  ««  Atku.  a  ridg*  eocteiidiAg 
from  the  WeAem  Ocean,  to  which  it  gbiet  the  jurnie  cf 
the  Atlantic,  to  £gypt.  It  had  its  name  from  a  kin|;  of 
Mauritania^  .#  i|^  later  ^f  i(fti»aMiy,  who  ufed  to 
obferve  the  ftari  from  its  fummit )  on  which  account  poets 
fWtirpwntefe  Mptnifentf  him  m  bdaifoffttheheayeas  bti  his 
AonlOfr*  The  Matntgint  of  the  Mieon  axe  Aill  h%hter 
Chan  Allaf*  Th*^oi  8ierr»  Leona,  or  Mountatiu  of 
1  the  iionr^-Mtend^as.  far  at  £chio|tta.  The  ^ak  of  Tene- 
riff,  which  -the  Dutch  make  their  Jl^  meridian  of  lottgi. 
tuM  Ji  ilboitt  fil  milif  high^  fituated  on  an  illand  <near 
the  eoaft.  Thf  mod  notcdtcapttf  Ure,  Ca^e  Verd,  fe  cal- 
led beicaufeilheikmdi/ie.  alwafs  gteen.  It  it  the  «itf(l 
iwefter^peintof  AineAf  TIm  Gapeof  Goodii^pc,  fo 
dent)iiiinsiied  by  the  I'trtngveu,  wnp  firftiailerl  roond  k, 
A*  B.  1 498,  and  difcotemi  the  pa^bge  to  liKKti.  It  i» 
thefouthern  extremity  of  Africa,  and  is  the  country  of 
the  HeiMntots;  J»  ii  m  pqAeifion  ef  thsDiitdh,  and  is 
(he  geiifi^rendezvous  of^hij^s  of  every  nation,  that  ttdie 
loilttiia^  The.oflily  (Ira^  in  Airiea  isdmt  of  BabelaieiM. 
del^r  which  joins  the  Rtd  Sea  withtlie  i^hdian  Ooean*' 

Afvieaionee  contained  iereral  kingdoms  and  ftatei^ 
imiousfor  thehbet^  afts,  for  ¥rea]th,  power,  and  the 
moft  eitenfiv^  cdmmerce.  The  rich  and  powerfulAMle 
^Oirthage}  libat  once  poWerfnl  rival  to  Rone  idMiF,. 
efzteiiidedSeff  comitterceU)  every  part  of  the  H|eii  known 
li^prkl^  levenrthe  Bfttift-ihetes  wdrevifited  hy  faerieett, 
(iH.liibakr<w^fwaft:ki^  of  Mauritania,  nnhs^tly  called 
in  the^Roti\aiiSi(i«h€>-f«bduedi Carthage,  and  by  degvees 
all  the  neighboirriiig  ftates  aindrkiug«doms.  After tbi»  the 
natiyes,  impovefiihed  by  the  .governora  fen t  from  Rome, 
ilf^le&ed  their  trade,  and  cultivated  no  viore  land  than 
might  ferve  for  their  fubilftenee.  Upon  the  decline  of 
Ihe  Rotnan  £iftpire,,the.iioi)ihtDf  Afiica  was  orer  ranby 
t^  Vltdak*  J»^  &>aR  doAsoy^d  tf9«^  trace  of  the  arts 
«ad^^«Meff^|ulfeit9j|his  they  fell^ii  prey tto -the ^wiM|»^, 
dnMilMitoqH^ntAidia^MfUl  of  Bai»ary,i4»ilic  'Hk  MH- 


IHO^ 


main. 


txarfi  \iH«fewire.ifikcc€e<fed.'l>y^thfe  'I^k8^TWl»'»fctfl«d 
dea(QlaKitoiwhci)eyer^the7>c,anie,  ^  fhtit  th»^tiiilit>  ijf  fltis- 
eiloeifloiirifbing  date  VaS'*  focwi  complete.  •>  The  iiiliabi. 
taittsMf  AiRriea,  with  refpe^  to  religion^  mstr^iht  divided 

k^  8  fert^,  PagansvJ^oineuns^lMdiClUilGaiiiiv^e 
are :alfofi9Jaie^<ey{$«   n-^'il^- ■^■'-  ,.    >.'0/ii»fJ'Ay  vdjuK,!} 

;  :BGYl»T3i63botmdcd^ik»nh'b)ithe  Mei}iterrfttf^ 

«|ift.bf  the  RedSdi,  foutH  by^ Abyfliiiia,  and  weO^b^  the 

Deftn  of  Barca  and  the  utiktiowit  p?kt»^f  Afm^k,  '  lih 

6iOO  miles  long,  and  25d  brbad,  Ifna^i  btt«f^€«  fid  ^aiid, 

:;39deg^  RUol  aiid^St aitd  d6 dcer^  E,  k)ft/i' "  >v7  "h- 

•^^  KDuriAg  8  monthfe^^tiid  yinii^  CM'hesit'  kvihis^ou^tfy 

_|i$LYery  oppreffivt.,  'iThtPec-are^o-hdf^  poiiTonoiift  wiivtls, 

which  blow  ^fi-om^lhcfoath,  of  fwrliextrtiite  iiiridity,  that 

no  ammiated  body  expb|pd-to  then^'ca%t-tfftiftthe^  fatal 

jni«encc ;  they  iti  general  J^Iaw^  for  three  d^^,  ?  and  woe 

;  to  thertxavielier  wh^  this  Wind  furprtzes  far  ^Tfkn  any 

r*i  illjf^hiom^raiftsfn^ir^^  awi  tfie  grtat  i^t^y  ©f 
^{tibfti  OQitntry^isiowiiig  to  the  annual  overflowiMf^  -K^  the 
.  ]f^l ' '  l&  bksgins^  to  dSs  vrhesk  the  fun  is  vertical-ni  iSihio- 

pia^^;^ theikeifi;bt  of  its  flobdm^  lower  Egyptf>'^nfc>A- 
^ngfls  to>be  iiren  but -thet  tops  of  foreft^  and  fhiit  tfees. 
^"Pn^  towns^n^  villagee  are  bmlt  upon  eminences,  either 
Miwiutal  or,  artificial.  The  labour  of  the  hu^ndman  is 
.1»«it  almoft*  nothing;  He  rtirows  his  wheat'  and  •  barley 
, into> Xhm ground,  and ,it  requires littk> - morivake ^li) ■fk 

ibr  thcLftaffer.  ' Thc^faice^of the  ;countr)»  ln»  ik^few^  VMseks 
j  ^iftfir  t^iei ftirii^  of  the  hTiIey^ic  t«rtiatlrbe3r(md^^dfiifcri^- 
I  tifii^  ttrhilie  the.  air  is  perfuhted  wit*h^  cfli«uige^4db^0lij  and 

€l^r  ofkntilerous  frikits  and  tylolToins'v  '  ^      l-i*;   > 
Egypt  abounds  avbiack'catlle.    They  "have  alfo  a  very 

fine  breed  ofttflfes,.oii  which  the  chriftians  ride,  theTdtiis 
iBot  allowing  them' to  rxdeoh  horfeis,  which  are  animals 
Jileldlinyery  high  efti'matiofp  amotig  thoat ;  and  indeed 

^yoine  remarkably  fine,  0eet^  ktid  biM{lableii'iTt)e  hx^- 

|Ni|Mt8ski«4rOt3rtver  faorf^,  is  a  njjii«»^mpyjer>%^|4t 
<  f»bvMe*fimfm^  4a  ttKhindeiifiirtti^>Mht^^i4M|H4»tih0«&' 


EeV#*£ 


ki 


!j6irfi6^  'Vjf^^'hpstik^,  caihels,  ^:iiltfek)ijes,  ii  fln^ar^ 
ki^^^^T^^'^'b^adlike.a  dog,  andth^  rak»  cs^lled^ 
ichl<i^*iioh,  ire  WtiVqs' of  Egypt.     The  crocodile  'ii(as 
fonfettt^  tiwipight- Ji^uliair  tb  tJiis  cbtttttrjr  ;  but  there  *  is 
HttI^'d^pfifre^^e.bet^vtE^n  th^  ati4  th^^^Ugators  of  lYiicIia. 
and:)^^^^ai   'TOfy  ^re  attiphibibtis  atiituals,  formed 
like  a  listai^,'  AiiHth  Ihort  legs,'  lafgef  dlawjEfd  fi^t,  inrf  im- 
penetrable fciil^s.    They  ,grb^^  ah6^t ' W  %t  long.. 
Th^y^alre  voraciotni  ind  diineef^s'^nimsils.    Tliis  coun- 
try' '  alfo  >  j^rqdtideV  eagles,  nawks,  ;pelicans,  khd  Water, 
fi9#l  of:  all  kinds.    The  bird,  ibis,  a  creature  refembling 
a  duck,  was  deififed  by  the  ancients  j^for:  deftroying  ftr- 
pents  and  pf'iftiferob^ .  infefts.     Oftridhe$  are  alio  found 
here,  and'fo  ftrong  that  am^nmay  ride' on'  their  "backs. 
Tbe^ieraftes,  or  Korned^viper,'inhab1t^  theeaft^n  piirts,, 
ani  iS;  fyppofe^'to  Wilis '  ^fpfc,;  \vith  Which  (ileojpatra 
was  ftUng  tOt  ^eatlij^   Thei  tiefcendants  of  the  original: 
Egyptiitis  aj<e«n  ill^lbbkitigv  flbvenly  people,  imiiierfed*. 
ito  indolence,  arid  arcidiftingUiihed  by  the  name  of  Cpptis. 


KiU.  '  Tbe  women  in  this  country  are'not  ^dinittied  ta> 
'ihefbci^y'of  the  men,  not  even  at  table,  b!«t  Witt^in. 
ftanding  [pr'featfed  in  a  corner  of  the  room  while^^fte  hi|f- 
band  mnei,  afterwards  prefenting  him  wate^  toi;<ri!h  ;- 
though  imong  the  richer  and  higher  claffes,  the  Woitien 
remain  in  ihdr  own  apartment,  and  if  the  htifbindicoh- 
defcends  fometimes  to  dine  witir  his  wift,  notice  U;fent 
toJier^befbrehimd.  She  receives  the  ylfjt  a's  a  gt^at  fa- 
vour,'aitd  treats  him  with  the  mort.ceireU»6niou$  refpeil;. 
The^Coptfe  jftfe  exCellent-accountautSi  ^nd  maiiJy  of  thetn 
live  by  teaching  the  other  natives  to  read,iiid  WHt^*^    ' 

ItiOu^h  it  is  pad  difpute  that  ^  Creeks  ;d^ved  all 
'tiieir  knowledge  from  the  ancient  Egyptians,  yet  fcarce  a 
veftige  of  it  rfeinains  among  theit  defcend^nts.  This  is 
.{diiemr  ovfihg  to  tile,  ignorance  of  their  Mahbmetan  maf- 
'tei^,'%ho  iVoih  t«li^ious  idotives  dif^ourage  a|llesiqiing, 
fticeptthe  ftudyofthe  Koran  |theiefi:>i^^l  i^he  leia^iiing 
^f 'the  modern  fj^yjitians  cp^^s/bif  suithm^etic^l  cilcu- 


MSP 


w^rvk 


.,!!/!&  anil  fomevtopwledge  pf  the  ^f^ioine^  reKgiom. 
I  lirSyit  abounds  more  with  cjiriOUfapt^dit^^jtl^an  any 
,^iither  place  perhaps  in  th^  ,wprW.  j^^It^pyij^p^^  have. 
; -keen oh^^  defc'ribj^d J . ^^^'  ^'^^^^l^fT  '«, L^jj^iflSie  re- 


naipiat^s^tor.t^e  J^gyj^^n  ^ngs.    ,i,^e'^ bi^. ot  the 

^  cular  hei^t;  is  ^00. feet;:  In  flijoct^, the  |j)yraiiiicl;s,^f 
I  EjgyptairetJ^p  p?0ft  ftupendous^  and  at  ihp  f^jfie  rt\me, 

to  appigarapce»  tfce  moft  iifelefs  ftrv|ftijyres  that  ever  were 
.  raif^dbjt  the  hands  of  men.     TI?!e  ^uin^y^  pits,  or  fub- 

ferrfiiea^  vaults^^  for  the  b]aii4  pfwe  ^'^^t  ari^r:°f'  P^o- 

■^S^b^s  e^eiit  ^'jlt  j$j  faid  ths^  ,jlf^  ejm- 

«  *  IjaTped  aiTjd  buried  there  S^OQ^  ^«  perfe6l  ai^d 

;  HiftinA  j!^  this  d^  ;  ^t  the  art  "o||.thtts  dmb^ming  is 

j  '^i^tirely •  loft.     The  labyrinth  in-  upper  jEgypt,  if ,  thought 


^TOich  ocQSpUpn-  ^ts  iiajii^,;/  ,M^5r,^trace^»^  of  It9f  lake 
:  'jwyps,  which  #as  dug .  |)y  ^an  Egyptiin  kirig^  to  cor):5eft 
^  meirpigulantiesof  the  Nile,  ftiu  are  {eeii^  and;are  evi- 
^ehceA  of  the  grsjtoJeur  ajid!^bil|t3r  of'  tlije;  -v^drt^ ; ,  Won- 
,  aerfi^l  ,grottO^  ?id-  cfxcavatipus,  are  founi  iq  jSj^pt,  afid 
'^  ^e  whole  coiwitry  towards.  Cairo  is  a  fcene  of  antiquities, 
^'of  "^hi^h  the  oldeft  is  the  mofL  fiujjendoujt*.  t^e  j^ore 

,  mbd^rrn,  the  moft  beautiiulv         .i^frj^^  _   l.!*  . 

^  Ttie'  riini.  papyius  is  a  natrve  or  Egypt,  and  fervid  the 

.  ancic>nts  io  write  on«    The  pUh  of  it ;  i^  very^  npuriftiing 

.To-mire  oajy  a 'flight  revle^-  of  "the  cities  artCpuDlic 
edifices  of  thi»  country  would,  fill,  a  large  voiume.  In 
many  places,  "^alls^  tepip^s.  &c»  .built  l^ifpre  the  ,time  of 
Alexander  the  Gr^it»  are  iHll  en^'tj^  t])ei^;  ornswnenjs, 

Alexandria  oh  tlie^^'t^ahtc^^uj  "{^as  once  the,  eowp- 


^r^ 


baMMMy'  ^An.  &>^^ 


lis 


Tiifhed  EurQ^er Vritli  l^^  ficl^es  of  Ji^dla. '    It  was'.fdun^ed' " 
by"Ale2ii?ficfer  the  G  teat,  dn'tlife  niins  of  Tyre  and  C^*' 
thage^^  <luiiU's':40  rti,ifc^  -weft'of'the   Nilk   'Tt.  hi'  f*.^ 
mdos  fef 'the  Irght  holife,  *^e^cft>h;  the  opjjofite  ifliind  of 
?hitf6s',(4efei'^tf!y^efteeineVi'^Vu{6^<ir  of  the*  ^ 


wo^.^'iAh,(W!f^y'^e;'ipdfti   calied   SckitaiJrodn,  now 


\M  ptbTps&ii  '  It  -*  ts'  ^  plafe*  dt  great 

GairOi  the  preferit  carpitil  of  Egyjpt;  i^  large,  and  popu- 
lous ;  biit  it's  Afreets  iir|b  iiarfo^r,  and  its  ^h  unwholefome. 
It  H  divided  into '  t^  ■  towns;  tfie  old,  arid  k^i: '  iiew,  and 
defendl?3 "fey '  a  caftfei  faid  to  have  been  b^\iilt  Jby  ^ala4 .  ae.   * 
The\v^li?  called  Jofeph^s  well^^isyetytAHousi;  It  U  300 
feet' ae^;'-; The'Wettwry  oC.  this  patriarch' is  f^fll:  re,v4ced 
in-Egy^ ';   they'fMefvr  Vaft  gt^rf^s,  atid  ^o^^r  );i^ptls  of , 
public  titil?ty,  fSid^  td  hav6  been'  Suflt  by^  hiitf.  '  Oii  the 
bariks'df  tHe  Ntle/ifftciftg  Cairb;  U^s  the  Village -c^vGizie, 
•which  is  thought  to 'be  the  aiictci^t'vMttejplliis. '  Two  ' 
mllei  Weft  iV  Biiltrc,  thc?-j>9rt,of  jCiiiro.  •'  The  bth^  towns 
of-riotcf  i^'^Egypt,  atrie  Dknrtettaj  the  aificient  "Pielufmm^ 
Siyd,  cN^' the   wefl;eVnTSan^x)f  Ae'M^     laid  to  be  tne  , 
andent  Thcibes/ Goillair  on  tbe  Red  Sea,  Sueii  fonnerly  ' 
a  plaeeof  great  trade,  now  a  fmall  city."   IJl^  ichjMren 
of  Ifrael  are  fuppofed  to  have  marcted  iiear  this  city, 
when  they  left  Egfj)t.     The  Egy^tiaij^s  export  great; 
qUttriti^^ies'bf  flax,  mreMr1^ott6n,leat^ri  calicoes,  wax*  ' 
faff]foiii^'  fuffdrv  fcrinai' 'fetid  caflia.  '   •       •'  ^  :'^\:^^i 

'■■,i:d    v:rlT      .■■.' i,:r. I.'  ;■■:<:>'.'<  '^     ■,;.<(  .-.v; -.i  ':-'■  .. 

»  ■       * 

*UllfI9fE  R^  tflrfi  head  we  muft  raii^  the  '■  coninitf ies  o£ 
M6rdctjir'8ih<i;^€z>  ^Algiers,  Tunis,  'I'ripoH,''''and  !6area, 
Tkeetoplr^<«fMbrocco,  including  Fez,  is  bounded  north  . 
by  the^Mediterraneaii  Bea,  fouth  by  Tapilet,  eaft'by  thb 
kingdom  df-Algiei^;  *' It  is  500 nriiles lart;^,^afld 480brOktfo 
Fez,  now  unto'^o^MiEfrGCco;  ^^125  frf^^tng^  and' toch 


the  fartieifi  breaJTtli. '{ «k  lit4  ^t>w(iki 


JTers  to  the  eaft, 
I  and  Morocco  on  the  fouth,  being  futrounded  oii  all'  o^her 
parts  b^tfc^  6a.  J  Algiers  i«  bdiidfeU'  call  by  l*trois, 


^■14nq<  ' 


■BAll^JtY  &%AJrifSf^t\ 


ncrikjyf  the  Mediterraneaiif  fouth -l^y;^9}»itf  Atlas, 
weft  by  Morpcco. '  It ,  intends  480; ^mut^saloipg.! the 
x:oa(l  q/  t^e  M^difeerranean,  and  is  bc^tween  4iQ  snd  100 
miles  in  kireafi^i.  Tuni;s  is  bpi^nded  north  and  eaft  by 
the  Me^iterrapjeal),  wejl  by  Al^i^s,  fou^  by  Tripc^ 
and  pan  of  Bekdulge^di  220  miles  iong^a^  ^7p  broaid. 
T^e  capitals  bear  the  nai;ne9>  o^  the  n^rmly  f(lat^  to 
which  tbey^ belong.,  Tidpol^  including  9arc^^^  ^xt^fk 
^boi;^  1 100  nu^jes  alof^g  the|  fea  cqa^^,  -pi^i  Vi^ff^^  One  to 
300  miles  in  breajdth.  The,  air  of  theie  $tate&  is  mild, 
except  in  July  aijid  Auguft.  Theie  ftatest  U^der .  thfe 
Rpipan  ^litipiire,  were  jtifily  denomiii^ed  thegar40i /df 
the  \^or]l(^^^4  tphavea  refidfencelii^r^^wa*  t^e'l)iglw^ 
ftate,  of  liixuryi .  "Ithe  produce ;  of  thehr  foil .  fi:|pj)iied 
aU.Itsd]!'  afid'tlie  ^man  enq^r^  witl^  c0rnijiBnncl,fi^ 
But  ,^e.  opjp[r(?%>i\c^  their  gpye^ijm^  jmpe^,:the 
work  ef /agri(»uit;ti»r^^a^^  land»  ren^aia  uncultivated,, 
thopgh  mil  fertile  fi  t)»eykprodujee  fruit,fro6tSy  and  herbs, 
almoft '  J^ntauepuny  $  ,a^  ^U  that  can  :add  to  the  .plea* 
ifures  of  ir£^«;e  iHU  to  b^ 

Ndtjbca*jftiie  elephant  nor  thinpce^os  are  loi^p4  »)»  fte 
■Barbaryl^tes  f  but  th^^  4eiier|s  abound  /vfit^'  lioi;^?, 
tygtrs,  feppftras,  |)a»th(^i,vi9  ferp^nts»  The 

Baib^y^hories- ar^  ,^efy  valti^^e.  Thtey  hsiye.'dponie- 
d^ie^^ .  a^es,K^^uU^,F  said  a  f^rvicestble  ,kind  of  animal, 
called  ku^fahs,;  ^ut  th^lr  znqft^u^ful  animal  i& ^c 
<-cameI ;  the^drjeft thi|lle,  the  barefijhpm,  h  all, the  food 
he ,  reqm^e;^ Jqid,  >,^en  tliefe  h&t^  ea\8 )  while  adv^iiu^ing 
on  hi$  jouriiiey,'  without^pjcpafionyig,  a  ^omenl;  9ll(d^- 
4ay.  '■      '     '  ■ 

Their  c<^a»elma^,•a9^f  blcljbut^^^^^^  their 

flieep  large,  Wt  their  lleecfes  indifferent.  They  have 
go^ts»,;l^^s,.  I*^cu^jpes,rM)es,  tiiate%irr^t|iT|Mi^i^^ 
jfii^ds  of  vermm  smd  re]^l€s,;^parti«^la|^b:fcc^pn/sf» 
Viper^  and  iafge  ^enjOfnit^us  fplders.  AU  'kind  of  ,wil4 1 
fpiMV^^^  j*|any^  JR4g»^g^  1jir&  J  in  pjirticulwr,  ^e^'caipfa 
rp^ic«^.^jv|^'|j^^l;^  plum" 

ag^,  aij4  f??yee£|i^       note ;  b^4t;]#i(«;aip^jli%  oiijt  o£ ;  j 
'its  oi^n  chiiiaLt^J*^ Jf|i«fc  iea/R  of  Barbfty , gtjpjttn^  jwitfei  ^l 


BAI^BAilY  fetA^S. 


US 


Mahometans ;  but  all  foreigners  are  allowed  the  open 
profeffion  of  their  reli^on. 

It  can  fcarc6ly  be  doubted,  thiit  thfe  Countries  ^hick 
tontained  Carthage,  and  the  pride  of  the  Phoenecian, 
Greek,  and  Roman  works,  are  r^lete  with  the  remains 
of  antiqnity,  bttt  thfey  lie  fcatteted,  amidft  ignorant,  bar- 
barous inhabitants ;  fome  of  the  memorials  of  Numidiah 
and  Mauritaniatt  greatnefs  are  ftill  to  be  met  with,  and 
many  ruins  bear  evidence  of  their  atncient  grandeur. 
The  old  Julia,  Cefarea  of  the  Romans,  itiay  be  traced 
in  its  r'iiiris,  dhce  little  inferior  to  Carthage  ttfdf.     A^ 
few  of  the^quedu^s  of  CsfcrthagiB  are  remaining,  but  it* 
walls  are  fwallowed  in  the  ^tllf  of  time  ;'ni)ttbefmalleft 
veftige  remains.     The  fame  is  this  fate  of  Utica,  famous 
for  3ie  retrekt  lind  death  <vf  Gato  ;  and  many  other 
cities  of  antiquity.    Thetie  arealfo  fome  Saracen  monu- 
ments of  ftupftndotis  magAific^ce,  which  were  ereded 
under  the  califs  of  Bagdad.     We  know  of  few  or  no  Jiat-  . 
ural  curiofities  in  this  country,  except  its  fait  pits,  whichy  - 
"in  fome  places,  take  up  an  area  of  6  miles.     There  are 
iilfo  fome  fprin;gs  here^  fo  hiot  as  to  boil  mdat  pUt  int» 
N:hem  in  a  Aort  tSirte; 

Moroccbj  th6  Ca]|[>ital  <jiF  thkt  king^0fe,  is  now  nbtluiig 
but  minis,  and  the  cotirt  Is  removed  to  Mequihez,  a  city  pf  i 
Fez.    There  are  iMghificent  plilaces  in  this  city^;^itttJ 
the  common  pebple  Ihre'in  a  mean  and  Hovenly  mann^  !, 
Algiers  is  not  more  than  a  inile  and  a  half  in  circBmi^  ! 
ference.     It  is  cro"v«rde<i  with  inhabitaiit^i ..  Tketr  ^  piibUc 
baths  are  large  laind  hkudfomdy  paved  wi^  mofble ;  ind': 
the  city,  being  bftilt  oft  the  detiKvity  of  a  ttioliintimyj^e  ; 
view  oTthe  fea  and  i*diToundVn^  country  from 'it  is  jrery ^  v 
beautifuh     The  city  of  Tiinisis  built  on  the  fite  i  o£:  Car*  > 
thage'.     It  is  sibotit  3  miles  in  cirtumfererice ;  is  waUed^  ■) 
and  fortified.     It  has  an  appearance  of  n^atnefs  itUi^^ooni*  [ 
modioufnefs,  but  is  diftreifed  for  want  of  frefh  water,  hsLf^A 
ing'nohebtit  that 'of  rain  preferved  in  cifterfts.i  flRh^  jdttjr 
of 'Tripbli  ftSflPers  the  fame  inconvenience,     ttmhmbtsti'l 
wife  a  flolirif^ik^  plad'cf .    Orart,  H  Ymati  city  lyhjg  avi  the  i 
coaft,  i!5  a  place  of  foltie  trade,  and  bielongs  to  the;<Spdn«:o 
iards.     Belidesthefe,  many  cities  of  renown  lie  fcattered ' ; 
"ovhr  this  tmmenfe  trad  of  country.  Mequinez  is  efteeone^  •  ^ 

N 


I4«r 


;,ABYS3INIA. 


the  gi»eat  enjporium  of  all  Barbary.  Sallee,  a  fmall  Tea 
port,  is  famous  for  the  piracies  of  its  inhabitants.  Tan- 
gifiri  from  ibeing  one  of  the  fijieft  cities  in  Africa,  is  now 
lil^tle  better  than  a  £(hing  town.  Cueta,  almoft  oppofite 
Gibraltar,  belongs  to  the  Spaniards.  Tetuan  is  but  an« 
owiinaryf  town*  but  the  inhabitants  are  faidto  be  rich. 
The  provitjces  of  Suez,  Taffilet,  and  Gefula,  contain 
nothinff  remarkable,  Zaara  is  a  defert  country,  thinly 
peopled,  and  almoft  deftitute  of  water. 

^The  exports  of  tl^efe  dates  confift  chiefly  of  leather, 
finb  matsy  bnbroidered  handkerchiefs,  and  cai|)ets,  which 
ape  cheapeT.and  fofter  than  thofe  of  Turkey,  though  not 
fa  good  attofeiier  tefpecfts.  They  have  no  fhips  that,  prop- 
cr4y  fpeaking,  are  employed  in  commerce,  fo  that  the 
French  and  Englifli  carry  on  the  greateft  part  of  their 
trade.  The  inhabitants  of  Morocco,  likewife,  carry  on  a 
trbde-by  caravans  to  Mecca,  Medina,  sjid  fome  of  the  in- 
.lartdpartSio£^Africa,.fi;Qm  whence  they  bring  bacfc  vaft 
iwumb^rs  pf  i%ves. 


i^fK   jl-at 


■T 


«5tai ,  mi.is&MUJieN  XLI.  » ABYSSINIA. 

•^HIS  kmgdOm  i3  bounded  north  by  Sennaar,  or  Nu- 

busi  piQt  %  »he  iRed  Sea,  weft  by  Qprham,  andfoutli  by 

Gen^iri^jt  J  It  is  900  miles  in  length,  and  800  in  breadth, 

lyhtgilwifwe^n  6  and  20  deg.  N.  lat.  and  26  an^  M  4i&g. 

.  E*.ThMi;."i::  .11    ..:t'  ...  ,  J 

^Ihlti^s  Toa&titry  they  havef  but  two  feaibns,  the  rainy,  and 
thfeiniry:??(iNaifnn  appe£kr9»  and:  the  earth  is  deluged  by 
contiiv^al  nuns»  from  Apt»V  to  September  ;  this  is  fuc^ 
cevded  fay  fiXimonths  cloudlefs  iky  and  vertical  fun.  The 
days  Juipfeiifchmg  hotj  the  nights  piercing  cold ;  and  the 
e»tfil^lotwithfta:wding  the  heat  of  the  days,  is  fo  col4 
perpctilill^  as  tQ>feiel  dijfagreeably  c^l4  tp  the  foles  of  th^e 

'^e^iB&ve  a  T»iHety  of  quadrupeds  in  this  countryt 
boditlnidianKl  tame*  v  There  are  different  kinds  of  cows^,\ 
fonb  hfcviKiii^  horn's  of  vafiou3  dimenfioas,  and  fome  With- 
ottthohi^^idt  all,  differing  alfo  in  the  colour  and  length  of 
thbirhatiri!  -Of  W'ld  animals,  they  have  the gazel  or  ante-, 
lo^>>^  hyseiia,  the  dog,  the  fof,  the  jackal,  the  i^il^  . 


ABYSSINIA, 


.  A.'l 


f;li7' 


boar,  and  ftveral  others,  unknown  in  other  countries ;  but 
of  all,  the  hyaena  is  the  mod  numerous  ;  they  are  like 
Iheep  in  number,  and  prowl  about  from  dark  till  the  dawn 
of  day,  preying  on  thofe  carcafes  which  this  cruel  and  un- 
clean people  expofe  in  their  ftreets  without  burial. 

The  number  of  birds  in  Abyfllnia  exceeds  that  of  other 
animals  beyond  proportion ;  they  hav^  many  fpecies  of 
the  eagle,  hawk  and  vulture.  The  haddaya,  the  Nilfar,  or 
golden  eagle,  one  of  the  largeft  birds  that  flies,  meafuring 
8  feet  from  wing  to  wing  extended.  The  black  eagle,  the 
crkoom,  and  moroc,  with  feveral-  others,  peculiar  to  tlie 
country.  They  have  no  great  vdriety  or  plenty  of  water 
fowl,  fome  ftorics,  a  few  inipes,  but  no  gee^e,  except  the 
golden  goofe,  common  in  all  the  fouth  of  Africa.  Thefe 
build  tlieir  nefts  in  the  tr^es,  and  when  not  in  the  wat^r, 
iit  upon  them.  From  the  clafsof  infe<f^s  we  cknnot  for- 
bear feledting  foncie  account  of  the  mod  remarkable,  the 
Tfaltfalyaor  fly,  which,  if  we  merely  conflder  its  fize, 
and  wa)at  of  variety,  ftrength,  and  beauty,  nothing  in 
creation  is  more  infignificant ;  yet  when  we  contemplate 
his  powers  of  harming,  we  are  obliged  with  wonder  and 
difmay  to  acknowledge  that  the  elephant,  the  rhinoce- 
ros, the  lion,  and  tyger,  thofe  terrific  monfters  of  the 
Woods,  are  vaftly  his  inferiors.  The  appearance  of  this 
fmall  infe<5t,  for  it  is  little  bigger  than  a  bee,  occafions 
more  trepidation,  in  both  the  human  and  animal  creation, 
than  whole  troops  of  thofe  ferocious  beads ;  nay,  the  very- 
found  of  his  buzzing  occafions  univerfal  terror.  No  foon- 
•er  are  they  heard,  or  feen,  than  the  cattle  forfake  their 
food,  and  run  wildly  about,  till  they  die  with  terror,  fa- 
tigue, and  hunger.  No  remedy  remainsji  but  to  hafien 
to  the  fands  of  Atbara,  and  remain  there  while  the  rains 
laft  ;  this  cruel  enemy  not  purfuing  them  thither*  The 
immenfe  fize,  the  thick  ikin  of  the  camel,  defended  by 
ftrong  hair,  cannot  refift:  the  fting  of  this  inifetfl.  He  muft 
lofe  no  time  in  removing  to  tlie  lands  of  Atbara,  for  when 
once  attacked  by^this  fly,  his  body,  head,  and  legs,  b]^ak 
out  in  large  bofles,  which  fwell,  break,  and  putriify,  to  the 
certain  deftruftion  of  the  animal. 

They  have  many  curious  vegetable  productions  in  A- 
lijrflinia.     The  balm  or  .baliam,  mentioned  in  fcripture, « 


HB        FEZAN,  BORNOU,  anp  COSMNi^v 

the  Enfette,  is  an  herbaceous  plant,  which,  when  foft^Jf 
•at  vitb  milk  or  butter,  is  a  wholefoirie,  nourifliing  food. 
The  teff,  a  kind  of  grain,  of  which  the  Abyflinians  make 
bread,  for  though  they  have  wheat,  it  is  only  eaten  by 
people  of  the  firft  rank<  The  acacia  tree  is  very  com- 
mon  here.  There  is  a  large  lake  in  this  country,  called 
the  lake  of  Tzana,  of  very  great  extent.  There  are  eley- 
•u  inhabited  iflands  in  this  lake. 

The  great  catatad  of  Alata,  or  one  of  the  cataraAs  of 
the  Nile,  is  a.  moft  flupendous  and  magnificent  natural  cu- 
riofity.     The  water  falls  from  the  height  of  forty  feet,  in 
one  continued  flieet  of  half  an  Englifh  mile  in  breadth,, 
falling  into  a  deep  pool  or  bafbn  in  the  folid  rock  ;  and 
in  twenty  different  eddies  to  the  foot  of  the  precipice.. 
The  Nile  has  its  feurce  in  Abyfllnia,  near  the  village  of 
Geeih.    The  opening  or  mouth  of  this  fource  is  lefs  than 
three  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  principal  or  facred  foun- 
tain, as  it  i&  called  by  the  Abyflinians,  who  pay  divine 
honours  to  if,  is  only  eleven   inches  in  diameter.     Mr. 
Bruce,  by  calculations,  found  the  fource  of  the  Nile  to  he 
in  10  deg.  59  min.  N.  lat.   and  36  deg.  55  min.  £.  Ion. 
from  the  meridian  of  Greenwich.  ^ 

Gondar  is  the  metropolis  of  Abyffinia.  It.  Is  fituated 
on  a  hill  of  confiderable  height.  The  houfes  arc  chiefly 
built  of  clay,  the  roofs  thatched  in  the  form  of  cones. 
The  palace  for  the  refidence  of  the  king,  is  furrounded 
hy  a  (lone  wall  30  feet  hi^h  ;  and  the  four  fides  of  the 
wall  are  above  an  Englilh  mile  and  a  half  in  length. 
Dixan  is  built  on  the  top  of  a  hill^  perfectly  in  the  form 
ofafugar  loaf ;  adeep  valley  furrounds  it  every  where 
like  a  trench,  and  the  road  winds  fpiraUy  to  the  top.  Ax« 
umisfuppofed  to  have  been  once  the  capital  of  Abyilln- 
ia,  and  its  ruins,  are  very  extenflve.  Mafuah  is  fituated 
on  an  ifland,  on  the  Abyffinian  ihore  of  the  Red  Sea,  the 
houfes  of  which  are  in  general  built  of  poles  and  bent 
grafs.  There  is  confldef  able  trade  carried  on  in  this  iflv 
and,  but  it  is  carried  on  in  a  flovenly  manner.  Their  rer 
ligion  is  a  mixtt^«  of  chsiftianity  and  Judailhi.. 


.4**-, 


FEZAN,  BORNOU,  and  CASHNA.        149 

SscrroN  XLH.  FEZAN,  BORNO'%  amd  CASHNA. 

WE  know  but  very  little  of  the  interior  of  Africa;  httt 
within  a  few  late  years  many  learned  and  opulent  Europe- 
an individuals,  having  formed  themfelves  into  a  foci<rt)f  foi 
exploring  them  j  two  gentlemen  were  chofen,  eminently 
<lualifiedfor  making  the  projeded  refearches,Mr.  Ledyard 
and  Mr.  Lucas  j  and  having  no  other  fources  of- informa- 
tion than  thefe  aiForded,  we  offer  the  little  we  can  colleft  to 
our  young  readers;  ,  Fezzan  is  a  fmall,  circular  domain, 
placed  in  a  vaft  wildemefs,  as  an  ifland  in  the  midft  of 
the  ocean  ;  it  contains  near  100  towns,  of  which  Mour- 
fouk  is  the  capital.  In  this  kingdorri  is  to  be  fcen  fomt^ 
venerable  remains  of  ancient  magnificence.  The  foil  is 
remarkably  fertile,  and  the  principal  occupatioii  of  the 
inhabitants  is  agriculture.  They  have  no  coin,  and  their 
medium  of  commerce  is  gold  duft.  Their  houfcs  or 
huts  are  built  of  clay,  covered  with  branches  of  trees. 
No  rain  ever  falls  in  Fezzan,  and  this  covering  is  fuf- 
ficient.  Their  fovereign  is  tributary  to  the  bafhaw  of 
Tripoli.  Southeaft  of  Mourfouk  is  a  fandy  defert,  200 
miles  wide  ;  beyond  this  are  the  mountains  of  Tib^fti, 
inhabited  by  ferocious  favkges.-  The  valleys  bi^tween 
the  mountains  are  fertile,  and  abound  in  com.  *  Thrs 
kingdom  is  inconfiderable,  when  compared  to  the  twb 
great  empires  of  Bomou  and  Caftma,  which  occupy  that 
vaft  region,  which  fpreads  itfelf  from  the  river  of  Ante- 
lopes for  1200  mil^s  eaftward.  Caflina  contains  1000 
towns  and  villages.-  And  in  BornOu,  which  is  more 
confiderable,  thirty  different  languages  are  faid  to  be 
fpoken.  The  latter  is  a  fertile^  beautiful  country.'-  The 
inhabitants  cmltivate  various  forts  of  grain.  Th^y  ha-^e 
alfo  grapes,  apricotte,  pomegranates,  limes,  lemons,  aiid 
melons;  but  one  of  the  moft  valuable  of  its  vegetable 
produdlions  is  a  tree  called  kedeyna,  which  in  form  and 
height  refembles  the  olive.  It  bears  a  nut,  of  which  the 
kernel  and  ffeell  are  in  high  eftimatidn  ;  thefirft  as  a  fruit, 
the  laft  for  the  oil  it  produces,  whicli  fupplies  their  lamps. 
3ees  are  fo  numerous  there,'  that  the  wdx  is  frequently 
thrown  awayj  as  of  no  value.     Their  reltgipO'is  MahoA«. 

N.2  . 


IBO        SIERF  A  LEONE,  BECLAM,  Ac. 

etan,  Southead  from  Bornon,  lies  the  extenfive  kingdom 
«f  Beg^rmee,  and  beyond  this  kingdom  are  feveral  tribM 
of  negroes,  idolators,  and  feeders  on  human  flefli.  Thefe 
are  the  beft  accounts  as  yet  obtained  of  thefe  kingdoms, 
mnd^  it  is  more  than  probable  that  thefe  are  vague  and 
mixed  with  fable.  ^.      y 

SsctioN  XXIU.  SIERRA  LEONE',  l^l^ilM^  CAF- 
FRA&IA  ANjj  LAND  or  HOTTENTOTS, 

A  Settlement  from  the  pureft  motives  of  humanity  was 
formed  at  Sierra  Leone,  on  the  coad  of  Africa  (in  8  deg^ 
N.  lat.  and  12  deg.  W.  lon.^  A.  D*  1791,  under  a  re- 
fpe^ble  fociety  of  gentlemen,  m  London,  for  the  benev- 
olent  purpofe  of  introducing  knowledge  and. civilization 
into  Africa.    This  colony  proceeds  with,  diligence  ;  the 
difpoJition  of  the  natives  feem  friendly  towards  it ;  the  cli<- 
ma|;o  is  found  to  be  more  falubrious  than  was  expeifled, 
and  every  good  heart  muii  wi(h  fuccefs.  to  a  fettlement 
eftabliihed  upon  fuch  principles  of  humanity^     A  iettl&- 
ment  of  a  fimilarnature,  was.  formed  upon  the  ifland  of 
Bulam  on  the  iame  coaft,  under  the  direction  of  Mr* 
Da^ryfiVple ;  but  this  is.  now  entirely  relinquiflied,  a  great 
p4i^of  itne  cQloni(b  having  been  mailacredby  the  natives 
at  the  inouth  of  the  river  Gambia,  when  the  furvivors 
repaired  for  refuge  an^ng  their  countrymen  »to  Sierra. 
Leoi^,  vfluBre  the  colonics  are  on  the  happieft  terms  of 
friiftd&ip  with  the  natives.    They  make  a  regular  pro- 
gti!i|»  tn  etejdiine  buildings,  and  laying  out  the  land  for  cul- 
tivation.  The  immenfe  territory  of  Africa,  which  extends 
froni  the  tropic  of  cancer  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hop 
is,  comparatively  fpeaking,  very  little  known,  as  no  mod 
itm  iravoller  has  penetrated  f^  into  the  country,    la 
many  circumilances  the  inhabitants  of  this  vaft  contip> 
nent  agree  with  each  other ;  for  if  we  except  the^*Abyl^ 
iinians,  who  are  tawny,  and  have  fome  idea  of  chriftianity, 
they  are  all  of  a  black  complexion,  and  in  their  religion 
pagaiis.    The  fertility  of  a  country  fo  extenfive,.  might  be- 
fuppofed  ynpre  various  than  we  find  it  \  but  there  is  no 
medium  in  this  part  of  Africa,with  regard  to  foil  y.  it  is  ci* 
iiejE  extren^^ly  bsuren  or  very  fertile.    Seme  of  the  prer^ 


bu 


SIERRA^^kEONE,  BECLAM,  kc.         HI 


Hope,, 
mod- 
.  Ill 
conti^ 

ianity, 
'ligion 
ghtbe^ 
is  no 
is  ei« 


uiccs  afford  great  quantities  of  gold  and  filver  {  but  do# 
grading  to  human  nature,  as  the  confeilion  is,  it  is  but  too 
true  that  the  perfons  of  the  wretched  natires  form  the 
moft  confiderable  article  of  commerce.  On  Guinea,  or 
tlic  weftem  coafl,  the  Eneliih  exchange  their  linen  and 
«  ollen  manufadures  for  flaves.  Not  only  the  EngliHit 
but  other  European  nations,  together  with  Americans, 
join  in  the  horrid  traffic,  and  grow  rich  by  the  purchafe 
and  fale  of  their  fellow  creatures.  Let  LIBERTT  bluih, 
and  CHRlSl'IANrvr  hide  her  diinonoured  head.  The. 
Portuguefe  are  in  poiTeiTion  of  the  eafl;  and  well  coaft  of. 
Africa,  from  the  tropic  of  cancer  to  the.  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  which  immenie  traA  they,  became  raaders  of  by 
their  happy  difcovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  From 
the  coali  of  Zanguebar,  on  the  eaftem  fide,  their  trad« 
confids  of  gold,  ivory,  £enna,  civk,  amber^ife,  aloes,  and 
frankincenJe.  The  Dutch,  have  fettlements  towa  ds  the 
fouthem  parts,  in  the  country  c;dled  Caffraria,  or  land  o£ 
Hottentots;  particularly  Cape  Town,  which  is  well  fet<* 
tied  and  f  *  ttified,  where  their  (hips  bound  for  India,  ufu* 
ally  put  in  and  trade  with  the  natives  for  cattle,  in  ex.. 
change  for  which  they  give  them  fpirituous  liquors. 
The  Hottentots,  Ca£&'ees,  and  Gonaqua  Hottentots,  have> 
in  general,,  the  fame  cuftoms,  manners^  drefs,  and  appeajw 
ances.  lltey  make  u  clucking  noife  with  their  toneu^ 
when  they  fpeak,  and  drefs  in  fheep  cr  calf  fkins. ;  their 
chief  ornament  being  a  bit  of  ivory  or  bone,  hung  round 
the  neck.  Very  little  clothing  is  ufed  by  them,  and  im 
the  exceiUve  heats,  which  often  prevail,  they  go  almoft  en* 
tirely  naked. 

Their  huts  are  eight  or  nine  feet  ia  diameter,  covered 
with  ox,  or  fheep  fkins,  or  mats.  There  is  only  one  opeiv» 
ihg,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  hut,  they  make  their  lire. 
The  thick fmoke  and  (iench  of  thefe  keiinels,  (for  they  de» 
ferve  no  better  name)  would  fuffocate  a  European,  who 
might  have  the  temerity  to  remain  in  them  a  few  minutes^ 
but  cuftom  renders  it  fupportable  to  the  favages.  The 
Hottentots  are  fond  of  hunting,  and  are  dexterous  in 
catching  large  animals  in  fnares  or  gins.  In  war  they 
ufeT>oifoned  arrows,  and  though  thefe  weapons  arc  verf 
finally  a  wound,  from  them  is  always  dangerous,  and  ta 


132         SIERRA  LEONE,  BtJfcLAM,  Sec. 

general  mortal.  They  have  no  notion  of  agriculture. 
They  neither  fow  nor  plant,  neither  do  they  reap.  They 
drink  a  kind  of  fermented  liquor,  made  of  honey,  and  u 
certain  root,  fteeped  in  water,  but  they  make  no  more  at 
a  time  than  they  want  for  immediate  ufe.  They  are  fonJ 
of  fmoking  tobacco,  and  the  leaves  of  a  plant  called  dag. 
ha.  Tliough  they  rear  abundance  of  flieep  and  oxen,  they 
feldom  kill  the  latter,  their  principal  nourifhment  being 
milk,'  and  the  flelh  of  animals  taken  in  hunting.  There 
are  lions,  elephants,  leopards,  tygers,  rhinocerofes,  and 
wolves  in  this  country,  whicii  occafionally  make  excur- 
iions  towards  the  cape,  and  deilroy  the  tame  cattle.  The 
Hottentots  meafure  the  year  by  the  epochs  of  dry  and 
rainy  weather,  which  is  fubdivided  into  moons,  but  they 
never  number  the  days,  for  they  never  can  get  beyond 
the  number  cl"  ten.  They  diftincuifh  tfie  parts  of  their 
day  by  the  courfe  of  the  fun.  Thefe  favages  have  a 
peculiar  caft  of  feature.  Their  cheek  bones  are  extreme- 
ly prominent,  and  the  jaw  bones  narrow  ;  their  nofe  flat, 
and  noftrils  exceflSvely  wide,  mouth  large,  furnilhed 
with  fmall  teeth,  perfeftly  white,  eyes  handfome  and 
opeHf  and  hair  black  as  ebony,  ihort  and  curly  like  wool. 
The  men  pluck  out  their  beards.  The  women  have  the 
fame  charaderiftic  marks,  but  theirfeatures  are  delicate  ; 
they  are  well  made,  have  fmall  hands  and  feet,  and  their 
voice  is  not  deftitute  of  harmony. 

The  difpofition  of  both  fexes  is  timid.  Cold,  and  indif- 
ferent. This  naturally  inclines  them  to  indolence.  They 
are  under  no  anxiety  as  to  future  events.  They  are 
(Iruck  only  with  the  prefent,  totally  forgetful  of  the  paft, 
and  carelefs  as  to  what  may  be  to  come.  They  are, 
however,  kind  and  hofpitable  to  any  ftranger,  whom 
chance  or  cur'K^flty  may  throw  among  them ;  fumiftiing 
them  with  food  and  lodging,  and  directing  them  on  their 
journey,  without  requiring  any  reward. 
^  Caffraria  is  a  very  extenfive  country,  running  from 
the  Negroland  oh  the  north,  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  on  the  fouth,  being  700  miles  long,  and  600  broad. 
It  is  divided  into  feveral  kmgdoms,  but  fo  little  kncyArn, 
that  we  can  give  but  an  imperfeft  fk.etch  of  it ;  yet  as 
"diere  is  f(  me  little  variation  between  the  Caffrees  and  the 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 


1&3V 


Gonaqua  Hottoitots,  we  fliall  m:ike  a  few  remarks  upon 
their  perfont  and  cuUoms.  l*hc  colour  of  the  Caifrees  ts 
jet  black,  their  teeth  white,  their  eyes  large  ;  the/  are 
well  made,  adlive,  and  courageous  in  attaclcing  wild 
beads.  They  are  extremely  fond  of  d®gs»  which  they  wilt 
take  in  exchange  for  cattle,  giving  fometimes  two  oxen 
for  one  dog.  They  cultivate  fome  vegetables  ;ind  com, 
in  which  bufinefs  the  women  are  employed  ;  th<:  womea 
alio  make  balketH  and  mats  to  ileep  on.  The  Toil  here 
is  very  fertile,  fo  that  every  thing  fown  or  plantedsrows 
with  the  greatell  rapidity  and  luxuriance.  It  ieldom 
rains  here,  except  in  fummer,  when  it  is  accompanied 
by  thunder  and  lightning.  Induftry  it  a  leading  trait  in 
the  Cafirees  ;  befides  the  pradtice  of  agriculture,  the 
women  make  eaithen  ware,  and. a  peculiar  kind  ofbaf- 
ket,  woven  fo  dofe,  thai,  they  will  contain  milk.  They 
havealfo  fome  appearance  of  religion  amone  them^ea* 
tertain  a  very  high  opinion  of  the  power  of  tne  Supreme 
Being,  and  believe  in  a  future  (late. 

SscrtoN  XLIII.    AJFRICAN  ISLANDS. 

SOME  of  the  African  Iflands  lie  hi  the  Eaftem  or  Inr 
dian  Ocean,  and  fome  in  the  Wedein  or  Atlantic* 
Thofe  in  the  Indian  Ocean  are,  Zocatra,  (ituated  in  5S 
deg.  £.  Ion.  and  12  deg.  N.  lat.  30  leagues  to  tbe.eaft  of 
Cape  Guardafui.  It  is  80  miles  long,  and  54  broad,  has 
tjwo  good, harbours,  is  p(»piilous  and  fruitful.  The  in- 
habitants are  Mahometans,  of  Arabian  extra(5);ion,  and 
tributary  to  the  Ottoman  Porte. 

Babelmandel  gives  name  to  the  (Irait  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Red:Sea,  fituated  in  44  deg.  £.  Ion.  and  12  deg.  N. 
lat.  This  ifland  is  of  little  value,  being  a  barren,  landy 
fpot,  not  Hve  miles  round. 

The  Comora  Ifles  are  five,  fituated  between  41  and 
46  deg.  £.  Ion.  and  between  10  and  14  deg.  S.  lat. 
Joana  is  the  chief,  which  affords  plenty  of  fr^iit  and  pro- 
vifions,  efpecialiy  a  fmall  bullock,  with  a  hump  on  its. 
back.  The  inhabitants  are  negroes,  of  Mahometan  per- 
fuafion,  but  humane  and  friendly  to  the  feamen,^  whe. 
ftopthere  fir  refreihmQnt., 


I54f 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 


Madagafcar  is  the  largeft  of  all  the  African  iflands.  It 
lies  between  43  and  51  deg.  £.  Ion.  and  10  and  26  deg. 
:'S.  lat.  It  is  1000  miles  long,  and  300  broad.  It  is  a 
pleafant  and  defirable  country,  abounding  in  fugar, 
honey,  fruit,  vegetables,  com,  cattle,  valuable  gums, 
precious  ftones,  and  metals.  The  face  of  the  country 
Affords  an  agreeable  variety  of  hill,  valley,  wood,  and 
champaign,  watered  by  numerous  rivers,  and  ftored  with 
fifh.  The  air  is  faid  to  be  healthy j  though  the  climate 
is  hot.  The  inhabitants  are  of  different  complexions 
and  religions ;  fome  white  and  tawny,  defcended  from 
the  Arabs,  others  are  negroes.  They  have  among  them, 
Mahometans  and  Pagans,  and  fome  wh6  obferve  the 
Jewilh  fabbath";  and  have  a  very  tolerable  idea  of  the  hif. 
tory  of  the  Jewilh  patriarchs,  though  no  one  now  living 
can  tell  from  v^hence  they  derive  the  cuftom,  or  their 
knowledge.  Mauritius,  fo  called  by  the  DutcW,  who 
firft  touched  here  in  1598,  in  honour  of  their  ftadtholder 
Madrice,  lies  in  56  deg.  E.  Ion.  and  20  deg.  S.  lat.  li 
is  150  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  a  fine  harbour, 
capable  of  holding  50  large  Ihips,  fee  ire  againft  any 
wind  that  bl9ws.  The  climate  is  extremely  healthy  and 
pleafant.  Some  of  the  mountains  are  fo  high,  that  their. 
tops  are  covered  with  fnow,  and  fome  produce  the  beft 
ebohy  fnthe  world.  This  ifland  produces  plenty  of  rice, 
fruit,  tobacco,  cattle,  deer,  and  goats.  It  belongs  to  the 
French. 

Bourbon,  about  300  miles  eaft  of  M?.dagafcar,  in  21 
deg.  8.  lat.  and  54  deg.  E.  Ion.  has  around  it  many  good 
roads  for  (hipping,  but  fcarcely  a  (ingle  harbour,  where 
they  can  ride  fecure  againft  the  hurricanes  which  blow 
during  the  monfoons.  Indeed  the  coaft  is  at  all  times 
dangerous,  being  furrounded  by  blind  rock^,  a  few  feet 
below  the  water.  On  the  fouthem  part  there  is  a  vol- 
ca;io,  which  continually  throws  out  fnioke,  flame,  and 
fulphur,  with  a  roar  tremendous  to  mariners  who  ap- 
proach It.  The  climate  is  in  general  healthy,  and  re- 
freflled  with  cooling  gales  at  morning  and  evening  ;  but 
fometimes  they  are  vifited  by  terrible  hurricanes,  though 
fhey  feldom  do  'm\ieh  harm,  except  frightening  the  in- 
habitants.    This  iiland  is  fruitful>  and  yields  among  other 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 


155 


tropicar  produftions,  benzoin  of  an  excellent  quality. 
They  have  anibergrife,  coral,  and  beautiful  fhells  upon 
iheir  fliores*  The  woods  are  full  of  turtle  doves,  and  a 
variety  of  other  birds,  beautiful  to  the  eye,  and  pleafajit 
to  the  palate. 

There  are  many  more  fmall  iflands  round  Madagaf- 
car,  on  the  eaftem  coaft  of  Africa  ;  but  we  know 
nothing  ekher  bf  their  names  or  inhabitants.  We  will 
therefore  take  leave  of  the  eaftem  world  and  the  Indies, 
and  coming  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  feaft  cat  eyes 
with  the  fublime  view  of  the  immenfe  Atlantic  Ocean, 
lying  between  the  two  grand  divifioris  of  the  globe  ; 
and  leaving  Europe,  Afia,  and  Africa?  or  the  OW  World, 
on  our  right  to  the  eaft,  and  having  America,  or  the 
New  World,  on  our  left  to  the  weft,  fteer  our  courle 
north  weft,  touching,  in  our  paflage,  at  the  following 
iflands.  - 

The  firft  ifland  on  this  fide  the  Cape  is  St.  Helena, 
in  6  deg.  W.  Ion.  and  16  de^.  S.  lat.  This  ifland  is  a 
rock,  about  21  miles  in  circumference,  very  high  and 
fteep,  and  only  acceffible  at  the  landiiig.  It  appears /oh 
every  fide  a  barjen  rock,  yet  is  diverfified  with  plan- 
tations of  fruit  trees  and  garden  ftuff.  The  Englilh 
plantations  afford  potatoes,  yams,  figs,  bananas,  grapes, 
beans,  and  Indian  corn  ;  of  the  laft  however  the  chief 
part  is  devoured  by  rats,  which  harbour  among  th^ 
rocks,  and  cannot  be  extirpated,  fo  that  all  the  flour  they 
ufe  for  bread  i^  imported  from  England,  and  in  times  of 
fcarcity,theyufe  potatoes  and  yams,  They  have  plenty  of 
animal  food  and  poultry,  which  they  gladly  exchange  with 
failors  for  any  kmd  of  light  clothing,  or  arrack.  This 
ifland  was  difcovered  by  the  Portuguefe,  on  the-  ieftiv^ 
of  the  emprefs  Helena,  mother  to  Conftantine  the  Great, 
whofe  name  it  bears.  There  are  about  200  families  in 
the  ifland,  moft  of  them  dffcended  from  Engliih  parents. 
The  Eaft  India  fiiips  ftop  here  for  water  on  their  way 
home,  but  the  ifland  is  fo  frnall,  and  the  wind  fo  much 
againft  when  outward  bound,  that  they  feldom  fee  it. 

ACcenfion  in  7  deg.  S.  lat.  600  miles  north  weft  of  St. 
Helena,  is  a  mountainous,  barren,  uninhabited  ifland, 
nbqut  20  miles  round;  but  it  has  a  convenient  harbour, 


'15j6 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 


■w^ere  failors  often  flop  to  procure  turtles,  which  abouhl! 
^here,  and  are  a  Q;reat  refre^ment>  n  a  long  voyage.  St. 
Matthew  is  anomer  fmall,  Uniiih;3iljit6d  iltahd,  SOO  miles 
north  e'aft  of  Afcehfion.  St.  Thomases,  Anaiboa,  Princess 
ifland,  and  Fernando  Po,  are  fituated  in  the  gulf  of 
Guinea*  and  ^umi(h  fhipptngVith  prdvifioris  and  freft 
Hvater  as  tiiey  pafs. 

Cape  Verd  iflands>  off  Cape  Verd,  oh  th'e  African  coaft 
V  n6ar'  the  rivier  Gambia,  between  23  sitid  26  deg.  W.  Ion. 
and  |4>  ^nd  18  deg.  N.  lat.  are  about  2fO  iti  number* 
fome  of  theitt  are  barf-en,  liniiihabited  rocks,  not  worth' 
hotice,  b^t  the  foHdwing  are  worthy  attenti(5n.  St.  Jago, 
>^^ere  {he  Portuguefe  Viceroy  r€fides,is  the  largeft,  being 
150'mlIeS  in  circuiniferehce.  It  is  liibuntiihous,  and  has 
m\ich  barren  laiid,  but  where  it  lis  capable  of  cultiva- 
tion, it  yields  plentifully  all  kinds  of  fl-uits,  fugar,icot- 
'ton,  and  other  productions  natural  to  the  climate  ;  |)ar< 
tidiilarly  a  kiiid  of  pliint  called  madder.  Very  valuable, 
as  it  is  iifed  by  Eur^ean  dyers  ;  it  grows  tft  Abundance 
aihoiig  the  rocVs.  !nraya  is  fitUated  on  the  eaftem  fide, 
arid  has  aj^bod  port 

In  the  i^'nd  of  Mayo,  vaft  quantities  of  fait  is  made  by 
the  heat  of  the  fun  from  the  fea  water,  which  at  fpring 
tides  is  received  into  a  pan  formed  by  nature  by  a  fan! 
%arik,  which  runs  along  the  cpaft  for  two  or  three  miles. 
Htere  the  Englifh  go  for  fait,  which  cofts  them  nothing 
But  the  trouble  of  rakirig  it  togethfer,  atid  carrying  down 
to  the  boats,  which  is  done  at  a  vdy  chfeap  rate.  The 
ntfgro  governor  exjpeits  ^  fmall  prefent,  and  Is'pleafed  to 
he  invited  on  board  the  ftiips.  All  the  mfiabitants,  even 
the  priefts,  are  negroes  j  they  fpeak  Portuguefe,  and  pro- 
fefs  the  Romifh  religion. 

The  ifland  of  Fogo  is  only  i*ein^rkkble  for  its  volcano 
throwing  but  fulphureous  flame,  fmoke,  knd  pummice 
ftdines,  in  as  terl'ible  a  inandei-  ks  Etna.  Goree  Is  a  fmall 
fpot,  hot  exceeding  two  milel^  In  circumference,  within 
cannon  (hot  of  Cape  Verd,  b'tit  its  only  Iniportance  arifes 
from  being  fo  near  the  cape,  renders  it  well  iituated  for 
trade. 

;^    The  Canaries,  anciently  called  the  Fortunate  ifles,  are 
7  in  number,  fitUatcd  between  12  and  19  deg.  W;  loii» 


AFRICAU  tSLANDS. 


15^ 


ich  abotincl 
oyage.  St. 
,  300  miles 
oa,  Princess 
the  gulf  of 
and  frelh 

frican  coaft 
leg.  W.  Ion, 
h  number. 

not  worth' 

I.  St.  Jago, 

irgeft,  being 

us,  and  has 

of  cultiva- 

fugafjicot- 
naate  ;  par- 
Y  valuable, 
I  Abundance 
eaftem  fide, 

is  made  by 

at  fpring 

» by  a  fana 

hree  miles. 

im  nothing 

tying  down 

^ate.     The 

►  pleafed  to 

tants,  even 

p,  and  pro- 

Its  volcano 

pummice 

Is  a  fmaVl 

within 

tnce  arifes 
lated  for 

ifles,  arc 
W.  loii' 


gnd  Sf7  and  ^  deg.  N.  lat.  They  enjoy  a  ptire,  teihjpct- 
ate  air,  abound  in  delicacies,  efpecially  gf  apes,  which  yield 
that  rich  wine  called  Canary.  They  abound  alfo  with  that 
beautiful  kind  of  little  finging  bird,  called  Canary  birds. 
Ih^  ifland  of  Grand  Canary  gives  name-to  the 'whole  cltif- 
ter.  It  is  150  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  fo  very  fer- 
tile as  to  produce  two  harveftsin  a  year.  Teneriffe  fs  the 
next  largeft  ;  and  is  remarkiable  for  that  exceeding  high 
mountam,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Peak  of  Teneriflte ; 
is  alfo  pleafant  and  fruitful,  thc^gh  ihountainoUs.  The 
Peak  is  about  15  miles  in  circumference,  and  nearly  3 
miles  perpendicular  height.  In  clear  weather  it  may  be 
difcemed  at  the  diftance  of  120  miles.  This 'motintaiii 
is  a  volcano,  and  fometimes  defolates  the  country  for  miles 
round. 

Jl  is  remarkable,  that  thphgh  thefe'iflandsare  fbppd* 
fed  to  have  been  firft  colonized  by  the  Carthagenians, 
yet  when  the  Spaniards  difcovered  them,  in  1405,  tifiey 
found,  th.  iy>i  the  inhabitants  refembled  the  Africans  in 
ftature-c  -■  jmplexion,  riieir  language  was  peculiar  to 
thefhfehes.  They  retained  none  of  the  auidentcuftoins ; 
were  mafters  of 'no  fetence  ;  and  were  ignorant  that  any 
Vvorld  exiHed  befide!s  tlieir  oWA. 

Three  iflands,  called  tKe  Maddras,  arfe  fitttatfed  m  H 
very  fine  climate,  in  32 deg.  N.  lat.  and  between  IS  and 
19  deg.  W.  Ion.  The  largeft,  from  which  the  reft  de- 
rive iJieir  name>  is  about  75  rntle^  ^'ong,  and  60  brOad. 
It  is  ^onapofed  of  one  -continued  hill  of  ttmJiderablfe 
height,  covered  with  woods  and  rineyatds,  intermixed 
with  the  dwellings  g£  the  merchants,  forming  a  very 
agreeable  appearance.  The  only  -confiderable  town  in  the 
iiland  is  Funchal,  feated  on  the  fouth  of  the  inland,  at  the 
bottom  of  a  large  bay ;  towards-the  fea,  it  is  ilefended  by 
a  wall  and  battery  of  cannon, -and  is  the  only  place  iriu^re 
it  is  pofllblefor  a  boat  to  land.  -The  ifland  belongs  to  the 
Portiiguefe.  The  inhabitants  make  the  beft  fweetmeats 
in  the  world.  They  cultivate  extenfive  vineyards,  from  ^ 
which  they  makelhofe  fine  wines,  Maddi^a,  Mahnfy,  and 
Tent. 

Porto   Sinto,  a   fmal)  diftanci^  from  IVf adeira^ '  has 
very  good  harbours,  where  fhrps  may  ride  in  perfeA 

O 


158 


AMEHICA, 


iafety  in  all  weathers.    The  other  ^Utnd  ti  an  htdcni- 
£derable,  barren  rock.  , 

Leaving  the.Madeirast'vre  ciofe  l^e  account  of  Africa, 
ai^4  proceeding  weftward  through  the  Atlantic,  ftop  at 
the  Azores,  or  v^eftpm  Iflands,  fitiwit^d  between  25  and 
o9.  deg.  W.  Ion.  and  between  37  ^nd  40  dec.  N.  lat.  900 
miles  weft  iufvPortugal,  and  as  many  eaft  cJ  Newfound, 
land,  lyit  almoft  midway  between  Europe  and  ^Amer- 
ica. Thw-y  are  nine  in  number,  anu  were  difcovercd 
«b^ut  the  middle  of  the  15th  century,  by  Jofnua  Vand' r- 
herg^  atiative  cf  Flankers,  who  on  a  v;oyage  to  Lifbon, 
wgs  driven  there  by  ftpefs  of  weatlier.  eS  found  them 
deiUtute  of  inhabitants,  and  on  his  arrival  in  Portugal, 
he  bqafted  of  the  cHfcovery  upon  which  the  Portuguefe 
feni  but  a  colony  to  take  pofTefCon  of  them  immediately, 
and  they  ftill  belong  to  that  nation*  Theii-  names  arp 
■Santa  K^ria,  iSt.  !Micaael,  Tercera,  St.  George,  Graciofa, 
Fayal^  Pico,,Elores,  and  Corvo.  Tliefe  iflands  enjoy  a 
clear^  tender  ate  iky  and  falubrious  air,  but  are  expofed 
to  vic^nt  earthquakes  and  inundations  cf  the  fea,  and 
torrents  from  die  high  lands,  one  of  (Whxh  has  lately 
Jt^^ered  the  town  of  ifiinchal  a  fcene  of  defolation. 

It  is  remiarkable,  that  no  poifonous  or  noxious  animal 
wiltlwfiia  ^efe  iflands.;  ajid  if  reptiles  or  vermin  of  any 
j|ip<}y:arriy(^  th^re  iii  (hips,  they  die  in  a  few  hours.  Tercera 
is  tliQ  J  moft  important  iiland,  on  account  of  its  harbour. 
X|ts,  capital  town  is  A'n^ra,  which  contains  a  cathedral, 
%e  churches,,  and  a  bifliop.  It  is  the  refldence  of  the 
;gCYerii6ur;of  the  ifland& 

,  v^,;^i^5CT/oN  XLV.    AMERICA.     ' 

"ii|Vli)EI>1>y  tire  vaft  Atlantic  Ocean  from  the  Old 
'^Q|il(|,  ah|^  all  its  various  inhabitants^  modes,  languages 
and,*  cuItpT]^,  >ye  launch  on  a  new  fcene,  and  enter  on  a 
cd,uiitry  of*  amazing  extent  and  fertility,  which  though 
little  cultivated  by  the  hand  of  art,  owes  moi;e  to  nature 
tiail  ahy  other  diviflon  of  thfi  globe  ;  r  Country  which 
thou^  totally  unknown  but  little  more  than  300  years 
iince,  now  boafts  her  cities,  her  power,  her  trade,  her 
nphand  exuberant  prodiu^ions ;  claims  rank  with  ihe 


AMERICA. 


15^ 


Eadem  World,  ajod  pouring  her  redundant  wealth  into 
the.  cities  of  Europe,  Afia,  iand  Africar,  returns  to  her* 
ov-:n  children,  the  labours  of  the  filk  worm,  the  produce 
of  thie  vine,  the  perfumes  of  Arabia,  and  the  gems  of 
Indiai  But  forbear  !  ye  Sons  of  Commerce  forbear  ► 
too  lavifhly  to  fupply  thefe  fupevfluous  luxuries^  Icaft  it 
damp  the  fpirit  of  manufa«5lure  in  yoiu*native  land..  That, 
nation  is  the  mod  fecure,  that  is  leaft  dependent  on  other 
nations  for  necciTaries  and  conveniences*,  whofe  citizens, 
acciiftomed- not  to  foreign  luxuries,  can  bar  their  ports, 
dlaw  up  their  merchant  ihips,  and  live  content  on  the 
produce  of  the  orchard,  the  flock,  the  herdj  and  thp 
lloughlhare.  Forihe  hiftory  of  the  difcovery  and  cou- 
qi!«^ft  of  this  great  continent,  I  refer  my  young  readers, 
to  tlie  tJiird  hiftorical  exercife,  anuexod  to  this  work» 
where  I  truft  they  will,  find  fufficient  to  awaken  their 
curioilty ;  to  pertiTe  with  avidity  Robertfo  /s  abridged 
hiil;ory  of  America,  and  a^rwards  tibe  more  voluminous, 
vork  of  the  Abbe  Raynah  In  the  mean  time,.we  will 
proceed  to  a  de&ription  of  mountain  <«,  rivers,  foil,  pro-^ 
duAions,  (Sec.  3cc.  which  diverfify  the  face  of  this  ez-- 
trnfive  continent.  '  ^      ^ — 

Ameiica  extends  from  80deg.  N.  to  56  deg*  S.  bt*: 
and  from  S5  to  136  deg.  W.  Ion.  ftretched  between  Si 
and  9,000  miles,  in  lengdi,  and  its  greateft  breadth  3,690. 
It  fees  both  hemifpheres,  has  two  iummers,  a  double 
winter,  and  enjoys  all  the  climates,  the  earth  a^r'ds.  Iti 
is  walhed:  by  two  great  oceans ;  on  the  eaftem  fide  the. 
Atlantic)  which  divides  it  from  Europe  and  A&ict^ 
and  on  the  weft  by  the  Pacificj  or  great  South  Seaf. 
which  divides  it  from  Afia.  It  is  cipofed  of  two 
great  continents,  one  on  the  north,  and  the  other 
on  the  fouth,  which  arejoiiiedbythe  kingdom  of  Mexi(;Of 
which  fornis  a  fort  of  ifthmus  1,500  miles  long,  and  at 
one  part  Darien  fo  narrow  as  to  make  the  communica-^ 
tion  between  the  two  oceans,  by  no  means  difficult,  being 
only  60  miles  ovey.  In  the  great  gulf,  formed  by  the. 
ifthmus  between,  the  northern  and  louthem  continents, 
lie  a  multitude,  of  iflands,  denominated  the  Weft  Indies, 
in  contradiftindion  to  the  conntriu.andiilaiids  ofAfia^ 
railed  the  Eaft  Indies..  / 


HO 


AMERICA. 


America,  though  not  in  general  a  mountainous  country^ 
has  in  it,  the  greatefl  mountains  in  the  world:  In  South  • 
America,  the  Andes,  or  Cordelleras,  run  from  north  to- 
fouth  along  thecoa(l  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  extending  from 
the  Ifthmus  of  Darien  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  a  length 
of  4,d00miles.Their  height  if  as  remarkable  astheir length, 
for  even  within  the  torrid  zone,  they  are  conftantly  tov- 
ered  with  fnow>  Chimborazo  is  20,60S  feet  high.  Car- 
azon  15,800«.  ^xi»  North  America,  we  know  of  no  con- 
f)derable  mou.  Jns,  except  towards'the  poie,and  thatlong 
ridge  which  ru;is  at  the  back  of  the  United  State«,  whiph 
we  call  the  Apalachian  or  Alegany  mountains  ;  if  that 
<;an  be  called  a  mountain,  which,  tliough  exceeding  lofty 
on  one  fide,  is.  neariy  lev;el  on. the  other  with  the  reft  of? 
the  country^ 

In  North  Annerica,  arc-  thofe^  immenft^  ii^land  feas  of^ 
frefli  water,  called  tho  lakes  of  Canada,  which  not  only  ' 
commumcate  with  each  other,  but  give  rife  to  feverab 
great  rivers,  particularly  the  Miflifippi,  which  runs  front 
north  to  fouth,  till  it  falls  into  the  eulf  of  Mexico,   af-. 
ter  acourfe  of  41,500  miles,  receiving  m  its  courfe  the  vaft 
tribute  of  the  Illinois,  the  Mifaures,  the  Ohio,  and  other- 
great  risers,  fcarcely  inferior  io  the  Rhine  or  the  Danube, 
and  on  the  north  the-  river  St;  Lawrence  running   a 
contrary  courfe  to  the  Miflifippi,  till  it  empties  itfelf  mto 
the  ocean  near  NewfoundWd  ;  all  of  them  being  al- 
moft  navigable  to  the  head.  On  the  eaftem.  fide  of  North 
America  are  the  noble  rivers-  Hudfon,  Delaware,  Suf- 
quebiwtia,*  aad  Powtomack,  which  fupply  others  of  great 
depth,  kngth,  and' commodious  navigation,    and    the^ 
country  is  every  where  advantngeoufly  interfeited  witb 
navigable  rivers  and  creeks,  fo  that  the  inhabitants  en-, 
joy  an  eafy  comnronicaticn  with  each  other^  and  every 
convenience  to  facilitate  their  commerce  with  other  na- 
tions. 

South  America  is>  if  poiTible,  in  this  refpe^  more  for- 
tunate ;  it  contains  the  two  largeft  rivers  in  the  worlds  the^ 
Amazon,  and  the  Rio  de  laPkta,  or  Plate  Riven  The 
firftrifing  in  Peru,  not  far  from  the  South  Sea,  ^fling 
irom  eaftto  weft,  falls,  into  the  ocean  at  Brazil  ana< 
Guiana,  after  a  couxfe  of  more  than  3,000  miles.    TJi* 


AW£ftft5A.     'i^< 


161 


ftio  tie  la  Plata  rifcs  ih  the  heart  of  the  country,  and  in 
its  courfe,  being  augmented  by  nnany  powerful  ftreams 
trhich  fall  into  it,  difehurges  itfelf  into  the  fea  withfnth 
vehemence  as  to  make  the  water  frefli  many  leagues  frrtm 
land.  Befides  thefei  theOronoke  is  a  very  confiderable 
fiver.  A  country  of  ftich  vaft  extent  on  each  fide  of 
the  equator,  muft  have  a  variety  of  foils  as  well  as  cli- 
mates. It  is  i  treafury  of  nature,  producing  moft  of  tihe 
metals,  mine^^als,  plants,  fruits,  trees,  and  wood  to  be 
met  wi'  \  m  the  other  parts  of  the  world  ;  they  have  alfo 
di'^monds,  pearlsj  ertieralds,  amsthyftt,  and  ^ther  valw- 
able  gems.  Add  tp  thefe  a  number  of,  other  commodi- 
ties, which  though  toflefs  price,  are  of  much  greater  ufe, 
many  of  which  add  to  the 'ornament  and  wealth  of  the 
Btitifh  empire  in  this  part  of  ti^e  world.  Amdng  thefe 
we  (ha?l  paytli^T^^arize  dochineal,  logwood',  fndigo,  aiiatto> 
pimento,  gh^g^,  cocok,  fugat*,  cdtton,  &c.  «c.  &c.  to- 

5 ether  with  thofe  valuable  drugs,  balfam  of  Peru/  «nd 
efuit's  bai^k,  to  which  Eutopfe  wa'-  an  entire' ftranger  be- 
fore the  difcbvcry  of  America?    x-41  kinds  of  fruit,  every 
ufeful  and  delicate  culinary  herb,  plant,  ptiUb,  or  root, 
with  mahy  herbi  highly  medlcinalj  are' to  be^  found  m 
,    Ais  highly  favoured  quarter  of  the  glohe. 

Though-  AmeritA,f6  far  a«  knoT<rn,  is  ftill  ih  fomepla^  js 
inhabiteaby^laree  tribes  of  native  Indians,  yet  it  ischieflj 
in  pofleffiiMi  of  the  Spaniards,  Englifh,  and'  Portuguefc 
llie  Spaniards,  astheyfirft  difcovei«d  it,  have  the  Isirgeft 
i^are,  extendhigfrom  New  Mexico  in  North  America  to 
the  Straits  of  Magellan  in^h«,  Soutli  Se^,  excepting'  the 
large  jfrb;#icf  of  3rf  ^, 'Wjifch  belongs  to  me  Portu- 

fnefe,  aiitf  the  extetifive  tterritpry  of  LotSfiana, which'  Tais^ 
een  lately  puirchjtfed  by  the  United  States  ofAitiericf'; 
but  whether  the  purchnfp  ^^nllbe^of  any  eflentikl '  adVacn- 
l^ge  to  thetn  or  not,  remains  for  time  to  determine.  'Next 
to  Spain,  the  moft  confiderablef  'proprietor  of  Aihei-i^a 
%as  Great  Britain, who  derived  her  claiih  to  North- Amer*^ 
ita,  from  the  firil  difcovery  of  that  cont^nei'it  by  Sebaftiaipif  i 
Cabot,   in.  the  reign  of  Henry  Vlf;  A.^  Ef.  1^^^ 
'years  after  the  firft  difcovery  by  G61utnbtiir«^<fet  Piiijip 
;  iing<>f  Spain;  but  within  a  few  late ^ars  that  large'^ftd 
ftrmfetra^ib  which  we  inhatwt,  now  called  the  United 

O  2- 


162 


BRITISH  AMERICA. 


States,  have  withdrawn  themfelves  from  the  governmeit 
of  the  mother  country,  from  which  they  were  firft  coloni- 
7e4>  aiT^rted  their  own  independence^  and  eftablilhed  a 
eonfticution  and  government  of  their  o>vn  }  but  of  this  I 
Ikall  fpeak  more  fully  hereafter.  ; 

The  multitude*  o£  iilands  that  lie  between  the  two 
continents  of  North  and  South  America,  are  divided 
among  the  Spaniards,  Englifh,  French,  and  Dutch. 
America  may  be  divided  mto  3  grand  divifions.  1ft, 
Britiih  America.  2d,  SpanHh  America;  and  3d,  the  United 
States,  which  lies  between  the  other  two.. 

SscTioK  XLYL    BRITISH  AHERICAi      ^ 

,  NEW  BRITAIN,  or  the  country,  lying  rounfi  Hud- 
fon's  Bay,  cpmprehendlng  Labrador,  commonly  called 
theippuntry  of  the.  Efqtrimauz,  but  now  North  and  Souths 
;Wale^  is  bounded  north  by  u|iknown  Isolds  anfi  frozen 
&as  about  the  pole,  eafl;by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  fouth  by 

,^  riVer  St.  Lawrence  and  Canada,  and  wed  by  un« 
knowia  lanils.  Its  length  is  computed.at  3^0  miles, 
its  breadth  *750,  extei^ing  from  50  to  70  degi  N. 
lat.  and  from  50  to  KoO  d^^.  W..  19m  ThjCre  ^e 
tremendous    high:  mountains    nv  this  coundry  |U>  the': 

>ziorth,  which,  being  covered  w^i  everlaiiing .  (tiow,  and 
th^  wind  blowing.&om  thence  more  than  ^two ^thirds  ^f 
the  yeaz,  the  cold  is  more  intfofe,  than  is  euieriejiced 
in  any  ot|ier  country  in  the  fame  latitude..  There  are 
numepu^  bay%  ilrai^,  and ;  capes,  in  this  country  ;  the 
principal  are,' Hudibn'^  Bay,B^iffin^s  ]Bay,laM3i4-4*®ft^^^^ 

.^56  jt^ofe  of  j>ayif,  jBellifle,  ai^d  Hud^^ 
IS  ifxtre^iely  barren)  to  the  nprtft  of.Hu4foji^iBayp^y4n 

[  the ,  iha?dy  p»ne  t?:ee  i$ ',  ieen.  np  longer^  tjnp  l^old,  es^tji,, 
though  repeatedly  tried  with  ie^ds  and^lantx  f?fun 

"  lEurope,  refufes  to  yietA^any  thing  ^)UL  a  few  mif^rkble 
ihrubs,  and  YrCt  this  intenfely  cold,  inhoibitiihle  climate, 
lies  if^  thie  fame  latitude  with  (ome  ;  of  the,  jn^fti  j  %^s 

^^^♦otmtijes  in  ■  Ei>gland*-         >>:.  ■  av,  fr-j|.*j >'.#^?: •  /fv  '.'ad^l 

,'i  ij  Great^  yarliaty^of  quadrupeds  are^f^mad  li^rei  niQpfe 
deer,  ftags,  reia'dcer,  bj:tP[;uoes,  wolye^v  to^^^ 
otters,  lynxes,  miartei^^  f^juj^;?^,  .ef  n^'nes^,^ 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 


%B9 


fiarei.  Of  the  feathered  tribe  they  have  gecie,  buT-- 
tardsv  ducks,  partridees,  and  all  manner  of  wild  fowl. 
Of  fifh)  whales,  mones,  feals,  cod,  and  haddock,  and  a 
variety  of  river  fiih.  AH  the  animals  here  are  clothed  in 
{oft,  warm  fur.  In  fummer  there  are  variety  of  col- 
ours among  them,  but  in  winter,  they  all  afilime  the  liv- 
ery of  the  feafon,  and  become  perfeAly  white.  The 
fame  change  takes  place  in  regardto  their  fowls.  Etery 
thins  animate  and  inanimate  becomes  of  the  colour  of 
the  mow,  and  to  ihew  the  providence  of  our  benevolent 
Creator,  in  prote^Einehis  creatures  from  the  inclemency 
of  the  feafon,  evtii  dogs,  cats,  and  other  domcftic  aoi- 
n^gls,  which  have  been  carried  from  Europe  to  d^s 
country,  entirely  change,  their  aj^aranoe,  and.  acquire  a. 
longer,  ibfter,  anu  much  thicker  coat,  on  the  approach 
of  winter.  The  native  inhabitants  of  this  eountij,  are 
very  ingenious  in  their  methods  o£  clothing  tHe;4ielves». 
andprderving^  their  eyes  from  the-  glare  of  white,  which, 
iiirrounds  them  the  greateil  part  of  the  year ;.  though  in 
other  refpe^,  they  are  very  favage..  In  their  ibapes 
and  faces  they  reiemble  the  Samoeids  and.  Laplanxiers. 
of  Europe. 

The  difcovery  of  thefe  northern  feas,  was  owing  to  a< 
project  ftarted  in  Ehgland,  for  at^en^pting  to  find  a  novth 
we&paflage  to  China*  in  the  year  1576  ;  but  from  late 
voyages,  it  is  evident  na  UrIR  paiTage  can  be  fbun4.  ^or- 
biinet  difcovered  the  main  of  New  Britain,  1585  John 
Davis  viewed  that  and  the  more  northerly  coaft  ;  but  m 
1610,  that  bold  and  judicious  navigator,  Hudfop,  entered 
the  ftraits  and  bay  known  by  his  name,  and  penf^trated 
to  80  deorrees  and  a  half  into  the  heart  of  the  frozen 
zone,  ^here  he  ftruggled  with  the  empi|!e  of  winter, 
and  remained  ia  this  region,  of  froft.  and  fnow  till  tlie 
fpriag  of  161 1,  when  preparing  to  purfue  his  difcoveri|^s, 
his  crew^  weary  of  fuch.  perils  and  bardfliips,  mutined* 
feized  on  him  and  7  of  his  moft  faithful  followers,  and 
committed  them  to  die  fury  of  the  icy  Teas  in  an  op^n 
boat,  where  they  were  either  iCwallowed  up  by  the^T^irayj^s, 
•i;  gaining  the  rnhofpitable:  coaft,  were  deftroye^j  by.  the* 
ravages.    The  ihip  sind  the.  reft  "of  th^,  men  r^ti^r^^d 


l*)4r' 


CA^AiiA. 


;  In  1670,  a  charter  was  g^antccFtb  a  coriiptiiy  of'jticr- 
ti!fants,f6r  the  exclufive'  tradtj  to  this  bay.  This  com- 
pany  employ  but  four  Ihips  and  180  fcamen.  They 
havi  feveral  forts,  which  Rand  on  the  weft  fide  of  the 
bay,  ijie  principal  of  which  is  Fort  NeUbi^.  They  trade 
With  the  natives  fojp  peltry  and  furs. 


* 


rr/ojv 


CANADA. 


'■  CANABA,  or  the  Provhure'  of  Quebec,  is  bounded 
;Abi'thandeaft  byNtJwBritaifiandvHndfon's  Bay,  fouth 
^  New  England,  Nova  Scotia,  knd  New  York,  and  well 
b^.  unknown  lands.     It  is  60p  miles  long,  and  ^OO  brond, 

'll^ihg' between  61  andgl' <!eg. 'W.-lbn. and  4^. and  52deg. 
N*.  £ti  '  The  dfinate  is  jtSd,' and  this  w;ijniter  long  and 
tie^itDttS;  but  like  inoft  of^hef  Am(SSeA#^tt%<as.ti^t  do 
ript  iietop  fer't6'tl|>e  ^Orthi  the  fhmttiei'SyrthJfi^Bgh^^ 
*Tt  exceedingly  pip^ant,  ani  as  the  ibit  ir'  Wy'igood, 
Acy  haye  plenty  of  grain,' frilit,  and  tegptables.     To- 

'  Ikcco  U'  much  cultivated  here,  and  thrives  well.     The 
/  iheadow  grounds  are  well  -  watered,    and    yield    ex- 
•ellent  grmsi    As  we   are    ent^rijig    upon  the   culti- 
vated jb&s  of  Britinf '  America,  to  avoid  repetitions  we 
ft^l  l^eak  now  of  ^the  di^rent  fpe^ies  of  timber  and 

^aitimals  found  in  this  couliferT*  as  ifhef  ^re  theikme  as 
tofeof  the  United  States*  '  The  timber  are  white  and 
|«ed  pinei  four  forts  of  firs,  tWo  forts  of  cedar,  and  oak, 
tiife  white:  and  redi  maple  of  two  kinds,  S  forts-  of  afh> 
aiid  three  of  walnut,  vaift  numberis  of  beath  trees,  elms, 
amd  pojjilars.  The  Indians  hoUove  the  red  elins  into 
canoes,  fome  of  which  ms^de  out  of  one  fii^e  will  con- 
tain ^  pei(fons.  Here  alfo  are  cfierrjf  trees,  plumlr 
trees  j  and  a  tree,,  the  fruit  of  .which  infufefd';in'Watery-|nfo- 
duces  vinegar.  The  cotton  tree,  on  thietofp  of^mj|h 
.  grows  feveral  flowers,  which  when  (hafcen  of  a  mbijf^g 
beforethe  dew  fails  off,  produce  honey,'  whiclinity  be 
boiled  into  fugar,  the  feed  be^  at  pod  contarriing  very 
ilne  cotton.     Turkey  cpyn,  Frti^h  beans,  goiirds»  melons, 

,  and  hops.     Near  Quebec- ik'; a  fine  lea4,raine.    .This 
trtmntry /abounds  alfo  in  coalsi  ":  "       * 

}isre  ai:e  five  lakes  in  this  country,,  the  fmalleft  of 


CANADA. 


W§ 


which  is  a  piece  of  frefli  water,  mater  than  any  in  the 
•ther  parts  of  the  world  }  this  is  Lake  Ontario,  which  is 
not  lefs  than  200  leaeties  in  circui.aerencc.  Erie,  and 
Ofwego,  are  longer,  but  pot  fo  bro&d.  Lake  Huron  ir 
SCO  leagues,  as  is  that  of  Michigan  ;  but  the  Lake  Su- 
perior, which  contains  feversu'  large  iilands,  is  500 
leas^ues  in  circuit;  All  thefe  lakes  are  navigable, 
and  communicate  one  with -the  other,  except  between 
Lake  Ontario^  and  Lake  Erie,  where  the  paflage  is  in- 
terrupted by  that  (Ixipendous  cataradj  the  falls  of  Nia- 
gara. The  water  here  is  half  a  mile  wide,  in  the  form 
of  a  half  moon,  and  falls  perpendicular  150  feet  upon  ft 
bedofroclcs  below, from  which  it.  rebounds  to  a  very 
great  height,  being  converted  into  a  white  foam,  hj 
3)e  violent  agitation.  The  noife  of  ihis  fall  is  heard 
many  miles  diftance.  The  animals  make  a  curious  and' 
ifttevefting  part  of  the  natural  hiftory  of  America;  particu* 
larly  that  or  the  beaver, which,though  fomewhat  refembling 
the  creature  knovm  in  Europe  by  that  name,  has  many 
particulars  which  are  curious,  to  the  nattiralift.  It  is  an 
amphibious  animal,  and  cannot  live,  without  frequently 
bat})ing  iiithe  water.  The  favages  reckon  this  creature 
a  rational  animal,  fay  they  form  focieties,  and  are  gov^ 
•rne'd  by-  (achems,  and  indeed  the  curious  method  in 
whicbi^I^P^  prepare  theif  habitations,  provide  food-  to. 
ftfrve  theih  through  the  winter,  and  always  ift  proportioil, 
to  the  coxitinuance  and  feverity  of  it,,  are  fufficient  to 
Ihew  the  near  approaches  of  inftindl  to  reafon.  Their 
•colours  are  various,  and  the  value  and  tffe-of  their  fur  ii 
too.  well  known  to  need  mention  here.  Befides  ^is  fur, 
the  iihimal  proj|aces  the  caftor,  a  drng-,  the  f^alue  and 
ufe  of  which  is  ^11  underftbod-.  The  ^fli  of  the  beaver 
•is/npt  unpleafanfjftwdi.  The  muik  rat  is  a/ diminutive. 
biMLof  heaven  The  elk  is  of  the  fize  of  si  horfe  or 
mul|f  Its  flefK- If.  agreeable  ajidj  ];)6uriiliing.  It  loves 
cold  Countries,  ^ferocious  animal^  called  >4a  carcajou j. 
remai*!fable  for  itrlong  tail,  which  it  twifts  round  any 
thing-it  wifhes  to  ni^ke  its  prey^  and  difjgatches-  it  wit^ 
its  teeth;-  TheBuflPaloeor  wiMox,  covei^ed  with  1>lacl: 
wool,  which  is  highly  efteemed.  Its  fleflk  is  good;  ^d 
'Uhid%  makes  foft,  plistble,  and  durable  leather.    TlMt 


Iff  CANADA. 

lO^uck,  but  little  different  from  thofe  of  Europe, 
iVolves  are  £carce  here»  but  their  fur  is  very  fine,  and 
tbeir  Bt(h  good  food.  The  black  fox,  valuable  for  iu 
lur,  and  the  pole  cat^  are  natives  of  Canada.  The  wood 
rata  of  a  beautiful  filver  colour,  the  common  fquirrel, 
the  fljing  and;  the  ground  iquirrel,  sm'C  fpund  here. 
The  porcupine  inhere  full  as  l^jrg^  iA«  a.naiddllng  fued 
dog,  and  eats  wel)  roaded.  There  are  two  forts  of 
l^ears,  one  o£  a  xeddiHi  colour,  toe  other  black  i  but  the 
former  is  the  mod  ferocious.  Of  the  feathered  cieatlon, 
tbey  have  eagles,  falcons,  hawks,  with  a  variety  of  g.anie, 
irater  fowl,  poultry,  and  finding  Jsirds,  Qfpecia}Iy  a  re. 
markable  bird,  called  the  white  bird.  Its  notes  are  de- 
lightful, and  its  flefh  delicious  as  an  otorlan,  and  a  l?eau. 
I^ul  little  crcatiur|,  fcarcelj  bigger  than  a.  large  cock 
ohafier,  called  a  humming  bird. 

Among  the  reptiles  ofthis  country,  the  rattlelhake  is 
the  moft  remarkable,  fomc  of  thefe  are  as  big  as  a  man's 
W,  and  long  in  proportion.  In  the  tail,  which  is  fcaly 
U£e  a  coat  of  mail,  is  a  rattle,  to  which  one  is  added 
•irery  year,  that  the  creature's  aee  may  be  known  by  its 
VA^tles,  as  we  know  the  age  of  aliorfe  by  his  teeth.  This 
rattle  he  fhakes  when  diuurbed,  fo  that  any  perfon  ap> 

aroaching  has  warning  of  danger,  for  the  bite  of  the  ratr 
efnake  is  mortal,  if  a  remedy  is  not.  applied  immediately; 
Imt  by  the  goodnefs  of  Providence,  wherever  thefe  rep. 
tiles  abound,  grows  an  herb,  called  the  rattlefnake  herb, 
the  root  of  which  chewed  or  pounded,  and.  applied  to 
the  wound,  is  an  antidote  to  the  poifon.  The  fleih  of  this 
creature  is  wholefomie  foiody  and  in  fome  cafes  thought 
to  be  medicinal.  In  the  rivers,  l^k^s,  an^feas  of  Canada, 
ls.eyery  kind  of  fifh,  which  has  been  mentioned  as  be- 
Ipnging  to  tke  continent  in  genieral  ;  beiides  which  they 
have  an  amphibjous^  creature,  called  a  fea  wolf.  The 
larged  are  fsiid.  to  weigh  2,00(Hb.^ the  fle(h,  when  frefh 
j^l&4>  ^s  not  unpleaf^nt  food  ;  but  it  yields  an  oil  proper 
liMT  bum^ilg,  and  currying  leather.  The  (kin  is  good  for 
eoy^ring  trunks,  auid  when  mgde  into  bpots  and  ihoes,  is 
water  prppf,  which  altogether,  renders  the  animal^  when 
taken^  a  ts^ahle  ac^uilitipn.  The  Canadian  &a  con* 
i^Urg;er  t^m*^  yf^i  it  ^s  two  teeth  as  big  a4^IIUU3>'^ 


-CAK  ABA. »  ' 


m 


atin»  and  when  grown,  look  like  horns  i  they  are  Tery 
fine  ivory.  Porpoifes,  Itels,  cuttle  fi(h,  and  a  curiont 
kind  of  nih,  called  chaourafou,  'which  preys  on  birds. 
Some  of  the  rivers  have  aligalors,  hut  little  differing 
irom  the  crocodile  of  the  Nile. 

Quebec  is  the  capital  of  all  Canada.    It  is  fituated  at 
the  confluence  of  tlie   rivers    St.  Lawrence»    and.  St. 
Charles,  or  Little  River,  about  S20  fnOesffom  the  fea.    It 
is  built  on  a  rock,  partly  of  marble  and  partly  of  flatc. 
The  houfes  are  built  of  (lone,  and  in  «a  tolerable  man* 
ner.     The  fortifications  are  ftrone,  and  the  citadel  regu- 
lar and  beautiful.     The  haven  lies  oppofite  the  to¥m. 
It  is  fafe  and  commodious  ;  the  water  5  fr..hom  deep. 
From  Quebec  to  Montreal,  which  is  170  miles,  in  failinfl; 
up  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  the  eye  is  entertaine4   w^iS 
mofl:  beautiful  landfcapes,   the   banks  bemg   in  ir.  :.nr 
places  bold  and  deep,   (haded    with  lofty  trees,  with 
t'arms   lyine  pretty   clofe  to  each  other  all  the  way  ; 
feveral  gentlemen's  feats,  neatly  built,  fhew  themf .  i  Mt 
at  intervals,  and  there  is  every  appearance  of  aflomfii* 
ing  colony.     Many  beautiful  iflands  are   interfperfed  in 
the  channel  of  the  river,  and  have  a  pleafing  effedt  upon 
the  eye.     In  the  fummer  months  the  air  is  delightful. 
The  town  called. Trois  Rivieres   is  about  half  wav  be- 
tween Quebec   and  Montreal,  and  has   its  name  from 
three  rivers,  "which  join  their  currents  here,  and  fall   into 
the  river  St.  Lavrtenoe.     The  Indians,  by  means  of  thefe 
rivers,  carry  on  a  trade  with  the  inhabitants  in  various 
kinds  of  fars.     The   country  round  is  pleafant  and  fer- 
tile. ,  »         ^fj/smd,^ 

Montreal  (lands. on  iJMMMMBfiiPMliiMMiiMy  which  is 
ten  leagues  in  length,  and  four  in  breadth,  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  which  gives  name  to  it.  The  city  forms  an 
oblong  fquare,  divided  by  reg'ulai*  (h-eets.  It  is  lur- 
rouiided  by  a  wall  and  a  dry  ditch.  It  is  nearly  as 
large  as  Quebec.  The  nature  of  the  climate  being  ex- 
tremely coldin  winter,  and  the  people  manufadhiring 
•nothing,  Canada  chiefly  depends  on  Europe  for  fupplies 
of  neceifaries,  and  for  commodities  t^  furnifh  the  Indian 
trade^  which  requires  rum,  tobacco,  blankets,  guns^  pow. 
der,  balls,  hatchets,  toys,  &c.  &c.    The  Inhabitants  ex- 


168 


NOVA  SCOTIA. 


port  iktns,  fur^  fi^infeng,-  fnake  root,  8tc,  &c.  tothfe 
amount  of  1 05,500^  fterlingi  ^nd  import  European  goods 
to  nearly  the  fame  fum,  lb  that  their  trade  is  of.  great 
importance  to  Great  Britain. 

^Mcntm  XLVIli.    NOVA  SCOTIA. 

■  NOVA  SCOTIA  is  bounded  north  by  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  eaft  by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlan. 
tic  Ocean,  fouth  b/  the  Atlantic,  and  weft  by  New  Eng- 
land. In  the  year  iJTS*,  this  province  was  dividfed  into 
two  governments.  That  now -ft  yled  New  Brunfwick,  is 
bounded  weft  by  the  river  St.  Croix,  north  by  the  fame 
river  to  its  fource,  eaft  by  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs  to  the 
Gutf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  fouth  by  a  line  in  the  centre 
of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  from  the  river  St.  Croix  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Mufquat  River,  including  all  iflands  with* 
in  6  miles  of  the  coaft.  Thefe  two  governments  are  to* 
gether  350  miles  in  length,  and  250  in  breadth,  lying 
between  4S  and  49  deg.  N.  lat.  and  60  and  67  deg.  W. 
Ion.  .  ^  ^ 

The  rivers  in  Nova  Scotia  are,  ^t.  Lawtence,  Rif- 
goucheyand  Nipiliquit,  St.  Johns,  Paifamaquodi,  Penob*, 
icot,  and  St.  Croix.  The  feas  running  near  it  are,  the 
Atlantic,  Bay  of  Fundy,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The 
ieffer  bay$  are,  Chenigto,  and  Green-  Bay,  upon  the 
i/lhmus,  which  joins  the  tiorth  part  of  Nova  Scotia  to. 
the  iouthythe  Bayof  Chaleurs  on  the  north  eaft,  the  Bay 
of  Chedibudo,  and  the  Bay  of  the  Iflands.  There  are 
many  ports,  of  which  t>o*rjloi5^way  is. the  -  moft  popu- 
lous. Thpr,(t#riiiiiBiimfTOUtiC»pe»|;Well  known  by  marin- 
ers (ailing  in  thefe  f^^s  :  and  inland  many  lakes  of 
frefh  water,  which  haveTiot  yet  received  any  name& 
The  climate  is  not  very  favourable  to  European  confti- 
tutions,  being  wrapt  in  fogs  during  a  jS^^^'^  P^^  ^  ^^ 
year,  and  fw  four,  or  five  months  intentely  cold.  From 
fuch  an  unfavourable  climate  little  can  be  expeded ; 
indeed  Nova  Scotia  was  till  lately  almoft  a  contintted 
ibreft,  and  agriculture  made  but  little  progress.  In 
moft  parts  the  foil  is  thin  and  barren,  die  com  it  produces 
fmallaiid  (brivelled,  the  grafs  alTo  is  mix«d  with  «  cpldi 


■^   •■'-t-*"'- 


tWlTED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


I6i 


Tpongjr ;  Utidfs ;  however  thdre  are  foriie  trafls  to  the 
ibuthwardi^hich  by  thfcinduftry  and  exertions  of  tiie 
inhabitants, 'begin  to  be  fertile  and  flourifhing.  The 
conn  try  produces  excellent  timber,  pitch,  and  tar.  No- 
va Scotia  is  not  deficient  in  the  animal  produftions  natu* 
ral  to  America,  and  many  European  fowh,  which  have 
been  carried  there,  thrive  well.  ITiey  have  very  valu- 
able fifheries  on  the  coaft.  The-  chief  town  is  Halifax^ 
It  ftand^ 'on  ChebiiiftO  Bay,  very  COiriniodiOufly  for  fifh- 
ery.  The  town  has  an  intrenchment,  and  is  ftrengthened 
with  forts  of  timber.  Annapolis  R6yal,  was  former- 
ly the  capital.  It  has  one  of  the  fineft  harbours  in  A- 
merica,  ^apable  of  containing  a  thotti&nd  veffels  at  an- 
chor, m  the  utmoft  fecuritf.      '  i^s  v»''  • 

The  Province  of  New  Brenfwick  was  fej^rated  from 
this  gbvernment-in  the  year  1784.  The  city  of  St.  Johns 
is  thie  capital  of  this  Province.  It  fs  aban^ome,'  (pacious 
city,  w'ith  ugood  hirbour,  open  for  navigation  all  the 
winter.  Fredericton,  formerly  called  St.  Anne's,  about 
80  miles  up  the  riter  St.  Johns,  is  the  pfefent  feat  of 
government,  and  St.  Andrews,  are  the  only  towns  of  note ; 
but^'the  whole  province  appears  likely  to  advance  rapidly 
rn  po^latiori,  liufbandty,  aiid  commerce. ' 

-SiStibWXLlX.    UNITED  STATES  OF  A^fj^R^ 

THE  United  Spates  of  Ariiericaanfe  botihdftd^drdi 
and  eaft  by  Upper  and  LoV«^er  Canada  and  New*Biruiifw 
wick,  fouth  eail  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  foiith  t>y 
Ei^ft  awd  Wefli  Florida,  afid  weft  by  i3ie  rivet  Miffifippf: 
They  are  1, '250  miles  long,  and  1,040  broad,  tying  be- 
tween'3^1  and  48  deg.  N.'iat.  and  8deg..  E.  and  ^4  deg. 
W.  loii.  from  PhiladJpiiia,  aitd  64  and  96  deg.  W.  loa. 
frtim^ London.  "     ",  ■    ^^ -Hfl^nwvTs-: 

Of  the  rife  pro^efs,  end  7*ematltabl6  events  of  the  w$tr 
between  Great  Britain  and  her  Amei'ican  colonics,  #lliCk 
at  length  terminated  in  the  eftablilhment  of  the  Unit^i 
State*  "of  America,  we  ifiill  give  an  account  ia  ^e  3d 
hlilbfi^al^xercilc.    In  the /mean  time  we  Ihall   mas-k 

-^Ae'  bbiindaries  and  extent  <^  the  territory  included  under 

,p.  ....  -  '■'    . 


m        UNITE!)  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

that  ^neral  name  ;  defcribe  the    diflfercnt  iiatesj  theh- 
capitals,  trade,  manufactures,  Ibtl,  produ(5i;s,  &o.  &c. 

Thofe  ftates  known  by  the  denomination  of  the  New 
England  ftates,  are  New  Hampfhire,  Maflachufetts, 
Rhode  Ifland  and  Providence  Plantation,  Connefticut, 
and  lately  added  Vermont*  New  England  is  a  high,  hilly, 
ai\d  in  fome  {>arts  mountainous  country.  The  mountains 
^re  comparatively  fmall,  running  in  ridges  parallel  to 
each  other,  while  between  thefe  ridges,  flow:  the  groat 
rivers  in  majeftic  meanders^  receiving  the  innumerable 
rivulets  and  other  dreams,  which  flow  from  tlie  mountains 
on  every  fide  ;  fome  of  the  mountains  terminating  in 
high  bluflf  heads  towards  the  fea,  and  others  floping  by 
a  gradual,  beautiful,  and  verdant  defcent  towards  t^e  in^ 
teridr  of  the  country.  It  is  a  country  fo  abundantly  fur- 
nifhed  with  all  the  neceifaries  of  life,  which  only  require 
induftry  to  improve  into  luxuries,  yet  fo  impenetrable  to 
the  invafions  pf  aii  enemy,  as  feems  to  fay  to  its  inhabi- 
tants, "  Be  ye  free,  be  ye  independent  ;  for  unlefs  un- 
dermined by  mdolence,  or  corrupted  by  luxury,  you  muft 
be  invincible."  v; 

^  There  are  four  principal  ranges  of  mountains,  pailing 
from  north  eaftfto  fouth  weft,,  through  New  England. 
Thefe  ridges  arei  full  of  lakes,  ponds,  and  fprings  o^ 
Water..  Indeed  no  country  on  the  globe  is  better  watered 
than  New  England. 

The  chjef  rivers  are,  Connedlicut,  Thames,  Patuxent, 
Merrimack,  Pifcataqua,  Saco,  Cafco,  Kenebec,  and  Pe<- 
nobfcot.  The  chief  bays  are,  Maifachufetts  Bay,  and 
€afco  Bay  j  the  capes,  Cape  Cod,  Cape  Ann,  and  Cape 
Elizabeth. 

Though  New  England  is  fituated  10  degrees  nearer 
tjfy^  {\m  than  England,  it  has  a  lf>nger  and,  more  fevere 
winter,  and  the  fummer  is  much  hotter  than  any  known 
m  Europe,  in  the  fame  latitude.  The  winds  are  very 
bcifterous  in  the  winter  feafon,  and  naturalifts  afcribe  the 
early  approach  of  winter,  its  length  and  feverity,  to  the 
immenfe  lakes  of  frefh  water  lying  to  the  north  weft  of 
New  England,  which  being  'frozen  over  for  feveral 
inonths,  occafion  thofe  piercing  winds,  which  often  prov* 
fo  fatal  to  mariners  on  this  coaft.    The  foil  here  is  va-^ 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


17! 


jious,  but  bed  towards  the  foiuh  j  the  uplands  are  lefsf 
fruitful  }  the  low  grounds  abound  in  meadow  and  paft 
ture  landk  The  bell  fruits  are  peaches  and  apples,  from 
the  latter  of  which  they  m,ike  excellent  cyder.  Tha 
country  does  not  abound  in  mines,  but  fome  iron  mines 
have  been  difcovered,  which  if  improved,  may  become 
very*  benieficial  to  the  inhabitants. 

The  animals  fumifh  many  articles   of  New  England 
commerce.     All   kinds  of  Eutopean  cattle  thrive  here, 
and  multiply  exceedingly  ;  the  horfes  «re  ftrOng,  fpirit-* 
ed,and  ferviceable,  but  fmaller  than  tlioft  of  Europe  jj 
their  theep  are  notfo  fine,  nor  tlie  wool  fo  long  and  thick," 
as  thofe  in  England;   tlie  inhabitants   hovy^ever  manage* 
to  manufadiure  very  excellent  cloth   frbiii  it."    The  cKiei' 
part  of  the  animals  mentioned  as  natives  of  America^  are* 
found  here, but  the  mod  fingular  animal  is  the  moofe  deer.^ 
Its  body  is  the  fize.  of  a  bull;  its  neck  refembles  a  ftaig  ; 
his  fleih  is  wholefome  and  nourifliing  food.     TKe  horns, 
when  full  grown,  are  about  five  feet  from   the  head  to 
the  tip,  and  have  Ihoots  or  branches  to  each  horn,  and 
ipread  about  6  feet.     Thefe  prodigious  horns  are   fliied» 
every  year.    The  moofe  never  fprings,  but  trots  at  an 
amazing  rate  ;   and  when  clofely  purfued,  will  take  to 
the  water.     There  are  great  plenty  and  variety  of  fowls, 
both  wild  and  tame,  in  New  England  j   all  nearly  as 
good  as  the  fame  kind  in  Europe,  and  fome  nliich  better, 
particularly  their  turkeys.     Of  reptiles^  there  are  almoft 
all  the  varieties  to  be  found  here,  that  infeft  the  other 
parts  of  North  America,  on  this  fide  the  tropic. 

New  England  is  the  moft  poptrlous  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  great  body  of  the  inhabitants  are  land- 
holders and  cultivators  of  the  foil,  naturally  and  ftrongly 
attached  to  their  country  ;  and  endowed  with  fpirit  and 
ftrength  to  defend  it.  The  inhabitants  of  New  England 
are  generally  of  Englifh  defcent,  and  to  thtt  circumftance 
is  owing  the  great  attention  paid  to  education,  and  that 
the  Englifli  language  has  been  preferved  fo  free  from 
corruption.  In  New  England,  learning  is  more  gene- 
rally diffufed  among  all  ranks  of  people,  owing  to  the 
excellent  eftabliflimentoftchoOls  in  almoft  every  town- 
i&Jp.     In  thefe  fchools,  which  are  generally  fuppprted-t 


in 


MASSACHUSETTS.  . , 


by  a  public  tax,  v^der  the  dlre(5Hon  of  a-  fchooV  com- 
mittee, are»ta«Lght  the  elements  of  reading,  vritirg,  and; 
arithmetic,  and  in  the  more  wealtliy  towns,  they  are  be- 
ginning  to  introduce  the  higher  branches  of  grammar, 
geography,  &c.     A  very  valuajble  fource  of  information 
is  the  newfpapers,  of  which  not  lefs  t\m   ^0,000  are 
printed  every   rj.  5k   in   New   England,   ^nci  circulate 
thrcjMgh  alinoft  every  town  and  village  in  thejftates.     It 
has  been  obftrvi:d  hj  a  late  writer,  that  •*  in  other  coun- 
tries, Bjen  ar^  divided  according  to  their  wealth  or  indi- 
gence, into  three  clafTes ;  the  oppulent,  die  middling,  and 
the  poor.    The  idlenefs  and  luxury  of"  the  firft,  arjd  the 
uiifery  and  too  frequently  intemperar^ce  of  the  latter 
clafs)  deftroy  the  greater  proportion .  of  ;both  ;  but  the 
mkJdliTig  cla^s,  below  tljofe   in<Iutg^hcies,  which  proy^ 
fatal  to  th^  rich,  aiki  exempifrom  the  fulfe'iijgSj-jo  M^liifh 
the  poor  fall  viftims,  are  in  general  the  moft  healthy »  and 
always  the  moft  happy  of  the  thre^r     la  New .  Eng^n^^ 
the  diftribution  of  wealth  is  mori^  eqii^l  than.  elfewh,ere,, 
and  (he  inhabitants  confejqijiei^tly  more.free  fron^tbJ^diCr^' 
c»fes  at^daijt  on  exc^fc^  or  extreme  peij^w^'  ^  j,^  v 

THIS  (late  is  bounded:  north  by  Vermont  and  NeW; 
Hampfhire,  eaft  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,,fQiith  by  theAtn 
lantic,  Rhode  Ifland,  and, Connecticut,  and  weft  by  N(?w 
York.  It  is  divide^  into  12  counties,  and  has  in  it  16 
good  towns,  of  wjiich  Bqilon  is  the . capital..  It  is  .190 
miles  long,  and  90  broad,  lying  l>^tW!penVl  a?^  5^4,^* 
£.  Ion.  and  41  and  H  de^.  N,  lat»  -  ,' 

The  Hpufatonick  river  riles  inthct^W€(lerja,part  ofthis 
ftate,  and  flows  foutherly  througfi  .Connei^icut  into 
Long  Ift^nd  Sound.  Deerfield  river  fallv  into  the  Con- 
nc£licutr  i?^weeft  iPeerfield  and  Qreenfield  f  a  beautifal 
traft  of  excellent  meadow  lies  on  its  banks.  The  Con- 
nafticutriyerpafTes  through  this  ftate»  and  irlterfeils  the, 
c6unty  of  HampOiire. '  In  its  courfev  it  runs  over  th^, 
falls  above  Springfield.  Miller's,  Weftfield,  andChicapee 
rivers  fall  into  the  Conne(aicut.  Ift  the  eaftern  part  of 
the  ftat^  is  Merrittiack  rl?er,  navigable  for  velTeUof  buis 


Llv. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


173 


then  about  20  miles  from  its  mouth.  There  are  12  fer- 
ries  acrofs  this  river  in  the  county  of  Eflfex,  over  feveral 
of  which  bridges  have  been  ere<fVed.  Nalhua,  Concord, 
and  Shaween,  rife  in  this  ftate,  and  running  a  north  eafter- 
ly  coprfe,  fall  into  the  Merrimack.  Ipfwicn  and  Chebacco 
rivers  "pills  through  the  town  of  Ipfwich  into  Ipfwich 
Bay.  Myftic  river  falls  into  Bofton  harbour,  eaft  of  the 
peninfula  of  Charleftown.  It  is  navigable  3  miles  to  • 
Medford  j  a  canal  connefts  this  with  the  Merrimack. 
Charles  river  is  a  conliderahle  ftream,  which  pafTes  into 
Bofton  harbour  between  Bofton  and  CharleftovTi,  It  is 
navigable  for  boats  to  Wateitown  7  miles.  Neponfet 
river,  after  paffing  Over  falls  fufficient  to  carry  mills, 
unites  with  other  fmall  ftreams,  and  forms  a  very  con- 
ftant  fupply  of  water  for  many  mills,  fituated  on  the 
river  below,  meets  the  tide  at  Milton,  from  whence  it  is 
navigable,  to  veilels  of  150  ton,  4  miles.  North  liv- 
er runs  in  a  ferpentine  courfe  between  Scikuate  and 
Marftifield,  and  paffes  into  the  fea.  Taunton  river  Is 
made  up  of  feveral  ftreams,  which  unite  near  the  txown 
of  Bridgwater,  taking  a  fouth  wefterly  courfe,  till  it  fallr, 
iiito  Narraganfet  Bay  at  Tiverton.  The  principal  bays 
on  the  coaft  of  Maffachufetts  are  Ipfwich,  Bolton,  Ply-* 
mouth,  Barnftable,  and  Buzzard's  Bay.  On  the  north 
fide  of  Maffachufetts  Bay  is  Cape  Ann  ;  On  the  fouth, 
Cap*^  Cod.  There  are  feveral  other  capes  of  lefTcr 
note  along  the  coaft. 

Many  iflands  are  fcattered  in  and  about  the  bays,  Src. 
The  moft  noted  are  Plum  liland,  extending  from  Mer- 
rimack river  to  Ipfwich  river,  and  feparated  frwn  the 
main  land  by  a  narrow^  found,  called  Plum  Illand  river, 
fordable  inmany  places  at  low  water.  It  coniifts  chiefty 
of  fand  brown  into  curious  heaps,  and  crowned  wirli' 
bufhes  bearing  the  beach  plum. 

The  IflandofNantucket  lies  fouth  cf  Cape  Cod.  Tlie 
fettlement  of  this  ifland  by  the  Englilli,  began  in  16/;9. 
It  is  low  and  fandy,  and  inhabited  chiefly  by  thcfe  whor 
depend  on  the  watry  element  and  its  produdions,  ffr 
fubfiftence.  It  is  -a  county  of  itfeif,  but  contains  t  nly 
one  town,  called  3herburne.  The  inhabitants  fcrmerl\^ 
tarried  bn  a- confiderable  whale  filhery,  bat  the  revoltfi. 


174 


MASSACHUSETTS^ 


tionaiy  war  almoft  ruined  the  bwfinefs.  It  is  h.  \Yever 
beginning  in  fome  decree  to  revive"  There  is  not  a  Tin- 
gle tree  on  the  ifland  of  natural  growth,  The  inhabi, 
tants  are  chiefly  quaker*?  ;  there  is  one  focletr  of  con'.,^e- 
ga;  maliPs,  Some  years  (inc^  there  were  three  coii^r. . 
gations  of  Indians,  and  a  houfe  of  worC^ip  { jr  eiic  >'i, 
'i'heir  laft  Indian  pavspr  died  a  few  years  a^  o,  ile  WiUi 
a  worthy,  rel;  jdtjibie  roia|i.  v*^j::/:'  ""^ 

Martha's  Vineyard  lies  a,  lifle  to  the  we:1:  of  "iS<an- 
tuckct.  It  is  19  miles  ^ong,  aiicl  four  hrv.ad.  It  contains 
S  focieties  of  congregationalifts ,  at  Ed^arton,  Tifbury, 
and  Chllmark  ;  2  baptilis,  and  3  conc-regaticjis  of  JvA].- 
ans.  This  and  the  neighbouring  iilaiia  avid  Chabaguid^ 
Jick,  Noraan's  land,  and  Elizabeth's  iHand,  C(  nl'  ate 
Daifes  county  ;  the  inhaibJtants,  v^'hlcb  are  a  m'j:ture  of 
whites,  vi:al';Uo«»s,  and  Indians,  fubfill  entirely  by  agri- 
culture  and  filL^ng.  Edgarton,  which  inc^.ldes  the  fertile 
ifland  of  ■  .^^ ,  .baguiddick,  about  4?  miles  long,  and  on? 
ard  a  half  broad,  i:i  the  (hire  town.  The  principal  pro^ 
duclions  are  com,  rye,  and  oats,  and  they  raife  confider- 
able  numbers  of  cattle.  The  other  iflands  of  confideration 
arc*,  in  MafTachufetts  Bay,  about  40  in  number,  but  not 
more  than  15  are  of  much  importance,  if  wa  except  the 
beautiful  diverfity  they  give  £o  the  view  of  Bofton  bar, 
bbur,  from  the  neighbouring  hills.  It  is  one  of  the  moft 
delightful  prolpedb  in  nature,  and  when  combined  with 
the  fuiTounding  country,  cultivated,  fertile,  and  well  in- 
habited, crowned  with  a  rich  and  populous  town,  enliven^ 
ed  by  the  white  fails,  and  dancing  fl:reamers,whicli  the  chil- 
dren of  commerce,  and  fons  of  Neptune,  unfurl,  to  float 
upon  tiie  breeze,  it  is  moft  enchanting  to  the  eye,  exhile- 
rating  to  the  fpirits,  and  gratifying  to  every  rational  feel* 
Ing  of  the  mind.  Caftle  ifland,  or  Fort  Independence,  is 
about  3  iniles  from  Bofton.  It  contains  about  18  .acres 
of  land.  The  buildings  were  the  governor's  houfe,  a  mag- 
azine, gaol,  barracks,  and  workfliops  ;  convifts  were  form- 
erly confined  on  this  ifland,  employed  in  the  manufa<fture 
of  nails  and  (hoes ;  and  guarded  by  a  company  of  foldiers, 
The  ^  fort  commands  the  entrance  of  the  harbour. 
And  (ince  it  has  been  ceded  by  MaflTachufetts  to  the 
United  States,  has  become  a  fortr^fs  of  (jrength  and  coa- 


MASSACHUSETTS, 


1T3 


fequenc3,  to  guard  Uio  harbour  againft  mai;atlnie  ene- 
mies. 

In  MafTacKufetts  are  to  be  found  every  kind  cf  foi?, 
from  very  bad  to  very  good.     It  is  in  general,  vcell  cuiti-  ' 
vated,  and   yields   Indian  corn,  wheat,  rye,  barley,  rats, 
hemp,   flax,  hops,  pv!tat(  es,  beans,  peas,  apples,  pears, 
peaches,  plums,  cherries,  &c.  &c. 

There  is  a  duck  manufa\5ture  in  Bofton,  faid  to  pro- 
duce tlie  beft  duck  ever  feen  in  Anierica.  Manufa^ures 
of  the  fame  kind,  are  eftabliftied  in  TSalem,  Haverhill,  and 
Springfield.  A  woollen  manufadory,  on  an  extenfive 
fcile,  has  been  eftablilhed  at  Byfield  parilh  in  Newbury. 
At  Taunton,  Bridgewater,  Middleborough,andfome  other 
places,  nails  are  manufadured  in  great  quantities  1  here- 
are  above  20  paper  mills  in  this  Hate,  producing  above 
70,000.  reams  of  paper  annuaUy.  Many  thoufand  dozens 
of  cotton  and  wool  cards  are  manufa<Jlurcd  in,  and  near 
Bofton.  Lynn  is  famous  for  Ihoes,  and  Ipfwich  for  its 
manufaftures  of  filk  and  thread  lace,  and  wccllen  cloth. 
Wire  for  Cards  and  fifh  hooks  is  manufaftured  in  Ded-. 
ham ;  and  the  bufinefs  of  dying  is  carried  on  very  fuccefs-t 
fully  at  Maiden.  There  are  numerous  diftilleries  in  this 
ftate  ;  and  a  glafs  houfe  has  been  ere<5led  in  Bofton,  which 
promifes  to  be  of  important  benefit  to  the  country. 
There  are  feveralWidges,  which  deferve  notice  in  this 
ftate  }  Charles  river  bridge,  built  in  17B6,  1503  feet  long, 
connecting  Bofton  and  Charleftown ;  Maiden  bri(igl&, 
acrof^  Myftic  iriver,  connefting  Charleftown  and  M^jiden, 
2,42d  feet  long,  built  in  1787  ;  Effex  bridge,  cip;nieiUng 
Salem  with  Beverly  ;  a  bridge;  Jicrofs  Piivfe^s'  river; 
another  over  the  Merrimack,'  aBout  2  miles  above  New, 
bury  Port.  At  the  place  vrhert:  this  bridge  is  built, 
an  ifland  divides  the  riye;^  IntttBvo  branches ;  an  arch  of 
160  feet  diameter,  and  40  feet  "above  the  "level  cf  hieh 
water,  connects  th\&  liland  with  the  main  land.  '  On 
th^  other  fide,  the  pbannel  is  wide,  but  the  centre  arch 
is  but  HQ  feet  iJiajneter,  An  ingenioufly  ccnftru«fled 
bridge  has  lat^y  ten  eroded  over  this  river,  at  Pentuck.. 
et  falls,  between  Chelmsford  atid  Dracut,  in  Middlefex. 
Haverhill  bridge  conftefts  Haverhill  with  Bradford, 
Merrimack  bridge,  between  Newbury  and  Haterhill,  ieir» 


1^^ 


MASSACHUSEtTS. 


tral  hundred  feet  longer  than  any  other  bridge  over  that 
river.  Weft  Bofton  bridge,  conneAing  the  weft  part  of 
Bofton  with  Cambridge,  and  within  this  prefent  year, 
1805,  a  bridge  has  been  eredl^d  at  the  fouth  part  of  Bof. 
ton,  called  South  bridge,  conne^ing  that  part  of  the  town 
with  the  oppofite  land  of  Dorchefter  point.  The  public 
roads  in  this  ftate  are  daily  improving  ;  a  public  fpirit 
feems  to  prevail ;  many  turnpikes  are  opened,  which  bid 
fair  to  make  travelling  as  fafe,  pleafant,  and  expeditious 
in  New  England,  as  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 

The  focieties  and  inftitutions  eilablifhed  in  MaHTachu- 
fetts,  exhibit  the  chara^r  of  the  inhabitants  in  a  very  fair 
li^ht.  They  have  an  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  ef- 
ti3)liihed  in  1760;  a  Charitable  Society,  incorporated 
1779 ;  the  Lofton  Epifcopal  Charitable  Society  ;  a^ed- 
ical  Society  ;  Society  for  propagating  the  Gofpel  j.  an 
Hiftorical  Society  ;  the  Marine  Society  in  Bofton,  Salem, 
and  Newbury  Port ;  the  MafTachufetts  Congregational . 
Society  ;  Scotch  and  Irilh  Charitable  Society ;  fcharita* 
ble  Fire  Society  ;  Mechanic  AiTociation  ;  Bofton  Difpen- 
fary^  for  the  relief  of  the  poor ;  Hum;ine  Society,  for  the 
recovery  of  perfons  apparently  drowned ;  and  much  to 
the  honour  of  the  ladies  of  Maflachufetts,  many  Societies 
are  formed  by  the  ladies  of  different  towns,  for  the  cloth- 
ing, fupport,  and  education  of  FEMALE  ORPHJNSy 
who  at  proper  ages,  are  placed  out  in  reputable  families, 
or  where  they  may  learn  fome  trade,  by  whic?:  they  may 
earn  future  fubfiftence. .  Blefled  ihftitution  !  how  many 
will  It  friatch  from  guilt  and  mifery,  and  prefent  to  fo- 
ciiety,  as  ufeful  and  refpeilable  members.  May  the  names 
of  Uiofe  philantliropic  fpirits,  wlio  fir  ft  fuggelted  the  hu- 
mane plan,  live  in  the  grateful  remembrance  of  the  Or- 
phans they  have  tliUs  fnatched  fr&m  probable  infamy  j, 
and  may  they,  together  with  tliefair  and  benevolent  fup- 
porters  of  the  inftitution,  reap  zdjundantly,  bpth  in  this 
world  and  the  next,  a  reward  from  HIM^  who  has  faid, 
"  fpr  as  much  as  ye  did  it  to  the  leaft  of  thpfe,  ye  did  it 
tmto  me." 

According  to  the  laws  of  this  CommQnwealth,  every 
town,  having  fifty  houleholders  and  upwards,  is  to  pro- 
Vide  oae  or  more  fchoolmafters>.  to  teach  cliil<lren  aJid 


y 


MA3SACPIUSKTTS.. 


m 


youth  to  read  an  J  write,  and  inflnuft  tliem  in  tlie  EfigHllL 
language,  and  decent  behuviotir ;  and  where  any  town, 
has  200  families,  there  is  alio  a  dilcn  et  peifon,  well  in- 
ftrufied  in  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Engliih  languages,  pro- 
cured to  keep  the  iiioie,  and  be  Aiitably  paid  by  the  in- 
habitants, and  the  ne^le«5l  of  this  law,  is  punifhed  by  fities. 
In  Bofton,  there  are  ieven  public  fchoolsatthc  cxpenfe'of 
tlie  town,  in  which  the'  children  of  every  clafs  of  citizens 
■  freely  affociate.     Iftthe  Latin  grammar  fchccl.  boys  are 
qualified  for  the  univerfiiv.     In  the  ihree  Engliih  gram- 
mar fchools,  children  of  both  fcxes,  from  7  to  14  years  cf 
age,  areJn(lru^ed  in  fpellinc;  and  reading  the  Eneliib 
language  with  propriety  j  alu)  Engliih  grammar,  and  the 
rudiments  of  geo«>raphy  }  in  the  other  three,  the  fame 
children  .Ir^  taught  .writing  and  arithmetic.    Each  fchool, 
befides  the  maft^f,  has  an  afliftant  paid   by  the  town. 
They  are  all  under  the  care  of  a  committee  o(  21  gentle- 
men, chofen  annually,  whofe  duty  it  is  to  vifit  .the  Ichools 
once,^n  three  months,  to  examine  jthe  fcholars,  and  to  de- 
vife.  the  bed  rfieth()ds  for  their  inftru^ion,  government, 
and  advancement  in  Ufeful  knowledge,  deportment  and  * 
virtuous  principles.     Befides  thefci  there- Are  many  piri* 
vate  fcho.qi^  \tv  and  round  Bftftpij,  where  youth  may  b^^ 
tHU|;Ht,  together  with  the,ufefiaj,  t|ie  more  ornamental;, 
branches  of  eciucation,  fuqh  as  mufic,  dancing,  paintmg, 
fine  needlework^  and  a  knowledge  of  the  French  lan- 
guage, together  v^ith  Greeki  Latin,  tind  other  claflical , 
ftudies,  proper  fof  young  men»  fitting  for  either  of  the 
learned  profeflions.     Perhaps  there  ar?  few  places  in  th^  ' 
wQrld,.  where  jouth  n^y  enjoy  more  fully  the.advanta< 
ges  of  fchopl.  edtication  th;ln  MalT^chufetts  j  for  befidej?  . 
tKofe  already  mentioned,  there  are  academies-  fprinkled 
over  the  whole  ftate,'fbunded  by  the  liberal  donations  of 
fome  of  its- late  wealthy  and  judicious  citizens,  who,  fen- ^ 
fible  of  the  neceflity  of  education  to  render  happy  aciici ; 
profperous  any  ftate  or   commonvi-ealth,  have,  hip^hly  to 
their  honour  and   credit,  bequeathed  part  of  their  richtss 
to  promote  fojdefir^ble  an  end. 

Dummer  Academyi  at  Newbury,^  founded  in  1756,  by 
a  donation  from  the,  Kqnour^ble  William  Bummer^fouj^;, 
inerly  Liettt.  Gov^rncav,-  In  a,flourilhing  l^atgv  ' 


178 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Phillps*s  Academy,  in  Andover,  founded  and  lianJi 
fomely  endowed,  by  the  honourable  Samuel  Pliilips^. 
Efq..  in  the  county  of  EfTcx,  Mafl*.  lately  deceafed.  It 
is  under  the  di;edion  of  13  trufteei,  of  refpe<5table  char- 
adler,  and  the  immediate  care  of  a  principal,  who  is  one 
of  the  truftees  tx  ojfiriof,  an  afliftant  and  writine  mailer. 
They  are  accommodated  with  a  large,  elegant  building, 
erefted  at  the  expense  of  the  founder*  Htuated  near  the 
manflon  houfe  of  the  Philips'  family.  The  lower  ftory 
contains  a  lare«  fchool  room,  with  ample  accommoda- 
tions  for  100  itudents,  and  two  other  apartments  for  a 
library  arul  other  purpofes ;  the  upper  ftory  confifts  of  a 
large  h^,  for  exhibitions  and  other  public  occafions. 

LeiceUer  Academy,  in  the  townfhip  of  Leicefter,in  the 

county  of  Worcefter,  was  incorporated  in   ITS*.     Ebeh- 

ezer  Crafts  and  Jadob  t>avi5,  Efqr's,  generoufly  gave  a< 

«  handfome  manfion  hqufe,  lands  and  appurtenances  m  Lei. 

cefter.for  the  encouragement  of. the  inftitution. 

In  Hingham  is  a  weil  endowed  fchool,  which  in  hon< 
our  of  its  principal  donor  and  founder,  is  called  Derby 
.School. 

,  Briftol  Academy,  in  Taunton,  was  incorporated  1792. 
HARVARD  UJMIVERSITY,  in  Cambridge,  takes 
its' date  from  the  year  1638.  This  year*  the  Rev.  John 
Hsfrvard,  a  worthy  mihifter  refidine  in  Chatleftown,'  died, 
and  left  a  donation  of  779/.  fterlmg,  for  the  ufe  of  the 
^rementioned  public- fchool.  In  honour  to  the  memory 
of  1  bcnefaAor,  the  Genier^l  Court,  the  fame,  year  order- 
td'that  the  fchool  fliould  take  the  name  of  HARVARD 
COLLEGE.  It  received  its  firft  charter  in  1650. 
The  univerfity  confifts  of  five  elegant  brick  edifices, 
handfomely  enclofed.  They  ftand  on  a.  beautiful  green, 
which  exhibits  a  pleafing  profpeft.  The  names  of  the 
feveral  buildings  are.  Harvard  Hall,  Maflachufetts  Hall, 
Hollis  Hall,  Holden  Chapel,  and  a  lately  ere^ed  build- 
ing, as  yet  unoccupied.  Harvard  Hall  is  divided 
into  6  apartments,  one  of  which  is  appropriated  to 
a  library,  one  for  a  mufeum,  two  for  philofophical  appara- 
tus, one  is  ufed  for  a  chapel,  and  one  for  a  dining  hall. 
The  library  contains  upwards  of  12,000  volumes,  and 
will  tip,  continually  encreafing.    The  philofophical  ap-^ 


V 


I^ASSACIi^JET'r^. 


1Y» 

"-r  lottery,  and  parrtTbyS ',''..'"  ^^'^^  P»«'/ 
^cmen  of  the  town,  a  bri^  .L     "^^  ^°''"'"'"  °^ Z^- 

Th's  academy  was  defied  Lfn^  n  ■■  P"''"<=  fpoaking. 
lamre  ofd,e.  Commonweal  hl,v\r'«''  K  ""  ^'S^- 
CoIIege,  in  honour  of  its  Cr,l  r*    5"""'  '"^Willia,^,., 

miles  from  its  mou,™  At  tb?**"^"'  ^^^^  •'''«"«  "me 
reveral  rods  which  an„«  ,  *""•»"«  of  the  bay,  art 
one  fafe  channel  tt  a^S  ^if  r  TT'  '^*'*  "  ^"1 
narrow  that  two  larce  £  y  ^^'^'"'^'  and   that  fo 

Waft  ,  but  withih  t^e  ht^bour  thf'""'^  '"""  "'™"S^  a! 
»o  he  »  anchor  i„  Rood  depTof  "/'  '''T  '^^  «<»  f"'! 
rfthsbayis  a  notle  pier  sfc'*";-  ■  '^'.*«  «>Qtton, 
wli'ch,  on  the  no.  ih  fide  V,  ^*  ^"^^  ""  'enSttli.  alone 
merchandise,  and  t.^  3,1'  pier  fl  '°^  X  ^"^hoif^i^ 
J.™  may  come  and  un Ld  Jk^'  '^y'H  P^««ft  buf. 
fie  greateft  part  of  the  ,™     ^*°"'  •'«  ''Sk  of  boats 

faduaUy,andafforS'a.5!,:'^'"i7   ""-yond  it  rifi,^ 

fe.    Theheadoft).nfer  „•    8?'*'^'P'"°'pea'roi.,ti^ 

-n,  which,  lite  ™XfZ'"o:h^ /•""/'J''i'  '^'^"  "  ^^ 

io ^'^rf  •    T'.e  trade  of  lo'flnn  P"^"°"'  "'" ^  *'« 

quite  two  miles  .  it,  i'   ,1,     '™^*  of  the  to«Ti  is  nht 

^houfes/orpuV^^worftfe'^~    ^«e  are  jn^j 

*«e  for  eptfcSp^,j:^TtVbL?'/°"S'T''°"»J« 
one  for  Opiy^tfafils,  one  for  "LH-"'*'''  »''?  forquakerC. 

"•     ^"^  other  puWic  build. 


tsb 


MAfesAcHUsr.rrfi. 


ingi  are,  the  ftiite  houre,  court  houfe,  gaol,  Faneull  hitl, 
theatrf ,  an  alms  houfe,  a  work  houi'e,  a  bridewell,  and 
powder  magazine.  At  the  well  fide  of  the  town,  Is  u 
public  walk,  planted  with  rows  of  trees,  called  <he  Mall. 
It  is  in  view  of  the  common,  an  exteuftvc  grtcn,  wliich  U 
always  open  to  refrefhing  breexcs. 

Saleiti  is  the  fecbnd  town  for  (T/c,  and  the^  oldcft,^'^xi 
cept  Plymouth,  in  the  commonwealth,  hay Ihg been  fettled 
i^  1628.  '  Here  are  a  meeting  of  qdakers,  an  epifcopal 
ichurch,  and  five  congregati  nal  n^eeting'  houfes.  The 
town  is  fituated  on  a  penmfula,  formed  by  two  fmall  in* 
lets  of  the  fea,  called  North  and  South  rivers.  A  gene- 
ral plainnefs  and  neatnefs  in  drefs  and  buildings,  a  certain 
ilillnefs  and  gravity  of  manners,  churafterizfe  the  cki/ens 
.  of  this  town.  South  eaft,  at  about  4  miles  ff  om  !5aleni, 
is  terblehfead.  The  chief  attention  bftHifc  town  is  dc- 
voted  to  the  bank  fifhery,  and  more  is  done  in  that  line 
tlian  In  any  ether  port  in  tlie  (late. 

Newbury  Port,  originally  part  of  Newbury,  is  perhaps 
Ithempft  limited  in  point  of  land,  of  any.  townfhip  in  the 
Corrtm^n wealth.  Thert  is  a  good  harbour  at  this  place, 
btttil  bar,  which  TUns  acrofs,  renders  the  Entrance  dan- 
gfert)tis,  and  cbnfequerttly  hurts  the  commerce,  which 
irtidit  othfeHirffe  highly  benefit  the  town. 
*  ii)(Wieh,  in  the  county  of  Effex,  32  mile^  from  Bofton, 
is  divided  into  five  parilhes.  The  fupreme  judicial 
toon,  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  die  feffioils,  are 
li0ld  hferd'drioea  year.. 

'  ICh^ileftpwn  lies  north  of  Bbfton,  with  which  it  is  con* 
ft^eid  by^  ClxatlBs  River  Bridge.  It  is  x\ie  chief  town  in 
1Vlfd(J!6fex,' i'dVantaffeoufly  fituatecl  for  nStvigatioin,  and 
inahUflildtM^s  of  vanous  Wnds.  Bunker's,  'Erced*|,  and 
CobbM's  hills,  celebrated  in  the  hiftory  of  the  Arficrican 
tevoltltion,  are  ill  in  the  wym  of  CSiarleftcwn.  Here 
til^  IS  erfeiftcd  th^  (Vate  prifon,  oirpenitdritiary  houfe,  for 
the  reception  of  "unhappy  perfons  offending  agamil  the 
Ul^s  (if  thtfir  cbuntry. 

CambHdge  and  Concord  are  the  mcft  confiderabib 
tdwhs  in  MiddMejr ;  the  former,  about  3"  ihiles  fr^m 
S^ftdti,  IS  a  bteaiUnt  town,  iind  the  feat  of  the  iitiiverfitjr. 
^^he^'htteriboutlB  hriles-  rtorth  ■  ^eft  frota  Bt^on,  « 


'.  .3 


VERMONT. 


181 


thriving  town,  and  famous  for  being  the  place  where  the 
iirft  Provincial  Congrefs  fat  at  the  commencement  of 
the  revolutionary  war,  and  where  the  Rrfk  oppofition  to 
the  Britiih  troops  wai  made  on  the  memorable  19th  of 
April,  1775. 

Plymouth,  the  principal  town  in  the  county  of  the  fame 
name,  and  the  capital  of  the  Old  Colony,  fo  called.  It 
was  the  fir(^  place  fettled  by  the  pious  anceftors  of  the 
New  Englanders  in  1620.  Worcefter,  the  (hire  town 
of  the  county  of  the  fame  name,  is  the  larged  inland 
town  in  New  England.  On  Connedlicut  river,  in  the 
county  of  Hampfhire,  area  number  of  pleafant  towns. 

The  religion  of  this  Commonwealtl\  is  eftablilhcd  by 
their  excellent  conftitution  on  fo  liberal  a  plan,  that  all 
perfons  of  whatfoever  religion  may  worHiip  God  undif* 
turbed,  according  to  the  dilates  of  his  own  confci^^ace* 
The  New  Englanders  are  tall,  flout,  and  well  built ;  the 
women  in  general  elegantly  formed,  and  handfome.  The 
charaAeriftic  of  both  fexes  is  that  humanity  and  fpirit  of 
brotherly  Ijve,  which  cannot  beheld  a  fellow  creature 
in  didrefSfWithout  extending  the  hand  of  comfort  and  af< 
fiftance.  They  are  friendly,  hofpitable,  and  well  inclined 
towards  (Irangers ;  fo  much  fo,  that  few  who  have  re* 
fided  in  New  £nQ;land  any  confiderable  lime,  but  quit  it 
with  regret,  and  remember  its  inhabitants  with  fenti- 
ments  of  refpeft  and  efteem.  New  England  could,  upon 
any  fudden  emergency,  furniih  an  army  of  164,600 
men. 

Section  LI.     VERNIONT. 

VERMONT  is  bounded  north  by  Lower  Canada,  eaft 
by  Conne(5licut  river,  fouth  by  Maflachufetts,  and  weft  by 
New  York.  It  is  158  miles  long,  and  70  broad,  lying 
between  42  and  45  deg.  N.  lat.  and  1  and  3  deg.  W.  Ion, 
from  Philadelphia.  Vermont  is  naturally  divided  by  the 
Green  Mountain,  from  which,  it  takes  its  name.  This 
mountain  runs  from  north  to  fouth,  and  divides  the  (late 
nearly  in  the  middle.  The  ftate  contains  eleven  countiest 
•nd  200  tow  nlhips. 

The  principal  rivers  In  Vermont  are,  Miififcooe,  Lt* 

Q 


!182 


VERMONT. 


moelle,  Oniott,  and  Otter  Creek,  which  run  from  eaft  to 
weft  into  Lake  Champlain.  There  are  Water  Que- 
chee,  Opompanoofuck,  Paflumfick,  and  feveral  fmaller 
rivers,  which  run  from  weft  to  eaft  into  Connecticut  rivet. 
Over  Lamoelle  is  a  natural  ftone  bridge,  7  or  8  rods  in 
length.  Otter  Creek  is  navigable  for  boats  50  miles ;  its 
;  banks  are  excellent  land,  being  annually  overflowed  and 
enriched. 

Memphremagog  is  the  largeft  lake  in  the  ftate.  In 
fome  low  lands,  over  azainft  the  Great  Ox  Bow,  a  re- 
markable fpring  was  difcovered  about  20  years  fmcci 
which  dries  up  once  in  2  or  3  years,  and  btirfts  out  in 
another  place.  It  has  a  ftrong  fmell  of  fulphur,  and 
throws  up  continually  a  kind  of  whit«i  fahd.  A  thick, 
yellow  (cum  rifes  on  the  tvater  when  fettled. 

The  principal  mountain  in  the  ftate  has  been  already 
mentioned.  The  natural  growth  of  this  mountain  is 
hemlock,  pine,  fpruce,  and  evergreens,  which  give  it  ever 
a  verdant  appearance,  from  whence  it  obtained  the  ap- 
pellation of  Ver  M ons,  or  Green  Mountain. 

The  climate  is  the  fame  as  that  of  New  England  in 
general.  The  face  of  the  country  is  hilly,  but  not  rocky^ 
Towards  Canada  it  is  flat,  and  well  adapted  to  tillage. 
'The  ftate  is  well  wateried,  and  affords  excellent  pafa 
turage.  Some  of  the  fineft  beef  in'  the  world  is  fed  in 
this  country.  Back  fro&i  the  rivers  the  land  is  thickly 
timbered  with  birch,>a{h,  white  oak,  butternut,  and 
ftigar  maple,  which  latter  is  a  moft  ufeful  tree,  as  the 
tfap  being  drawn  from  the  tree  at  a  certain  feafon  »f 
*^  the  year,  and  boiled,  will  yield  as  good  fugar  as  what  is 
brought  from  the  Weft  Indies,  and  capable  of  being  re- 
iined  as  highly.  The  foil  is  good  for  the  cultivation  o£ 
wheat,  rye,  Indian  com,  barley,  oats,  flax,  hemp,  &c. 
Back  from  the  river  the  corn  is  fometimes  injured  by  the 
froft)  but  on  the  river  it  is  raifed  as  fine  and  in  as  great 
plenty  as  in  any  part  of  New  England,  owing  in  great 
meaifure  to  th«  fogs,  which  arife  from  the  river,  and  either 
prevent,  or  extras  the  froft.  Fruit  tre?s  do  not  profper 
in  the  northern  counties. 

The  inhabitants  of  Vermont  trade  chiefly  with  Bofton 
and  l^ew  York.    Theprincipal  articles  of  commerce  ai-d 


VERMONT. 


1^3' 


beef,  horfes,  gram,  fome  butur.  and  cjieefe,  lumber,  and 
pot  an3  pean  aflics,  of  wlilch  latter  articles  immenfe 
quantities  are  made.  They  manufa^ure  their  own 
clothing)  but  the  mod  in^portant  manufii<5ture  of  the 
ftate  is  the  mapln  fugar.  The  body  of  the  people  are 
congregationalifts,  but  there  are  fome  few  baptills  andj 
epiicopalians. 

Though  in  a  fettlement  fo  much  in  its  infancy  as  that 
of  Vermont,  it  cannot  be  fuppofed  that  learning  is  much 
encouraged,  or  that  the  inhabitants  have  much  time  for 
the  culture  of  the  higher  branches  of  literature  ;  yet  their 
profpe<fts  are  good  ;  two  colleges  have  been  eftablilhed 
within  a  few  late  years,  one  at  Burlingion  on  Lalce  Cham- 
plain,  and  one  at  Middlebury,  which  are  in  a  flourifhing 
condition  ;  and  iid  much  attention  is  paid  to  the  common 
branches  of  education,  that  a  family  of  children  who 
could  not  read  and  write,  and  did  not  underftand  the 
common  elements  of  arithmetic,  would  be  looked  upon 
as  little  better  than  favages. 

Bennington  is  the  chief  town,  fituated  near  the  fouth 
weft  comer  of  the  ftate.  It  has  a  congregational  church , 
acourthoufe,  and  gaol,  with  a  number  or  very  handfome 
houfes.  It  is-  the  oldeft  town  in  the  ftate  ;  is  a  thriving 
town,  and  has  bfeen,  till  lately,  the  feat  of  government. 
But  Windfor  and  Rutland  are  in  future  to  be  made  alter- 
nately the  feat  of  government,  changing  every  8  years ; 
the  former  is  fituated  on  the  Conne^icut  River,  and  the 
other  on  Ctter  Creek.  Both  are  fiourifhing  towns. 
Newbury  is  the  (hire  town  of  Orange  county.  The  cele- 
brated Coos  meadows  or  intervales,  commence  about  9 
miles  below  this  town. 

In  the  townfliip  of  Tinmouth,  on  the  fide  of  a  fmall 
hill,  is  a  very  curious  cave  j  the  chafm  at  its  entrance  is 
about  4  feet  in  circumference.  Entering  this,  you  de- 
fcend  104  feet,  thwi  opens  a  fpacious  room,  20  feet  in 
breadth,  and  100  in  length.  The  roof  of  the  cavern  is  of 
rock,  through  which  the  water  is  continually  percolating. 
The  ftalaftites,  which  formerly  hung  from  the  roof, 
appeared  like  icicles  on  the  eves  cf  houfes ;  and  the  fides 
and  bottom  are  daily  incrufting  with  fpar  and  other 
mineral  fubftances  j  but  the  beauty  of  thii>  natural  curioC- 


ar6 


■^ 


*?•', 


''  >'^. 


184 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


ity  has  been  greatly  impaired  by  the  wanton  folly  of  caf- 
ual  vifitors,  who  have  broken  off  the  chief  of  its  impending 
and  gorgeous  ornaments  On  the  fides  of  this  fubter- 
raneous  hall  are  tables,  chairs,  benches,  &c.  which  ap- 
pear to  have  been  carved  artificially.  This  highly  orna- 
mented room,  when  illuminated  with  the  candles  of  the 
guides,  h?is  an  enchanting  effedt  on  the  eye  of  the  fpec- 
tator.  At  the  end  of  the  cave  is  a  circular  hole,  1 5  feet 
deep,  apparently  hewn  out  in  a  conical  form,  enlarging 
as  you  defcend,  in  the  form  of  a  fugar  loaf.  At  the  bot- 
toija  is  a  fpYmg  of  frefh  water  in  continual  motion,  like 
the  boiling  of  a  pot,  the  depth  of  which  has  never  been 

founded, 

,    ,.  ■■■: 

Section  LII.  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

BOUNDED  north  by  Lower  Canada,  eaft  by  the  Dif- 
triA  of  Maine  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  fouth  by  MafTa- 
chufetts,  and  weft  by  tlie  weftem  bank  of  Conne^icut  riv- 
er. It  :s  168  miles  long,  and  at  its  greateft  breadth  90 
broad,  lying  between  42  and  46  deg.  N.  lat.  and  2  and  5 
deg.  E.  Ion. 

This  ftate  is  divided  into  6  counties,  which  are   fub- 
divided  into  townfhips.     There  are  but  about  18  miles  . 
of  fea  coaft  in   New  Hamplhire,  at  the  fouth  eaft  cor- 
ner. The  only  harbour  for  fhips  is  the  entrance  of  Pifcata? 
qua  river,  the  ftiores  of  which  are  rocky.     There  are  no 
high  lands  within  20  or  80  miles  of  the  fea  coaft.     The 
lands  bordering  on   Connecticut  river    are  interfperfed 
with    rich  and  well  watered    meadows.     The    White 
Mountains,  one  of  which  is  called  Mount  Waftiington, 
are  in  this  ftate  ;  alfo    Monadnock>  OfTapy,  and  Moofe 
Hillocki     Five  of  the  largeft  ftreams  in  New  England 
receive -more  or  lefs  of  their  waters  from  hence.     The 
Connefticut,  Amerifcoggin,  Saco,  Merrimack,  and  Fif- 
cataqua  rivers,     Connefticut  river  has,  in  its  courfe  be- 
tween New  Hampftiire  and  Vermont,  two  falls  ;  the  fiift 
are  called  fifteen  mile  falls  ;  between  Upper  and  Lower 
Coos,  the  river  is  rapid  for  20  miles.     AtWalpole  is  a 
Second  fall,  formerly  known  by   the  name  of  the  Great 
Fall,  but  now  called  Bellows'  Falls..    In  n84|,  a  bridge 


-...J'" 


NEW  HAMPSHTRE. 


185 


of  timber  was  coRflruifted  over  this  fall,  365  feet  long, 
fupported  in  the  middle  by  a  rock,  under  which  the 
higheft  floods  pafs  widioiit  detriment.  This  V.eautifiil 
river  is  lined  with  a  number  of  the  moft  flouiilhing  and 
pleafant  towns  in  the  United  States , 

A  bridge  has  been  lately  projected  over  Amofkcag 
Falls,  55()  feet  in  length,  and  80  wide,  fupp')rted  by  five 
piers.  This  bridge  was  rendered  pailkble  for  travel- 
lers 57  days  after  it  was  begun.  •  I'he  whole  of  Pifcata- 
qua  river  is  in  New  Hampihire,  and  from  its  form,  and 
fituation  of  its  branches,  it  is  extremely  favourable  for 
navigation  and  commerce. 

Winnipifeogee  lake  is  about  24-  miles  in  length,  and  of 
very  unequal  breadth.     It  is  fiill  of  little  iflands,  ^and  is 
fupplied  with   numerous   little  rivulets  from   the  neigh- 
bouring mountains.     This  lake  is  frozen  about  3  months 
m  the  year,  and  fleighs  and  teams  pafs  over  on   the   ice. 
In  fummer  it  is  navigable  its  whole   length.     The  other 
lakes  in  this  ftate  are,  Urabagog,  (which  however  is  partly 
in  the  Diftrid  of  Maine,)   Squam,  Sun^pee,  and    Great 
Oflapy.     The  foil' in  New  Hampihire  is  various.     Thofe 
lands  near  the- rivers  are  thej  moft  valuable,  as  they  are 
enriched  yearly  by  the  overflowing  of  the  ftreams.    Great 
qoantities  of  wheat  of  excellent  quality  are  raifed   here, 
as  are  all  other  grain  in  great  perfedion  ;  but  the  land 
is   not  fo  good   for  pafturage,  exce|-i    in    the  uplands. 
Apples  and  pears  are  the  principal  uaits  cultivated  in 
this  ftate.    No  good  hufbandman  thiiiks  his  farm  com- 
plete without  an  orchard.     Agriculture  is  the  principal 
employment  of  the  inhabitants  ;   -nd  beef,  pork,  poultry, 
with  grain  and  pulfe  of  all  kinds,   are   plentifuUy  pror 
duced.     The  people  in   the  country  mauufa<fture  their 
own  clothing,  and  confiderable  quantities  of  tow   cloth 
for  exportation.     The  other  nianufadtures  are  pot  and 
pearl  aflies,  maple  fugar,  bricks,  fome  pottery,  and  iflm^ 
iron.    The  inhabitants  of  New  Hampihire  are  a  hard.y* 
robuft,  brave  people,  i 

The  only  college  In  this  ftate  *is  in  the  townfhip  of 
Hanover.  It -was  named  Dartmouth  College,  after  th-j 
right  honourable  William  Lord  Dartmouth,  vvlio  was 
©ae  of  its  principal  benefa(5tors,     It  was  founded  by  tlic 


166 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


late  pious  and  benevolent  Dr.  Eleazer  Wheelock,  wh^, 
in  1769,  obtained  a  royal  charter.  It  is  now  one  of  the 
rtoft  growing  feminaries  in  the  United  States.  A  gram- 
mar ichool  is  annexed  to  the  college,  which  admits  aboat 
50  or  60  fcholars.  There  are  a  number  of  academies 
m  the  ftate,  the  principal  of  which  is  at  Exeter,  founded 
and  endowed  by  the  honourable  John  Phillips,  L.  L.  D. 
cf  Exeter.  It  is  a  very  refpeftable  and  ufeful  inftitution. 
There  is  alfo  an  academy  in  New  Ipfwich,  and  one  at 
Amherft  ;  with  feveral  others  in  a  ftate  of  infancy. 

Fortfmouth  is  the  largeft  town  in  New  Hampfliive. 
It  is  about  two  miles  from  the  fea,  on  the  fouth  fide  «f 
Pifcataqua  river.  Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  fineft  on  the 
continents,  having  a  fufficient  depth  of  water  for  veflbls  of 
arty  burthen, 

Exeter  is  15  miles  S.  W.  from  Portfmonth,  fituated 
at  the  head  of  navigation,  upon  Swamfcutt,  or  Exeter 
It  is  well  lituated   for  a   manufafturing  town^ 


nver. 


The  public  offices  of  the  ftate  are  kept  here.  Formerly 
this  town  was  f.unoi!s  for  fliip  building  ;  but  the  bufi*. 
nefs  has  not  flouriftied  here  fmce  interrupted  by  the  rev- 
olutionary war.  Concord  is  a  pleafant,  flour iftiing, 
inland  town  ;  much  of  the  trade  of  the  upper  country 
centers  here.  •  The  her  moft  confiderable  towns  are, 
Dover,  Amherft,  Keene,  Charleftown,  Plymouth,  and 
Haverhill, 

In  the  townfhipof  Chefter  is  a  circular  eminence,  half 
a  mile  in  dinmeter,  called  Rattlefnake  Hill ;  on  the  fouth 
fide,  almoft  at  i*s  bafe,  k  the  entrance  of  a  cave,  called. 
the  Devil's  den,  in  which  fsarocm  15  or  20  feet  fquare, 
and  ♦  feet  high,  floored  and  circled  by  the'ragular  rock  j 
from  the  upper  part  of  which  are  dependent  many  ex- 
crefcences,  nearly  in  the  form  and  fize  of  a  pear,  which, 
when  approached  with  a  torch,  throw  out  a  fparkling 
luftre  of  almoft  every  hue.  It  is  a  cold,  dreary,  gloomy,, 
place.  There  are  focieties  of  congregationalifts,  preft)y- 
terians,  cpifcopalians,  baptifts,  and  quakers  in  this  ftattj, 
and  a  few  fandimanians  and  univesfalifts. 


:].*4m^^ 


DISmrCT  OF  MAINE. 


lar 


half 
fouth 

called, 
uare, 

rock  ; 
ex- 

vhich, 
kling 
om7,. 
efby- 
ftatcj, 


SKcrroN  LIII.  DISTRICT  OF  MAINE,  BELONG- 
ING TO  MASSACHUSETTS. 

THIS  diftrlca;  is  bounded  north  by  Lower  Canada-, 
eaft  by  the  river  St.  Croix  and  aline  drawn  due  north 
from  its  Iburce  to  the  high  lands,  between  Maine  and 
Lower  Canada,  fouth  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  weft 
by  New  Hampfhire.  It  is  200  miles  long,  and  200  broad, 
and  lies  between  4  and  ^deg.  E.  Ion.  and  43  and  48  deg. 
N.  lat.  It  is  divided  into  five  counties,  and  contains 
7  large  towns.  The  DIIlri(fV  of  Maine,  though  an  elcv 
vated  tra^  of  ground,  cannot  be  called  mountainous. 
A  great  proportion  of  it  is  exceedingly  fertile,  particu- 
larly between  the  rivers  PenoWcot  and  Kennebec k.  On 
forae  parts  of  the  fea  coaft  the  foil  is  but  indifferent^, 
but  this  miglut  be  remedied  by  covering  the  ground  in 
autumn  with  rockweed,  which  grows  on  the  rocks  bo 
tween  high  and  low  water  mark,  along  the  Oiore,  and 
makes  a  moft  excellent  manure.  Great  part  of  this  diC> 
tridt  confHls  of  dead  fwamps  and  funken  lands  ;  but 
they  are  eafily  drained,  and  leave  a  rich  foil.  The  in^ 
terior  of  the  country  is  well  adapted  to  either  tillage 
or  pafture.  The  climate  does  not  materially  diflfer  from, 
the  reft '  of  New  England,  It  is,  however.,  reckoned  one 
ofthehealthieft  countries  in^the  world. 

There  is  in  this  diftrift.  about  240  milet  fea  coaftv 
along  which  there  are  abundance  of  good  harbouts,  and 
a  multitude  of  iflands,  among  which  veflels  may  gene^ 
rally  anchor  with  perfedt 'farety.  The  principal  r'vers 
are,  St.  Croix,  PaiTamaquoddy,  Sclioodiac,  Union,  Per 
nobfcot,  Kennebeck,  Sneepfcutt,  and  many  others,  al- 
ready mentioned  as  pafling  through,  or  appearing  in  thC' 
foregoing  ftsates.  The  inhabitants-  cultivate  rye,  wheat, 
barley,  oats,  peafe,  hemp,  flax,  all  kinds  of  culinary 
roots  and  vegetables,  Englifti  gni^fs)  and  Indian  corn. 
The  foil  yields  freely,  but  particularly  when,  the  feed  is 
procured  trom  a  more  northern  climate.  The  natural 
timber  conAfts  of  white  pine,  fpruce  trees  in  vaft  quanr 
tities,  fuitable  for  mafts  and  fliingles,  maple,  beech, 
white  and  grey  oak,  and  yellow  birch,  which  is  a  largp 
fightly  tree,  and  is  capable  of  receiving  a  poliih  almoft. 
e<i;ul  to    mahogany.     . 


188 


BTSTinCT  OF  MMNE. 


The  low  lands  produce  fir,  which  is  neither  fit  for 
timber  or  fuel,  but  yields  a  khjd  of  balfam,  that  is  high- 
ly prized  for  its  medicinal  qualities.  This  country 
abounds  with  lumber  of  all  kinds,  which  together  with 
dried  fiih*  they  expprt  in  large  quantities.  Academies, 
fehools,  and  colleges,  are  rifing  in  this  diflridt,  and  a  fpiiit 
of  improvement  is  daily  increafing.  Portland  is  the 
capital  of  Maine.  It  is  fitwated  on  a  promontory  in 
GafcoBay,  and  was  formerly  a  part  of  Falmouth.  It 
has  a  mod  excellent,  fafe,  and  capacious  harbour,  which 
is  feldom  or  never  frozen  over,  is  near  the  main  oceun, 
and  is  eafy  of  accefs.  It  is  one  ri  the  moft  thrivirrg 
townS'in  New;England.  It  has  iwo  meeting  houfes  for 
congregationali(ls,one  epifcopalian  church,  and  ^  hand- 
fbme  court  houfci^ 

York,,  about  74'  miles  N.  E.  from  Bofton.  York 
river,  which  is  navigable  for  veflels  of  250  tons,  6  or  7 
imiles  from  the  iea,  pafles  through  the  town.  Over  this 
river  about  a  mile  from  the  fea,  a  wooden  bridge  was 
built  in  1761,  270  feet  long,  exclufive  of  wharves  at 
each  end,  which  reach  to  the  channel,  and  are  25  feet 
wide.  This  bridge  ftands  on  thirtetin  piers,  and  was 
planned  and  condudled  by  Major  Sewal,  an  ingenious 
mechanic  and  native  of  the  town.  The  model  of  Charles 
river  bridge  was  taken  from  this,  and  was  built  under 
the  fuperintendance  of  the  fame  gentleman.  It  has  alfo 
ferved  as  a  model  for  Maiden  and  Beverly  bridges  ;  and 
has  been  imitated  even  in  Europe,  by  thofe  ingenious 
American  artifts,  Meffrs.  Gox  and  Thompfon.  This 
town,  when  fir  ft  fettled  in  1630,  was  called  Agamenti- 
€us,  from  a  remarkably  high  hill  in  it  of  that  name, 
which  ferves^  as  a  land  marl'  for  mariners.  Hallowell  is 
a  flourifhing  town,  fituated  at  the  head  of  the  tide  waters 
of  Kennebe:ck  river.  Pownalborough,  Penobfcot,  and 
Machias,  are  alfo  towns  of  confiderable  and  increafmg 
importance.  Bangor,  Kittery,  Wells,  Berwick,  North 
Yarmouth,  Bath,  and  Waldoborough,  are  Hkewife  im- 
proving towns.  The  inhabitants  are  an  enterprizing,  in- 
duftrious,  hofpitable  people.  The  forms  of  religion 
|ira(5^ife<l  here,  are  the  lame  as  in  the,  other  parts  of  New 
England* 


^-*,.<«.j  -,■.. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


189 


On  the  Penpbfcot  are  the  remains  of  a  tribe  of  native 
Indians.  They  confirt  of  about  100  families,  and  live  to- 
gether in  a  regular  focicty,  in  Indian  Old  Town,  fituated 
juft  above  the  great  falls.  They  are  Roman  catholics, 
and  have  a  decent  houfe  for  public  worfliip,  and  anoth- 
er good  building,  where  they  tranfadt  the  public  bufi- 
nefs  of  tlie  tribe,  and  where  every  thing  is  managed  withi 
the  greateft  order  and  decorum. 

It  has  been  fome  years  in  contemplation  by  the  inhabi- 
tants and  legiflature,  to  ercil  tliis  diftridt  into  an  inde- 
pendent ftate  ;  and  fuch  is  the  rapid  fettlemcnt,  and 
growth  of  the  country,  that  in  all  probabilit/*the  fepara- 
tion  from  MafTachufetts  will  Ihprtly  take  place. 

Section  LIV.     RHODE    ISLAND    AND  PROVI- 
DENCE  PLANTATION. 

THIS  ftate  is  bounded  north  and  eaft  by  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Mairachufetts,fouth  by  the  Atlantic,  and  weft 
by  Connedlicut.  Thefe  limits  comprehend  what  is  call- 
ed Rhode  Ifland  and  Providence  Plantation.  It  is  di- 
vided into  five-  counties,  and  contains  thirty  good  towns.. 
It  is  47  miles  long,  and  37  broad,  and  lies  between  3  and 
11  deg.  E.  Ion. 'and  41  and  42  deg.  N.  lat.  Narragan- 
fett  Bay  makes  up  from  fputh  to  north,  between  the 
mainland  on  the  eaft  and  weft.  It  embofoms  ihany 
fertile  iflands,  the  principal  of  which  are  Rhode  lOand, 
Cannonicut,  Prudence,  Patience,  Hope,  Dyer's,  and  Hog 
iflands. 

Rhode  Ifland,  from  which  the  flate  takes  its  name,  is. 
15  miles  long,  but  not  more  than  3  4  broad.  It  is  di^ 
vided  into  3  townfhips,  Newport,  Portfmouth,  and  Mid-* 
dletown.  This  ifland,  in  point  of  foil  and  fituation,  may 
be  ranked  amongft  the  fineft,  and  moft  charming  in  the 
world.  In  its  moft  flourilhing  ftate  it  was  called  by 
travellers  the  Eden  of  America.  But  the  ftruggle  whick 
emancipated  Columbia  from  the  fhackles  of  foreign  gov- 
ernment, fpread  defolation  over  the  face  of  this  l*arar 
dife.  Th«  wantonnefs  of  party  fpirit,  joined  to  the  uur- 
avoidableneceffitiesof  anarmy,  at  an  immenfe  diftance 
fi-om  their  home,  combined  to  level  their  fine  grovesj,^ 


'y.h: 


190 


RHODE  ISLAND.. 


<Jefpoil  their  elegant  l*eats  of  their  beauty,  and  reduce 
Rhode  Ifland  to   a  (late  of  decay  and  gloom,  heightened 
W  the  remembrance  of,  and  contraft   with  its  former 
glory.     Newport,  that  once  flouriftiing  and  commercial 
city,  has  never  recovered  from  the  devaftatibns  of  war  ; 
but  the  intereft  of  agriculture  fuiFered  lefs  in  the  great 
convulfion  of  the  (late,  and  has  recovered  more  than  its 
priftine  vigour.    Agriculture,  that  great  fupport  of  all 
nations  J  (land  firm  to  your  ploughs  ye  fons  of  Colum' 
bia  I  for  what  had  ye  but  your  ploughs  and  your  reaping 
boo ks,^  when  your  great  Cmcinnatust  leaving  his  farm  and 
the  domedic  joys   attached  to  it,  fet  you  the  example  of 
turning  them  into  fwords  and  fpears,  to  repel  the  inva- 
ders of  your  liberties.     Stand  firm  to  them  then,  for  it  is 
by  the  number  and  wealth  of  her  yeomanry  alone,  that 
a  nation's  comforts  and  independence  can  be  firmly  fe- 
cured.    Rhode  Ifland  has  delightful  pafturage  ;  between 
30,000  and  4-0,000  (lieep  are  fed  on  the  ifland,  befide* 
neat  cattle  and  horfes.     Cannonicut  Ifland  lies  weft  of 
Rhode   Ifland,  and  is   about   7  miles  in  length,  and  one 
in  breadth.     It  was  purchafed  of  the  Indians,  in   1657, 
and  incorporated  by  a<5l  of  AfTenibly,  by  the  name  of  the 
ifland  of  James  town,  in  1678.     Block  Ifland,  called  by 
the  Indians,  Maniifes,  is  21  miles   S.  S.  W.  from  New- 
port,  and  is  the  fouthemmoft  ifland  belonging  to  the  ftate. 
Prudence  Ifland  is  nearly  as  large  as  Cannonicut,  and 
lie*  north   of  it.     It  js  part  of  the  townihip  of  Portfr 
mouth. 

Providence  and  Taunton  rivers  both  fall  into  Naraean- 
fet  bay,  the  former  on  the  wefl:,  the  latter  on  the  eafl:  of 
Rhode  Ifland.  Providence  river  rifes  partly  in  MafTachu- 
ifetts,  and  is  navigable  as  far  as  Providence  for  (hips  of  900 
tons,thirty  miles  from  the  fea.  Taunton  river  isnavigable 
for  fmall  vefTels  as  far  as  Taunton.  Patucket  river  emp- 
ties into  the  Seekhonk  river,  4  miles  fron*  Providence. 

Rhode  Ifland  is  as  healthful  a  country  as  any  in  Amer- 
ica. The  winters  in  the  maritime  parts  of  ,thi%  (late  are 
Idildar  than  in  the  inland  country, the  air  being  foftened  by 
the  fea  vapour.  The  fummers  are  delightful  in  Rhode 
Ifland,  where  the  extreme  heats  which  pervade  the  other 
^ai:ts  of  America,  are  tempered  by  cooling  breezes  from 


RHODE  island: 


m 


■^e  Te^.  Iti  the  rivers  and  bays  are  treat  variety  of  fiflli 
In  Newport  more  than  70  different  kinds  are  brought  to 
toiarket. 

There  are  many  different  fe<5ls  of  religions  in  this  (late* 
All  nien  profefllng  one  Supreme  Being,  are  equally  proi 
tcfted  by  the  laws  ;  no  fcft  can  therefore  claim  preemi- 
nence, but  the  baptifts  arc  die  moll  numerous.  Therd 
are  fome  quakers,  Moravians  and  Jews,  and  a  very  con-* 
fiderable  number  that  cannot  be  reduced  to  any  denomi-^ 
nation. 

Literature  is  not  in  a  flourilhing  condition  in  the  Hale* 
There  are  fome  men  of  abilities  and  learning  fcattered 
through  it,  but  the  number  is  very  fmall.  At  Providence 
is  Rhode  liland  oUege,  firft  founded  at  Warren  in  the 
county  of  Briftol,  in  1 769,  but  in  1 770,  the  college  was 
removed  to  Providence,  where  a  large  and  commodious. 
building  was  erecSled  for  it,  by  the  generous  donations  o£ 
individuals  moilly  of  Providence.  It  is  fituated  on  a  hill 
on  the  eafl  fide  of  the  town,  commanding  a  beautiful,  ex- 
tenfive,  and  variegated  profpedl,  and  enjoying  a  pure  and 
falubrious  air.  The  edifice  is  of  brick,  four  llories  high, 
150  feet  long,  and  46  wide.  The  prefident  of  this  col-' 
lege  muft  be  a  baptift,  but  the  profefTors  and  tutors  ard 
not  confined  to  any  particular  denomination.  At  Newi 
fort  there  is  a  flourilhing  academy,  under  the  dire<ftion  of 
a  redlor  and  tutors,  who  teach  the  learned  languages,  £n<^ 
glifli  grammar,  geography,  &c.  There  is  in  Newport  a 
marine  charitable  fociety  ;  and  in  Providence  a  fociety 
for  abolilliing  flavery,  and  for.therelief  of  perfons  unlaw- 
fully detained  in  bondage. 

In  the  town  of  Briftol  i^  Mount  Hope,  remarkable  on- 
ly for  having  been  the  feat  of  King  Philip,  and  the  placei 
where  he  was  killed. 

The  great  bridge,  in  the  town  of  Providence,  is  160 
feet  long,  and  22  wide,  and  unites  the  eaftern  and  weftem 
parts  of  the  town.  No  toll  is  taken  at  this  bridge.  The 
bridge  over  Patucket  falls  is  a  work  of  confiderable  mag^ 
nitude,  and  much  ingenuity.  Central,  and  India  bridges^ 
over  Seekhonk  river,' aear  its  mouth,  built  by  Mr.  Johft 
Brown  of  Providence,are  works  of  great  expenfe  and  util« 
ity.    A  bridge  over  Rowland's  terry,  uniting-  Rliod* 


, 


'« 


192 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


IHand  with  Tiverton,  was  completed  in  1T95,  lut  wa<:  un 
fqrtunate'    carried  away  by  a  dorm  a  Ihort  time  ufter- 
ward.    ■ 

This  ftate  produces  com,  rye,  oats,  I  iri'^y.and  in  feme 
parts  wheat.  T«e  produ<ftions  of  the  kitchen  garden  are 
plentiful  and  in  variety.  The  Narraganfet  couiitry  is 
excellent  land,  inhabited  by  wealthy  farmers,  who  taife 
feme  of  the  fineft  neat  cattle  in  New  England,  feme 
weighing  from  1,600  to  1,800  weight.  They  keep  large 
dairies,  and  make  large  quantities  of  excellent  butter  arid 
cheefe.  The  north  weftem  parts  of  the  Hate  are  barren, 
rocky  and  but  thinly  inhabited.  Their  exports  are  flax- 
feed,  lumber,  horfes,  cattle,  beef,  pork,  butter,  and  cheefe. 

The  inhabitjfints  of  this  ftate  are  making  rapid  progrefs 
in  manufaAures.  A  cotton  manufaftory  has  beer,  ereftcd 
at  Providence,  jeans,  fuftians,  denims,  thickfets,  velvets, 
&c.  &c.  arc  manufactured  here  and  fent  to  the  fouthern 
ftates.  Large  quantities  of  linen  and  tow  cloth  areman- 
ufa(f>urtfd  in  different  parts  of  the  ftate  for  exportation  ; 
hut  the  chief  manufaAure  is  iron,  bar  and  fhef  t,  together 
with  tlc:':l,  nail-rods,  implements  of  hufbandry,  ftoves, 
poff ,  untv.  houfehold  utenfils,  the  iron  work  for  ihips,  an- 
ch:  .:,  b>(  Is,  &c.  &:c. 

i^lewport  and  Providence  are  the  principal  towns.  Ncm* 
port  haa  one  of  the  fineft  ^arbours  in  the  world.  It 
fpreads  weftward  before  the  town  ;  the  entrance  is  eafy 
and  fafe,  and  a  large  fleet  may  anchor  in  it,  and  riue  in 
perfed  fecurity.  The  town  lies  north  and  fouth  upon  a 
gradual  afcent,  and  exhibits  a  beautiful  view  fiom  the 
harbour  and  neighbouring  hills,  which  lie  weftward  upon 
the  main.  The  homes  in  this  town  are  chiefly  of  wood, 
but  many  of  them  are  handfome.  There  are  in  it  4  baptill 
meeting  houfes,  2  for  congrega-tionalifts,  1  epifcopal 
church,  1  quaker  meeting  houfe,  1  Moravian,  and  a 
fynagogue  for  Jews,  a  ftate  houfe,  and  an  edifice  for  a 
public  library.  Providence  is  the  oldeft  town  in  the  ftate. 
It  ftands  on  both  fides  of  Providence  river,  35  miles  from 
the  fea.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river,  and 
conneded  by  a  bridge.  The  public  buildings  in  Provi- 
dence are  an  elegant  meetinghoufe  for  baptifts,  80  feet 
fijiiare^with  a  lofty  and  beautiful  ftceple,  apjpetipg  houf^ 


CONNECtlCUt. 


193 


for  qftakers,  3  for  congre|;ationaHfts,  two  of  tKem  lately 
built,  and  one  very  elegant,  an  qiifcopal  church,  a  court 
houfe,  a  work  houfe,  a  market  houfe,  and  a  brick  fchool 
houfe,  in  which  four  fchools  are  kept.  This  town  has  an 
I  xtenfive  trade  with  Ma/rachuiettJ;,Connedlicut,and  part  of 
Vermont ;  and  from  its  adviihtageous  fituation,  proinifes 
to  bcr  amonfi^  the  Ui-gift  toWns  in  New  England.  About 
4  miles  from  Providence  is  a  fmall  village,  called  Patuck- 
et,  a  place  of  fome  trade,  and  fa»>'  is  for  lamprey  eels. 
The  river  Patucket  runs  throup'^  ^wn,  in  which  if  a 

beautiful  fall  uf  water ;  the  fall  length  is  up- 

wanl  s  of  fifty  fcet,the  water  paflc  feveral  chafms 

in  the  rock,  which  runs  diametrical./  aciofs  the  bed  of  the 
river,  and  ferves  as  a  dam  for  the  waten  Several  mills 
have  been  eredled  on  thefe  falls,  and  the  fpouts  and  chan- 
nels, which  have  been  <!onftruded  to  condu<^  the  dreams  to 
their  refpeAive  wheels,  and  the  bridge,  which  has  been  ali- 
ready  mentioned  as  having  been  thrown  over  the  faUs  take 
greatly  from  the  majedy  and  romaifitic  beauty  of  the  fcene. 

Briftol  is  a  pleafant,  thriving  town,  about  15  miles  north 
of  Newport  on  the  main. 

There  are  4  or  5^00 Indians  in  this  (late;  the  greater 
part  refide  in  Charleftown.     They  are  peaceable  and  well 
i^ifpofed  towards  government,  andfpeak  the  Englifli  lan^ 
guage. 

.  iSMcrioif  LV.    CONNECTICUT. 

THIS  ftate  is  bounded  north  by  MafTachufetts,  eaft  by 
Rhode  IHand,  foath  by  tlie  fdiind,  which  divides  it  from 
Long  liland,  and  weft  by  the  ftate  of  New  York,  Cori- 
nedicut  is  divided  into  dght  counties,  and  100  town- 
flnpSjHS  100  miles  long,  and  72  broad,  lying  betwen  40 
and  42  deg.  N.  lat.  and  1  and  3  deg.  E.  Ion. 

The  principal  rivers  are,  Connedicut,  Houfatonickjtlie 
Thames,  and  their  branches.  TTio  former,  foon  after  it 
enters  the  bounds  ofConnedtlcut,piaires  over  Enfield  falls. 
At  Windfor  it  receives  Windsor  Ferry  river  from  the 
^veft,  which  is  formed  by  th^e  jun<5lion  of  Farminghara  and 
Doquabock  rivers.  At  Harrford  it  meets  the  tide,  and 
thence'flows  in  a.crook9J  channel  into  Long  Ifland  fotmtK 


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WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CONNECTICUT. 


Tlie  banks  of  this  beautiful  river  are  ornamented  a!<> 
moft  to  its  fource,  by  neat>  pkafant,vrell  built  towns ;  it  is 
skavtgable  to  Hartford,more  than  50  miles  fromits  mouth ; 
and  the  produce  of  the  country  is  brought  for  200 
miles  ^^bove,  in  boats.     The  boats  ufed  in  this  bufinefs 
are  flat  bottomed,  long,  and  narrow,,  for  the  convenience 
of  going  up  the  ftream,  and  of  fo  flight  a  inake  as  to 
be  portable  m  carts.     They  are  taken  out  of  the  water 
at  three  carrying  places,  making  15  miles  in  all.    The 
Houfatoi^ick  rifes  in  JBerkfliire  county  in  Maflachufetts. 
tt  paCes  through  a  number  of  pledant  towns,  and  is 
navigable  to .  Derby,  twelve  miles  from  its  mouth.     Nau- 
gatuck  is  a  &nall  river,  flowing  into  the  HouiatOhick. 
The  Thames  enters  Long  Ifland  found  at  New  London. 
It  is  navigable  to  Norwich.     Here  it  lofes  its  name,  and 
branches  mto  Shetucket,  on  the  eaft,  and   Norwich,  or 
Little  river,  on  tha  weft.     The  city  of  Norwich  ftands  on 
the  tongue  of;  land  betweeft  thefe  two  rivers.     Little 
river,  alMut  a  mile  from  the  mouth,  has^a  remarkable  and 
very  romantic  catara^.     A  rock  10  or  12  feet  in  per- 
pendicular height,  extends  quite-  acrofs  the  channel  of 
the  river,  oyer  this  the  whole  river  pitches,  in  one  entire 
iheet,  upon  a  bed  of  rocks  below  ;  here  it  is  compvefTed 
into  a  very  narrow  channel  between  two  craggy  dii^s, 
one  of  which  tpwers  to  a  coniider<ible  height.     The  chan- 
nel defcends  gradually,  is  very  crooked,  and  covered  with 
pointed  rocks.     Upon  thefe  the  water  fwiftly  tumbles, 
foaming  with  violent  agitation,  fifteen  ar  twenty  rods 
into  al^afon  befpre  it.     At  the  bottom  of  thefe  falls  the 
roekistie  curioufly  excavated,  by  the  conftant  pouring 
of  the  water,    f  he  fmoothnefs  of  the  W9,ter  above  the 
defcentrXhe  regularity  and  beauty  of  the  perpendicular 
fa^  ^e  treineHdous  roughnefs  of  the  other,  the  craggy 
powering  cliff,  which  impends  the  whole,  prefent  to  the 
viewof  thoJ&edator,  a  fcene  indefcribably  delightful  and 
majeftic.      There  are  fome  excellent  mill  feats,    and 
a^roff  the  mouth  of  the. river  is  a  broad,  commodious 
brii^gefin  the  form  of  a  wharf,  built  at  great  expenfe. 

Shetucket  riVer  is  formed  by  the  jun^ion  of  wLlaman- 
tick  and  Mount  Hope  rivers.  At  the  mouth  of  this  river 
is  ft  bridge  124'  feet  long,  fupported  at  each  end  by  pUlarSy 


iy  \ 


^h. 


CONNECTICUT. 


195 


Mid  held  up  in  the  middb  by  braces  en  the  top;  in  the 
nature  of  an  arch. 

The  two  principal  harbours  are^  New  London  and  New 
Haven,  though  the  whole. of  the  lea  coad  is- indented 
with  harbours,  many  of  which  are  fafe  and  commodious. 
Connedticuti  though  fubjc^  to  the  extremes  of  he4): 
and  cold»  and  frequent  and  fudden  changes  of  weather, 
is  very  healthful.  It  is  ill  general brokenland,  made  lip 
of  hills  and  valltes,  well  watered.  Its  produ^s  are  much 
the  fame  as  the  other  northern  ftates.  It  a#)]^s  good 
pafturage  and  hay ;  and  the  farmers  raife  great  numbers 
of  cattle.  The  trade  of  Conneifiricut  is  chiefly  with  the 
Weft  India  iilands.  They  export  the  native  produce  of 
their  country,  for  which  they  bring  home  fugar,  molafles, 
rum,  &c.  They  have  alfo  a  large  number  of  coafting 
veiTels,  eniployed  in  carrying  their  beef,  pdrk,  butter, 
eheefe,  &c.  &c.  to  the  other  ftates.  .  .\ 

The  farmers  in  Connedicut,  and  /their  families,  are 
moftly  clothed  in  decent,  homefpun  cloth.  Their  linens 
^d  woollens  ard  manufa^hired  in  a  family  way,  whicli 
though  not  fd  fine,  are  more  durable  than  thofe  impotted 
from  Europe  r  and  fome  of  their  cloths  are  fine  an<i 
ha4dfome.  In  New  Haven  are  cotton  and  button  maau- 
faftories.  In  Hartford  a  woollen  manufa^ory  is  efta1>- 
liihed,  and  glafs  works,  a  fnUff  and  powder  mill,  iron 
works,  and  a  flitting  mill.  At  Stafford  is  a  furnace,  at 
which  are  made  large  quantities  of  hollow  ironmongery. 
Paper  is  manufadured  at  Norwich,  Hartford,  and  I^ew 
Hav«nt  <  A  duck  manufadtory  has  been  eftablilhed  at 
Stratford.  - ,  l  ' 

All  religions  Which  arc  coxtfiftent  with  the  p^jace  of 
fociety,  are,  tokrated  in  Conne^icut.  There  ar^ .  few  I'e- 
ligious  fefts.  The  bulk  of , the  people  ajre  congregation- 
alifts;  but  there  are  fome  epifcopalians  and  baptifts* 
There  are  anUmber  of  good  towns  in  thi$  ftate,  and  five 
iiK:orporated  citiesw  Hartford  and  New  Hayen-  fire ':  the 
capitals.  The  General  AfTembly  is  held  at  the  fOfmer 
in  May„  and  the  latter  in  Oftober,  annually,  Hartfbrft 
isfituated  at  the  head  of  navigation^  on^  the  weft  4i^<^ 
Contiedticut  river,  about  50  mdes  f]K>m  its  entnisce.  r^  It 
has,  feveral  good  public  buildings,  about  500  dwel^ng 


/ 


CONNECTICUT. 


lioules,  many  of  which  4re  built  with  i>rick.  The  town 
is  divided  by  a  fmall  river  with  hish,  romantic  banks ; 
over  the  riter  is  a  bridge  eonne^mg  the  two  divifions 
of  the  town.^  A  bank  ha$  been  lately  eftabliih^d  in  this 
city.  Hartford  is  advantageouily  fimated  for  trade,  and 
is  a  rich,  flonriffiing,  commercial  place^ 

New  Haven  lies  round  the  head  of  a  bay,  which, 
runs  up  about  4  miles  north  of  the  found.  It  is  fitiiated 
on  a  ^9.tge  plain,  ciircumfcribed  on  three  fides  by  high 
hills,  "invo  fmall  risers  bound  the  city  eafl:  and  weft^. 
Near  the  centre  of  it  is  the  public  fquare,  around  which 
are  the  publk.  buildings^  The  ftatehoufe,  college,  and 
chapel,  S  meeting  houfes,  and  a  churxrh,  all  handfcme^ 
commodious  buildings.  This  fquare  is  encompalTed  by 
ift>ws  of  «rees.  New  London  ftands  on  the  weft  fide  of 
the  river  Thames,  near  its  entrance  Into  the  {bui^d.  Its 
harbour  is  the  bed  in  Conne^cut.  Norwkh  ftands  at 
the  head  of  H^ames  river,  1.4  miles  noith  of  New  London. 
It  Is  a  commercial  city,  has  a  rich  back  cowitry,  ftands 
.  1^  the  h^d  of  navigation,  and  its  fituation  upoii  a  river, 
Im^ch  dFords  Convenii^nt  feats  for  mills  and  other  water 
machi^s,  tender  it  wry  eligible  for  manufa^res  )  nor 
a^lh<^hti^it&lits  unmifl^ul  of  the  advsmtages  nature 
has  fo  liherally  lieftowed.  They  are  indufti^ous,  tngeni. 
ous,  and  peffeveting.  The  city  k  in  three  divifions, 
€k^^,^  the  kaidtn|r,  the  Town,  a^d  Bean  hill.  The 
tmm  fifhiw  are  heiS  altet>nately  at  New  /     Ion  andi 

l!fidii%»»wn  city  is  pleaiantly  fituated  <m  the  w«ftem 
bank  of  Conne^cut  river.  It  is  the  principal  town  in 
Mt^dfex  county.  Four  miles  ^^mi^  ^  l^lartford  is 
Weatiieriii^,  i^ous  fdrraifihg  onions*  It  isaf^ea. 
Ikiit  is^mL  Bcffidet  diefe,  i^rc  are  many  other  tourer. 
4^  and  ^fteurt^ng  tmms.  Academies  tfave  been  ef« 
tabltOMat drtmrnd^  Plainfield,  Norwich*  Wmdfaam, 
4|tid1Ptfnn(fret.  YideCoUe^e  was  founded  in  ITOQy  «nd 
Y«maifted  itf  KifiiAgworm  until  17071  tlben  at  ^y^ 
Iiir04k  ttntil  171^  when  it  was  removed  and  fixed  at 
9le«»Hii««n.  It  was  tiamed  Yde,  in  honour  of  Oov^ 
frnol^  ¥ale»  4>ne  nf  Its  ^nc^l  benefaAors.  It  ^^tMifftfts: 
^f^two.i^siclotts^  €«aunodtoiis>  brick  buildings.    There 


CONl^njCTICUT. 


1^ 


i^  publie  library  of  2500  volumes,  and  a  philcrfophical 
apparatus,  as  complete  as  mod  others  in  the  United 
Stotes.  The  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  of.  Connefticut  are  - 
farmers,  induftrious,  fagacious,  and  economical.  Their 
farms  fumifli  themwim  all  the  nccjeflaries,  moft  of  the 
conveniences,  but  few  of  the  luxui^ies  of  life.  They  are 
generallytemperate,  andean,  if  they  choofe,  be  as  p«r- 
te&iy  independent,  as  it  is  conililent  with  happinefs,  for  ' 
man  to  be.  i;  « 

An  Engli(h  geographer,  fpeaking  of  the  inhabitants  ' 
of  thefe  northern  ftates,  fpeaks  thusj  "  The  people  of  • 
New  England  generally  obtain  their  eftates  by  hard  and 
perfevering   labour  ;  they   of  confequence  know  their 
value,  and  are  obfervant  of  friigality,  yet  in  no  country 
do  the  indigent  fare  better.    Their  laws  oblige  every 
town  to  provide  a  competent  maintenance  for  their,  poor, 
andthe  neceflitous  iftrainger  is  protected  and  relieved 
from  their  humane  inftitutions.     In  no  part  of  the  world 
are  the  people  happier,  or  better  furnifhed;  with  the  com^ 
forts  and. conveniences  of  life.    Th^ir  manners  are  con* 
genial  to  theii'  employments,^  plisun^  fimple,  but  not  un- 
polilhed. . .  They,  have  a  great  deal  of  artle6  fiticetity, 
friendly  and  unformal  hofpUality.      The  vopien  ,  are 
fair,  hand£bme>  genteel,  and.  extremely  modeftand  «e- 
.ferved  in  their  behavioun     Many  of  them  can  convcrfe  ' 
elegantly  upon  hiftory,  geography,  and  other  litera^ry 
fubje<As>;  hut  their  moft  ftrlking  charafteriHic  is  induf- 
try,  and  domeftic  economy*    It, is  a  part  of  their  daily  . 
bufmefsjo  fuperiritend  the  affairs  of  the  family.    Em-   ' 
ployment  with  them  is  honourable;  the   needle*    the 
wheel,  and  the  care  of  their  children,  fill  ufefuUy  every 
momeint  ^of  their  tim^  an  d  nothing  is  thought  fo  difrepi- 
utableas  idlenefs." '  This  is  a  charming  poi^raifj  may 
the  fair  dai^g^ters  of  Columbia  ever  ftudy  to  copy  it,  and 
preferve  the  likeneft.  i/..,«*      vj-      ^         r 

A  thirft  for  information  prevails  among  the  ^outli, 
and  is  encouraged  by  all  ranks.  Numerous  focieties  are 
formed  for  the  promoti<m  of  ufeful  knowledge ;  and  be- 
iides  the  improvements  daily  making  in  agriculture,  arts, 
manufadtures,  and  commerce,  medicinal  enquiries,  math-  • 
ematical  difquiiitions,  philofophical   experiments,  geo-  • 

R  2 


190 


NEW  YOmC^ 


^^ra{>lui^  c^rvatkms,  itt  ihoit  «im-y  art  or  iaience  li. 
neve  enconraged,  that  can  confer  honour,  dignity,  and. 
hRppiaefs,  on  a  hetf  independent,  and  rirtuons  people. 

Smctioh  LVI.    new  YORK. 

NEW  YOAK  tft  bounded,  fouth  and  fou&weft  by 
'Hudfon's  and  DeUwate -rivers,  on  tbeeaft^andonorth  eaft^ 
by  New  England  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the 
nor&  weft  by  Canada.     It  is-S50mUes  long,  and  300 
broad,'and  lies  between.  40  and  45deg.  N.  lat.  and  5 
ckig.  W.'and  Sdeg.  £.  Ion.     It  is  divided  into  19  coun. 
ties,  which  Are  fu^vided  into  townihtps.    The  princi^ 
pal  rivers  in  this   ftate  are  the.  Hudson  and  the  Mo^ 
hawk.    The  former  abounds-  with  excellent  hai^urs, 
well  ilored  with^  a  variety  of  fiflu     On  thifr  riverftands 
the  cities  of  New  York  and  Albany.     The  tide  flows* 
above  Albtmy,  which  i»  160  niile»  from  New  York. 
This  river  is  the  largeft  in  the  United  States^     It  rifes  in 
i^e^aioiititattiotts  country,  between  I^ake  Ontario  and 
Luke  Champlain.    Its  whole  length  is"  250  tniks)  but 
froni  Albany  to  Lake  George,  it  is  only  rnavigable  for 
battes^x^jtifidiutt  two  poitafes,  on  account  >of  the. fall v 
About60^ntHefrabove  New  Yorkf  the  water  becomes  frefh. 

The.ba]^s-  ef:  tiie  Hudfonr  river,  eipecially.  on  the 
iireftern  fictei  are  chieftV  rocky  cliffs.  'Hie  pafiagethrough 
the  high  lands,  which  is  Sixteen  miles,  affords  ft  wild,  ro* 
msmtici  fcene.  On  .each  fide  of  this  narrow  pais,  the 
mountaint  tower  to  a  great  height,  and  ih^  wind,  if  ^ere 
i»  any,  becomes  compreffed^  al^l  blows  continually  as 
thresh  si  beUowi,  fo  that  veilete  in  pa€ing  9xe  frequent- 
ly obltged  to  lower  their  fails.  The  bed  of  this-  river  is 
Aiep  fthd  finooth  to  an  aftoniHung  diftance,  through  a 
hilly,  reckf  coimtry,  and  even  through  ridges  of  fome  of 
the  higheft  JSiountains  in  the  United  States. 

Mimawk  fiver  pai&»  to  the  northward  o^;  F«rt  Stan^ 
wix,  amd  runslbutiiwairdly  20  miles  to  the  fort,  and  ^n 
^(Iwardly  no  m^  int!»  the  Hudfon.  In  thi»  rivee-  it 
a  brge  catara^l,  cai^d  the  Cohoes,  tbs  water  of  whiclS^if* 
fatd  to  fall  80  feet  perpendicular  height ;  but  includkig^ 
the  deicent  above  ,tbe  fal]«  n  as  much  ««  ^0  ^et,  when 


WSW  YORX.: 


lW9i 


tfie  liVer  19  a  quarter  of  m  m^  ia  length.     The  pndme:: 
cowteytd  dowa.  this  dvcr  it  landed  at  HchtneCtidf 9  jaciA* 
conveyed  hy    laf\4  to  Albany.    There  are  locks  and 
canaliattbe  Ltttk  FaUs,  56  miles  above  SdieneAadf^ 
axu}  the  rifer  is  pafTaVlefranthenee  m  Ikmu»  nearly  to 
its  ibarce.    There  is  allb  a  lock  naTi^^ion  from  the  now. 
navigable  part  oC  Hudfon*s  river tb  Lake  Qdtarro^  and. 
the  8eneca  Lake.     There  are  ftveral  otfticr  riversy  that 
interfed  the-  ftate,  and  accelerate  the  conveyance  of  the 
{vrodnee  of  remote  farms  to  obtain  and  profitsdxlcinar-- 
kets.     The  fettlements  in^  this  (late,   till  within  a  iew 
years,  were  chiefly  upon  two  narrow  oblongs,  extending  - 
from  the  eky  of 'York,  eaft  and  weft.     TheieaiHs  Long 
liland,  which  is  1 40  xniksJoi^.    It  is  narrow  and  fcnr.» 
munded  by  the  lea.    The  one  extending  north  »  iabmitt 
40  miles  in^lengtb,  and  biieiSled  by  the  HudTon.    New 
{ettlemenis  have  been  made  .on  another  t^oog,  extend- - 
ing  weft  and  fouth  weft  from  Albany.     This  v^ole  ftat^- 
is  ib  interfe^ted  by  branches  of.  the  Hudibn,  the  Dela- 
ware, the  Sufquehannah,  and  other  rivers,  that  these  ia 
fcarcely  a  place  of  any  confequence  move  than   15  ar1i&^ 
miles  nom  fome  ftream,  that  can  be  navigated^ther  by- 
boats  or   larger  veflels..   There  are  feme  rmnan-kablK 
capes  and  bays  in  tins  ftate  $  €s^  May,  on  the  .eaft  enu 
trance  of  Delaware  river ;  Sandy  Hook  near  the  eothince 
of  Rariton  riva^ ;  and  Mentock  Point,  at  the  eaft  end  of' 
Long  Ifland  ;.  York  Bay,  ipreads  to  the  fouthward  be* 
fore  tfa^  city  of  New  York  ;  South  Bay  lies  abotit  12  or 
15  miles-north  of  the  northern  bend  in  Hudfon^s  rh-er^. 
There  are  alio  ^enreral  Lakes  ;  Oneida^ake,  Sidt  Lalcey  . 
Lake  Otiego,  Cancadergo  Lake,  and  Cbatoque  Laloe.   ' 
This  ftate^lying  to  the  fouth  of  New  £n&;landy  enjoya\ 
a  more  happy  temperature  of  climate  ;  i£eair  is  vsfyt 
healdiy  ;  the  face  of  the  country,  low,  ilat  and  marfliy> 
towards  the  fea.    As  you  recede  from  the  coaft^  the  ey« 
is  entertained  with  the  gradtial  fwelling  of  "h'dis,  which 
become  large  as  you  advance  in^  the  country; .  The  Ibii 
if.  extremely  fertile,  producing  wheat,  rye,   Indian  com» 
oats,  barley^  flax,  and  fruits,  in  great  abundance  and  per<»- 
fe^iofi...    The  timber  is  much  me  fame  as  that  ofl>4w 
£i^land.    A  great  deal  of  iroitis'foundhe»»    Inibme 


inEWtORK. 


partk  of  the  ft*ate  large  dairies  are  kept,  which  fumifH* 
excellent  butter  and  cheefe  for  the  markets.  Thebeft. 
lands  in  the  ftate  lie  along  the  Mohawk  river  4  vail  trads< 
are  yet  uncaltivated,  but  they  are  beffinniae  to  make- 
iettlettients  upon  them»  which  rapidly  mcreate.  In  the 
northern  parts  of  the  ftate  they  have  moofe  deer,  bears, 
and  fome  beavers.  They  have  wUd  fowH  game*  and 
fiih  of  every  kindt  particularly  falmon,  which  are  found 
in  prodigieus  plenty  at  the  mouth  of  the*  Saranac  river. 
.^  They  are  caught  from  May  to  November,  and  make  ex- 
cellent  faked  provifions. 

The  city  of  New  York  ftandson  the  fouth  weft  end  of 
York  liland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudfon  river.  This 
city  is  not  in  length  more  than  a  mile,  •  nor  in  breadth 
more  than  a^^uarter  of  a  mile  The  city  and  harbour 
are  defended  by  a  fort  aind^attery.  In  the  fort  is  a 
Ipacious  maniion  houfe  for  the  ufe  of  the  governor. 
Many  of' the  houfes  are  very  elegant,  and  the  city, 
though  irregularly  built,  affords  a  fine  profped.  The 
moft  magnincent  edifice  in  the  town  is  Federal  Hall. 
They  have  many  hamdfome  houfes  for  public  worfhip, 
for  almoft  every  denomination  of  chtifttans^  and  one  for 
Jews,  a  college^  a  gaol,  anew  and  fpacious  ftate  prifqn,. 
smd  leveral  buildings  of  lefs  note.  It  is  efteemed  more 
digible  for  commerce  than  any  city  in  the  United  States. 
A  want  of  good  water  is  a  great  inconvenience  to  tlie 
citizens.  They  ha^e  heretmbre  been  moftly  fupplied 
from  a  well  nearly  a  mile  from  the  city,  about  20  f^t 
deep  and  4  in  diameter.  In  fome  hot  fummers  upwards 
of  200  hogfheads  ha'i^e  been  drawn  from  this  well  in  a 
day,  and  yet  there  is  never  mor^  or  lefs  thaaS  foot  water 
in  the  well.  We  mention  this  remarkable  fpring  as  a 
natural  curiofity  }  for  the  w^t  of  good  water,  is  lately 
in  a  great  degree  remedied,  by  a  conveyance  of  water 
to  the  city  by  means  of  aqueduAs. 

For  fociability,  hofpitality,  unafiEedled  poUtenefs,  ele- 
gance of  manners,  and  all  which  form  the  happinefs  of 
fociat  intercouife.  New  York  is  hardly  to  beexcWdedby 
aAy  town  upon  the  American  continent. 

The  city  of  Albany  is  fituated  on  the  weft  fide  of  Hud* 
ion's  liver;.  160  miles  north  of  the<  city  of  New  York. 


NEW  YORK. 


^H 


The  houfes  in  this  city  were  moftly  built  by  trading 
people,  anJ  are  in  the  old  Dutch,  Gothic  ftyle,  with  the 
gable  end  to  the  ftreet.  Many,  howevev,  have  beea. 
lately  eredted  in  a  more  airy,  elegant,  and  modem  tafte. 
A  variety  of  languages  are  ipoken  in  Albany,  but  En  v^ 
lifli  predominates*.  Albany,  is  unrivalled  in  fitoation.,  It 
(lands  on  the  banks  of  one  of  the  fineft.  rivers  in  the 
world,  navigable  for  fmall  veifels  to  the  very  fhores  of 
the  city,  which,  together  with  the  fun-oundinv  country, 
enjoys  a  ialubrious  air,  an  excellent  foil,  and  is,  watered 
by  many  navigable  lakes,  rrvers,  and  creeics.  It  is  capa*. 
ble  of  affording  fubfiftence  to  millions  of  itihabkants,  and, 
no  part  of  America.offcrsamore  eligible  opening  for 
emigrants  than  this. 

Tht  city  of  Hudfon  has  a  mod  rapid  growth.  It  it. 
fituated  on  the  eaft  fide  of  Hudfon's  river,  130  milat; 
north  of  New  York,  and  30  fotxtb  of  Albsotiy.  It  i»  iiuw. 
rounded'by  an  extenfive  and  fertile  bac9e  country,  and  ia. 
proportion  to  its  fize  andpibpulation,  canries  en  a  larg* 
trade* 

Pougfakec^fie,  die  Dure  town  of  Dtflehds  ceimrfi. 
La&n^cgh,  Khigftcm,  Sc^enedau^,  Trey,  a«dl*hitttP>  - 
bui»h,are  all  conti^eratble  towns,  llie  fitaatbn  of  New 
YoSci,  wish  reaped'.  toimBign  marhttsi-lw  decidedly  tli^ 
preference  to  any  of  the  ftates.  It  has  at  all  feaibns  o£ 
t^  year*  9.  ikon  and  eafy  «cce&  to  the  oceiia;  nor. 
have  iJiie  inhabitagits  been  imidindAd  of  dieic  inpnioe 
local  advantages,  bnt  iuime  araftled  tbamfdmrs  of  them  t# 
their  ntmoft'extentp 

New  York  Jiikb  been  t^l  lately  raiiier  bdiind^her  tuA^^ 
hmxtsmiHtmSmffmad,  New  iorfey,  and  .Peuilylvaiiia#. 
in  fxnnt  <tf  ian]^vement  in  agncultore-  and  mwnhx^ 
tures.  Tlie  reafoas  oJf:  this  deficiency  are,  iJw  lands  h»h^ 
mg  beenkitheitQ  cheap,  the  inhafaitasits  hai«  hadao  op- 
portunity to  exert  a  fpfnt  of  entcsfirize.  Ittequires  Audi. 
Ws  ingenuity  to  nik  1000  biwiels  of  ^i^ieat  upon  ^6(K 
acresdf  bind  >chaii  to  rnie/t^-  fame  ijuaa&itf  upon  $&J 
So  Umg,  thereftnee,  «s-  die  fsrmer  cansbaye  60  ascrea  t^ 
raife  1000  baflk^  .upon,iie  wiU  never  trouble  himfelC  td^ 
^nd  out  how  be  migibt  raife  the  ^uoe  quantity  npoa  half 
t^ejandt    It  is  ^opmation  alone  which  itamps  a  -value 


» 


NEW  YORK. 


upon  landsi  and  lays  a  foundation  for  high  imj^rove. 
ments  in  agriculture.  When  a  man  is-obliged  to  main* 
tain  a  large  family  upon  a  fmall  farm,  his  ins*ention  is 
exercifed  to  find  out  every  improvement  that  may  render 
it  more  produAive.  If  the  preceding  obfervations  arc 
jufl,  improvements  will  keep  pace  with  population  and 
the  encreaHng  value  of  lands.  Improvements  in  manu* 
fadlures  invariably  follow  improvements  in  agriculture, 
and  we  have  reafon  to  hope  that^  in  the  manufadure  of 
wheel  carriages  of  all  kinds,  fadlery,  cabinet  work, 
cutlery,  clocks,  watches,  mathematical  inftniments,  and 
various  other  ufeful  branches.  New  York  will  foou  be 
equal  to  mo  n^  other  parts  of  the  world. 

There  .  in  tliis  ftate  fome  remarkable  medicinal 
i)>rings.  Thofe  of  Saratoga  are  the  mod  noted  ;  they 
are  eight  or  nine  in  number^  iituated  in  the  mlargin  of 
a  mar%  formed  by  a  branch  of  KayadacpiTa  Creek. 
Great  numbers  of  people,  under  a  variety  of  maladies, 
refort  to  thefe  fprings ;  maj»y  find  relief,  and  a  cohfider- 
able  number  a  (;ompiete  cure,  particularly  in  billions  dif. 
orders,  fait  rheumy  and  relaxations  ;  but  as  the  waters  are 
unfriendly  in  fome  diforders,  they  ought  to  be  ufed  under 
the  direSion  of  a  ikilful  phyfician, thoroughly  acquaint. 
ed  with  the  di&afes  of  the  patient,  and  the  qualities  of 
the  water. . 

.  New  Lebanon  fprings  are  next  in  celebrity  to  thofe  of 
Saratoga.  This  is  a  pleafant  village^  iituated  partly  in 
a  vafk,  and  partly  on.  the  declivity  of  a  hill.  The  pool  is 
fituated  on  a  commanding  eminenecy  oveiiooking  the 
valley,  and  furrbunded  by  a  few  houfes,  which  afford 
Yex^y^go^  accommodations  for  the  valetuditiarians  that  re-i 
ibrt  there  iii  fearch  of  health.  The  waters  have  an  agree- 
able temperature,  and  are  not  utipleafant  to  the  tafte. 

In  the  town  of  RenfTalaer,  nearly  oppofite  the  city  of 
Albany,  a  medicinal  fpring  has  been  lately  difcovered, 
combining-moft  of  the  valuable  properties  of  thecelebra> 
ted  waters  of  Saratoga.  There  are  a  fewvfocieties  in  this 
ftate  for  i^  promotion  of  knowledge,  ,and  the  fervice  of 
iiumanity  ;  but  they  are  neither  fo  numerous  or  «xten- 
fiye in  their  operations forthe  benefit  of  fociety^, a& . thoiej 
idBL  the  iifter.  dates. 


NEW  YORK. 


^S 


TTicre  was  no  college  in  NeW  York  till  the  yetr  1754, 
when  King's  College,  now  called  Columbia  College,  was 
founded.  It  is  now  in  a  flouridiing  ftate.  A  complete 
medical  fchool  has  been  lately  annexed  to  the  college, 
and  able  profeiTors  appointed  in  every  branch  of  that 
important  fcience.  Another  college,  In  the  town  of  Sch6« 
nedtady,  in  the  ftate  of  New  York,  was  incorporated  in 
1794,  by  the  name  of  Union  College.  It  is  at  preient  in 
profperous  circumftances. 

There  are  in  this  ftate  12  incorporated  academies  ; 
and  a  fpirit  for  literary  improvement  is  evidently  dif- 
fufing  itfelf  throughout  the  whole.  All  denominations 
of  religion  are  here  prote^ed  and  allowed.  At  the 
point  where  Lake  George  communicates  with  Lake 
Champlain,  is  the  famous  poft  of  Ticonderoga.  Op-> 
pofite,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  water  that  empties  oat  of 
Lake  Georg^,  is  a  mountain  to  appearance  inacceflible, 
called  Mourn  Defiance,  where  General  Burgoyne,  in 
the  revolutionary  war,  with  a  boldnefs,  fecrecy,  and  dif- 
patch,  almoft  unparalleled,  conveyed  a  number  of  can- 
non, ftores,  and  troops.  The  cannon  were  raifed,  by 
large  brafs  tackles,  from  tree  to  tree,  and  from  rock 
to  rock,  over  dens  of  rdttlefilakes  to  the  fummit,  which 
entirely  commands  the  works  of  Ticonderoga ;  from 
whence  he  occafioned  the  fudden  (but  judicious)  retreat 
of  General  St.  Clair,  with  the  American  army'. 

Crown  Point  is  14  miles  north  of  Ticonderoga;  on 
Lake  Complain.  The  fort  of  this  place,  in  which  the ' 
Britifh  gaiartfon  was  always  kept,  from  the  reduction  of 
Canada  to  the  American  revolui'.ion,  was  the  moft  »"egu- 
lar  and  expenfive  "of  any  ever  conftriitfled  and  Sup- 
ported by  the  Britifn  government  in  North  America.  Iti 
the  county  of  Montgomery  is  a  fmall,  rapid  ftream, 
emptying  into  Scroon  Lake,  weft  of  Lake  George.  It 
runs  under  a  hill,  the  bafe  of  which,  60or^0  yurds  dia- 
meter, forming  a  curious  and  moft  beautiful  arch  in  the 
rock  as  white  as  fnow.  The  fury  of  the  water,  and  the 
rouehnefs  of  the  bottom,  added  to  the  terrific  noife  with-' 
in,  have  hitherto  prevented  any  perfon  from  palling 
thrqjugh  the  chafm. 

In  the  townihip  of  Williborough^  in  Clinton  coun^« 


im 


K£W  YORK. 


is  the  cvrioiii  fplit  rock.  A  point  ofa  moiintkin  Vhicli 
•^ro}e^ecl  about  50  Yards  into  Lake  Charoptain,  appeattto 
mTe  been  broken  by  foroe  violent  ihock  of  nature.  It 
i%  removed  from  the  main  rock  or  mountain  about  20 
fef  ta  and  the  oppofite  Adet  fo  ezadly  fit  each  other,  that 
one  Qfeeds  no  ether  proof  of  their  hiaving  been  once  uni- 
ted. The  point  broken  off  contains  about  half  ail  acre» 
a^  U  covered  with  Vood.  The  height  of  the  rock  on 
each  fide  the  fifTure  is  about  12  feet.  The  appearance 
lof  thitt  and  the  furrounding  fcenery,  is  thus  elegantly 
defcribed  in  Morfe^  Gcogr«phf*  **  Round  this  point  is  a 
'fpacious  bay,  iheltered  from  tlie  fot|th  weft  and  north*^ 
"Weft  %isds,  by  the  furronnding  hills  and  woods.  On 
the  weft  fide  are  four  or  fiv«  finely  cultivated  farms, 
Vhic^  altogether,  at  certain  feafons,  and  in  certd^in  fitua- 
'tions»form  one  of  the  moft  beautiful  landfcapes  imaein- 
able.  Sailing  under  this  coaft,  foi*  feveral  miles  before 
you  come  to  ^lit  rock*  the  noonntaiiM,  riide  and  barren, 
fecm  to  hang  over  tlie  padengei^'s  head,  and  threaten 
him  ynih  dwru^tipa.  A  ^ater*  boimdleis  to  the  fight, 
ties  before  him«  Man  feels  hiK  own  littlenefs,  and  in- 
iidelity  ifWpays  a!h  nniWillii^  homage  to  the  Creator. 
Inftantly^'and  lineapeAedly  x&  f<fene  changes,  and  peep- 
11^  widi  greedy  eye  through  the  fifiure,  nature  prelents 
to  the  vieW  a  filver  bafon,  a  verdant  lawn,  a  humble  cot- 
tage, a  golden  harveft,  a  hiajeftic  foreft,  a  lofty  mountain, 
and  ap  azure  fky,  rifing  cme  aboVe  another  in  juft  grada- 
\icm  to  the  amaz^g  whole." 

;  The  roads*  in  thisr  ftate,  which  Hirere  tUl  very  lately 
innch  liegle^ed;  are  now  daily  improving.  Poft  offices 
afe  eftabTUhed  at  convenient  diftancef  from  Albaay  to 
Qenefliee  river,  fi>  thnt  a  fofe  and  direxfk  cpnveyaiice  is 
opened  betw^b^  tlie  interior  parts,  and  the  feveral  ftates 
in  the  union.  A  road  is  opened  through  Clinton  county, 
Viitiich  adds  greatly  to  the  cont^eiiience  of  travelling  be* 
tween  New  York  and  Canada,  called  Rogers's  road,  that 
b^ngthe  name  of  the  pe^'fon  Who  planned  it,  mid  fuper-* 
intended  the  elgecution;  Several  bridges  have  alfo  been 
lately  "ei-e^ed ;  one  oyer  A  bram's  cree fc,  one  o ver . tlie 
J^routs  of  the  Mohuvk  river,  another  over  Cayuga 
^j:ake.oathe  great  road  from  Albany  to  Niagara.    Tnft 


NEW  JERSEY. 


*!205 


Vrid^Ultidon  210  trefslei;  25  feet  apart.  Its  length 
is  one  mile.  There  are  ieveial  other  yeiy  refpedwle 
bridges  in  this  ftate. 

There  are  fix  confederated  nations  of  Indians  nihab« 
tting  the  /weftem  parts  of  this  ftate. 

T^rae  fflands  of  note  belong  to  the  ftate  of  New  York  t 
they  aiie»  York  liland*  Long  Ifland,  and  S.:at«n  Ifland. 
Long  Ifland  extends  14Q  miles  eaft,  and  terminates  with 
Montank  Point.  The  foil  of  the  fouth  part  of  tlie  iflanil 
ift  well  calculated  for  raiftng  Indian  com.  The  north 
fide  is  hilly  >  and  of  a  ftron^  foil,  adapted  to  the  culture^ 
of  grain,  hay,  and  fruit.  They  feed  large  herds  of  cat- 
de  on  the  fait  marfhes,  on  the  fouth  fide. 

Staten  Ifland,  nine  miles  fouth  weft  of  the  city  6f  New 
York,  is  about  18  miles  in  length,  and  6  or  7  in  breadth. 

SEcriou  LVIL    NEW  JERSEY. 

NEW  JERSEY  is  bounded  eaft  by  Hudfon's  river 
ntid  the  fea,  fouth  by  the  fea,  weft  by  Delaware  Bay  and 
Pennfylvania,  and  north  by  New  York.  It  is  160  miles 
long,  and  52  broad,  lyin^  between  39  and  41  dec;.  N. 
lat.  and  between  the  meridian  of  Philadelphia  and  f  deg« 
En  Ion.  It  is  divided  into  13  counties.  Hudfon's  river 
runs  on  th6  eaft,  and  the  Delaware  on  the  weft.  The 
moft  remarkable  bay  is  Arthur  Kull,  or  Newark  Bay, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  PalTaik  and  Hackinfak  rivers. 

The  three  nfoft  confiderable  rivers  are  the  Hackinfak, 
the  Paflfatk,  andthe  Raritan.  Paflaik  is  a  very  crooked 
river.  It  is  navigable  about  10  miles.  The  n'eat  faU 
in  this  river  is  one  of  thefineft  natural  curiofities  in  ike 
ftate.  The  water  falls  above  70  feet  perpendicularly  ifl 
ene  entire  iheec«>.  A  cloud  of  vapours  arife  from  thh 
tremendous  fall,  and  floating  in  the  Sunbeams,  prefent  to 
the  aiioniflied  eye  a  variety  of  beautiful  rainbows.  The 
town  of  Patteifon  is  ereAed  on  the  great  fall  in  this 
river.  ■  ■.  :^-  ;•■ 

The  Raritait  is  formed  by  two  confiderable  ftreams» 
calllsd  the'tiorth  and  fouth  brknehes.  It  paflTes  by  Brunl^ 
wickaudAmboy,  arid  falls  into  Arthur  Kull  Sbund. 
Thecetatfe^  bridges  ereAedovertheie  three  river s^  oa  tlie 

S 


209 


NEW  JtERSEY, 


|H>ft  rotd  between  New  York  and  Fhiladelplnav  fibnw 
paarts  of>tbi»  ftate  are  niountaiiums^  and.  a  great  deal  o£ 
it'  fandy,  barren,  and  unfit  for  culiitation.  The  beil 
Igndriisinthiefoutheni  cauntiesv-on  the  hknka  of  rivers 
and  creeks.  The  fand  barrens  produce  little '  elie'  than 
ih^b  oak$  and  yeliiow  pine,  though  dxey  yi^>  great  quan- 
tities  of  bo|^  iron  ore,  winch  turns  toi  ^at  advantage  in 
:^e.  iron;  worlv>  Tliei^  is  foiifie  good  timb^  in  this  ftate, 
apdooi^dtfrable  quantities  of  wheats  rye,  buckwheat,  and 
other  giniii*  Tii»Y  raife  great  nnmbevs  of  cattle  ;  have 
gopd  orchards,  and  make  excellent  cider; 

Thin  ftiJ»  ftipi^es  the  markets,  of  New  Yorki  and  PhiU 
adelphia,  with  a  variety  and  .profuiion  of  vegetables  and 
ffutt,  together  with  cider,  butter,;  chaefe^  bee£  pork,  mut- 
tons and  poultry  $  and  the  trade  of  .thi^  ftate. is  chiefly 
carried  on  by  thefe  two  great  commercial  citiies.  The 
manufadures  in  New  Jertey  are  not  very  connderable, 
except  in  the  articles  of  ir^n,  nails,  and  leather.  A 
^lifit  of  indHiA^  and  iHnprovement  feiems  to  have  awaken- 
eid  among:  them  in  a  few  late  years;  But  though  the 
bvlkpf  the  inhabjitlants  are  farmers*:  yet  agriculture  has 
list  becai  impix>Yed^  except  in  a  very  few  inftances,  as 
niudii  aJS: might  be  reafdnablyexpeded. 

Th9' iron  works  are  a  great  iource  of  Weahh  to  the 
Hfltp.  The  moil  confiderable  are  eredled  at  Gloucefter, 
^KttcHngton)  Suflex,  and>  Morris. 

The  peopli^  of  New  Jeitfey^are  generally  induftrious# 
i^gi4»  and  hofpitablet  The  bulk  oft  the  iimabitants  have 
ftp  tafte  fen 4earmng#ai>ts,  or  fciencfe.  There  are:  how- 
■tfip^r  many  gf»tlemen  of  the  firft^^  rank;  in,  abilities  and 
iearntfig;  ift:  th^feveiad  learned;  profeflions^  All  religious 
dc|nQ9iin»tion9  live  together  in  Haranony  in  this  ftate,  and 
evmy^on^:  is- allowed  to  worfhip  God  according  to  the 
4U^^»'of  hifown  confcience. 

*  Tliene  are  3:  colleges  in  New- Jerfeyf  one  at  Prince- 
tQWVi,  c^edi  Ijbfliiu^  and  the  other  at  BhmiWick^w  called 
Queen's  College.  There  are  alfo  a  number  of  good  acad« 
eniiesrr 

>  Mmy  of;tha:toWns  inithis  ftate  are  nearly  equal  iii  fize 
afKlrili^po^'tfUtc&i  Txtnttanisoneofithe  largeft,  and  i» 
£^ca|>itid.o€th«iftf(tfic    Ini&iituated  on  thecaft  fide  of 


PENKSYLVANIA. 


«0T 


tfce  mer  Delawart.  Burlington  extends  along  the  Dda-- 
wftiK  dmile9»  and  one  mile  bade  into  the  county  of  Bur- 
^ttgton.  Perth  Amboy  (lands  on  a  neck  of  land  between 
the  Raritan  river  and  ArtlMir  Knll  Sound.  It  has  one  of 
the  beft  harbours  on  the  continent.  Brunrwiek  is  fitua- 
ted  on  the  ibuth  vreift  iide  of  JR.aritan  river,  over  which 
4  fine  bridge  has  been  lately  built.  Its  fitmation  is  low 
and  unpleafant.     Thefe  three  are  cities. 

Princetown,  Elizabethtown,  and  Newark,  are  pkafant 
and  Houriihing  towns. 

SectiohLVUI.     PENNSYLVANIA. 

PENNSYLVANIA  is  bounded  eaa  by  Delaware  rivetr 
sorth  by  New  Yfflrir,  weft  by  tlie  Weftem  Territory  and 
part  6f  Virginia,fouthl>y  a  part  of  Virginia,Maryland,and 
Delaware.  Itjs  ^88  xniles  long,  and  156  broad,  lying 
between  59  and  42  deg.  N.  latt.  and  74  and  81  deg.  W. 
Ion.  from  London.^  But  Philadelphia,  the  capita  of  this 
ftate,  is  the  rtieridian  from  which  Aniericans  in  general 
peckon  their  longitude.  Pennfylvania  ic  dividM  inta 
twenty  one  counties. 

There  are  fix  confiderable  rivers,  which,  with  their  nu* 
merous  branches,  peninfulate  the  whole  ftate  ;  the  Dela- 
i|are,  the  SchuylkiU,  Sufquehanngh,  Youhiogany,  Bio-- 
aongahela,  and  Allegany.  The  bay  and  river  of  pda- 
ware  are  navigable  up  to  die  great  or  lower  falls  at 
Trenton,  15£i  miks  f  and  ISO  miles  the  river  is  naviga^ 
ble  for  a  feventy  four  gun  (hip. 

l^face  of  the  country,  ait,  foil,  and  produce,  do  not 
materially  diftier  from  thofe  of  New  Yoric  $  if  there  be 
any  difference  it  is  in  favour  of  this  ftate.  The  winters 
eontinue  from  December  to  March,  and  are  fo  extremely 
cold  that  the  river  Delaware,  though  very  broad,  is  often 
frozen  over.  The  months  of  July,  Auguft,  and  Septem- 
ber, are  intenfely  hot ;  but  the  country  is  frequently  re- 
freikedby  cooling  breezes.  A  conftderabfe  proportion 
of  Pennfylvania  may  be  called  mountainous.  Many  of 
the  mountains  will  adniit  of  cultivation  almoft  to  their 
tops,  and  the  vales  between  theni  are  generally  of  a  ridiL 
(aix  yielding  good  grai^  and  ^afturage> 


208 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


The  produce  and  exports  of  this  (late  are  many  and 
various, though  flour  appears  to  be  the  ftaple  commodity; 
as  there  havje  been  in  one  year  exported  from  it  369,618 
barrels.  There  are  a  variety  of  religious  fefts  here, 
but  quakers  and  Calvinifts  feem  to  predominate.  Lite- 
rary,  humane,  and  ufeful  focieties  are  more  numerous  and 
flourifhiiig  in  Pennfylvania  tlian  in  any  of  the  other 
ftates.  There  are  above  14  different  focieties  for  the  pro. 
motion  of  ufeful  knowledge,  and  relieving  the  diflrefled, 
and  moft  of  them  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  They  alfo 
encourage  academies,  colleges,  and  fchools,  in  every 
part  of  theftate. 

The  city  of  Philadelphia  is  the  capital,  fituated  on  the 
weftem  bank  of  the  Delaware.  This  city  was,  till  with- 
in a  few  years,  the  feat  of  government ;  but  it  is  now 
removed  to  the  new  built  city  of  WafhingtOnin  \[irginia. 
Philadelphia  is  a  large,  regular  built,  and  pebultarly 
>clean  city.  Itcontains  31  houfes  for  piiblic  worlhip, 
all  hahdfome  edifices,  kept  in  good  repair.  Its  other 
public  buildings  are,  a  ftate  houfe,  2  court  houfes,  an  hof- 
pital,  an  aim's  houfe,  two  incorporated  banks,  a  houfe  of 
correction,  a  theatre  for  dramatic  entertainments,  a  pub- 
lic obfervatory,  a  medical  theatre,  3  market  houfes,  a 
public  gaol,  and  feveral  handfome  halls  for  different  fo*- 
cieties  ;  and  whether  we  regard  its  fituation,  fize,  an4 
beauty,  or  the  fpirit  of  induftry,  enterprize,  and  hUmani- 
ty,  which  characterize  its  inhabitants,  it  mud  be  coniider- 
ed  aS  the  moil  flourifhing  capital  in  the  United  States. 

The  borough  of  Lancafter  is  the  largeft  inland  town 
in  the  Union.  It  is  the  feat  of  juftice  in  Lancafter  coun- 
ty.   The  chief  part  of  its  inhabitants  are  manufacturers. 

Carlifle  and  Pittfburgh  are  confiderable  towns.  The 
latter  is  very  beautifully  fituated,  on  the  weftem  fide  of 
the  Allegpny  mountains,  on  a  point  of  land,  about  a 
quai'ter  of  a  mile  above  the  confluence  of  the  Allegany 
aud  Monongahela  fivers. 

Bethlehem  is  fituated  on  the  river  Lehigh,  a  weftem 
branch  of  the  river  Delaware.  It  is  a  pleafant,  healthy 
totinv.  There  are  in  this  place  a  particular  fociety  or  re- 
Hgious  feCt.  The  fingle  perfons  of  different  fexes  never 
mix  together  i  they  live  infeparate  ho^fes,^under  teachers 


BEUlWAKir. 


laod* 


aidmfpe(ftors  ;  they  ar«»  ftyled  brethren  and  fifters  ;  and 
are  under  the  contrr.i  /  particular  laws  and  regulations. 
There  are  very  good  uools  cbndu^ted  by  thw  fociety, 
both  for  boys  and  girls,  where  youth  are  carefully  inftru^- 
ed  in  all  the  ufefufahd  ibme  ornamental  branches  of  cdn- 
cation,  and  where  particular  attention  is  paid  to  their  mor- 
als. TTie  minifter  of  the  place  has  the  fpecial  care  and' 
infpe Aion  of  thefe  fchools. 

Nazareth  is  a  traft  of  good  land,  fettled  by  the  fame  lb-- 
ciety.    Harrifburgh  is  a  very,  flouriihing  place. 

SicTiou  LIX,   DELAWARE. 

THIS  ftate  is  bounded  eaft  by  Delaware  river  and' 
^bffy  and  the  Atlanlft  Ocean,  fouth  and  tireft  by  the  ftate 
©f  Maryland;  and  north  by  Pennfylvania.  It  is  divided 
into  three  counties,  and  fubdivided  into  hundreds.  It  is 
92  miles  long,  and  24*  broad,  lying  between  38  and  40 
deg.  N.  lat.  and  40  min.  weft  ofthe  meridian  of  Phil- 
a(£^lphia. 

The  eaftem  fide  of  Delaware  ftate  is  indented  with 
maity  creeks  and  fniall  rivers.  In  the  fouthem  and  wef- 
tern'^  parts,  fpring  the  head  waters  of  Pocoitooke,  Wi- 
comrco,  Nantikoke,  Choptank,  Chefter,  Saffafras,  and 
Bohemia  rivers,  all  falling  into  Chefapeak  Bay,  and  fome 
t)f  them  navigable  20  or  SO  miles  into  the  country,  for 
veflels  of  50  or  60  tons.  The  ftate  of  Delaware  is,  with 
venr  ffew  exceptions,  a  flat,  level  country,  extremely  low ; 
and  at  particular  feafonsof  the  year  laree  quantities  of 
ftagnant  water  overfpread  a  great  proportion  of  the  land», 
and  render  it  unfit  for  cultivation,  whife  the  putrid  exhala- 
tions arifing  from  it  inipiirs  the  health  ofthe  inhabitants  ; 
yet,  notwithftanding  ihefe  difadtrantages,  by  the  induftry 
of  the  farmers  it  is  made  very  produfliive.  Wheat  is  the 
ftaple  cf  this  ftate;  and  the  v^eat  raifed  here  is  ^culiai  ly 
fort  and  fine,  yielding  the  whiteft  flour.  They  alfo  ralte 
large  crops  of  Indian  corn,  barley,  rye,  oats,  fl^,  buck- 
wheat, smd  potatoes*  There  is  fome  excellent  meadow 
land. 

Dover,  in  the  county  of  Kent,  is  the  chief  town,  andt 
l3ke  feat  of  government.    The  town  has  a^  lively  apj^aiw. 


210      TERRITORY  N.  W.  OF  THE  OHIO., 

ance,  and  cairies  on  a  confiderable  trade  with  Philadel- 
phia. 

Newcsiftle  was  formerly  the  feat  of  government,  but  it 
is  now  evidently  falling  to  decay.  This  was  the  firft  town 
fettled  on  the  Delaware  river. 

Wilmington,  fituated  on  Chridiana  creek,  is  much  the 
largeft  and  pleafanteft  town  in  this  date.  It  is  built  up. 
on  a  gentle  afcent  of  an  eminence,  and  (hews  to  great  ad. 
vantage  as  you  fail  up  the  river  Delaware.  Milford  is  a 
fmall  town,  confifting  of  about  80  houfes,  which  have  all, 
except  one,  been  built  fince  the  revolution. 

Duck  Creek  Crofs  Roads,  is  one  of  the  largeft  wheat 
markets  in  the  date. 

Lewis  is  a  fmall,  neat  town,  about  15  miles  above  the 
light  houfe  at  Cape  Henlopen.  Hhis  light  houfe  was 
burnt  in  1777,  but  fmce  the  war >  has  been  completed  and 
handfomely  repaired.  It  is  a  fine  done  drudlure,  JB  dories 
high. 

There  are  a  variety  of  religions  in  this  date.  The 
Swedifh  church  in  Wilmington  is  one  of  the  olded  church- 
es in  the  Union.  The  manufeidure  of  flour  is  carried  on 
to  higher  perfe<5Hon  in  the  date  of  Delaware  than  any 
other.  Befides  the  well  condru^ed  mills  on  Red  and 
White  Clay  creeks,  and  ether  dreams ;  there  are  the  cele- 
brated colleAion  of  mills  on  the  Brandywine  river.  Heie 
are  to  be  feen  at  one  view  12  merchant  mills,  (befides  a 
faw  mill,)  which  have  double  the  number  of  pairs  of  dones,, 
all  of  fuperior  dimenfions  and  excellent  condrudion. 
They  are  called  Brandywine  mills,  from  theftream  on 
Vhich  they  are  eredted.  It  is  fuppofed  that  thefe  mills 
Ncan  grind  400,000  budiels  of  wheat  in  a  year.  They 
give  employment  to  about  200  perfons.  The  navigation 
'Is  eafy  quite  up  to  the  mills,  fo  that  a  vefl^el,  carrying 
1000  buihels  of  wheat,  may  be  laid  alonc^  fide  of  any 
of  the  mills.  The  veffels  are  unloaded  witn  adonilhii^ 
expedition.  There  have  beenindances  of  1000  buihels  of 
ifrheat  being  carried  to  the  height  of  4  dories  in  4  hours. 

SMCTioN  LX.   TERRITORY  N.  W.  OF  THE  OHlO. 

;     THIS  extenfive  tra<5l  of  country  is  bounded  nortih  hxr 
part^f  the  nor^em  bound^y  oiijfie  United  States^^ealV 


TERRITORY  N.  W.  OF  THE  OHIO.       2H 


by  the  lakes  and  PennTylvania,  fouth  by  the  Ohio,  and 
weilbytheMiflTifippi.  It  is  900  miles  lotig^  and  700 
broad,  lying  between  37  and  50  deg.  N.  lat.  and  6  and 
23  W.  Ion.  That  part  of  this  territory,  which  is  fettling 
under  the  government  of  the  United  States,  is  divided 
into  eleven  counties.  Thofe  which  have  been  longeft  fet- 
tled are,  Waihington,  Hamilton,  St.  Clair,  and  Knox. 

The  piincipal  rivers  are,  the  Mnfkiifgum,  a  gentle 
river^  confined  by  banks  fo  high  that  it  never  <overaows. 
It  is  navigable  by  fmall  batteaux  and  barges  to  the  lake 
at  its  head,  and  by  large  ones  a  confiderable  way  up. 
The  Hockhocking,  is  not  fo  large  as  the  Mufkingum,  is 
navigable  for  large  boats  70  miles,  and  for  fmall  ones 
much  farther.  On  the  banks  df  this  vef^^  uf^ful  dream 
are  inexhauftible  quarries  of  free  (lone,;  large  beds  of 
iron  ore,  and  rich  mines  of  lead.  Coal  mines,  and  fait 
fprings  are  frequent  in  the  neighbourhood  of  this  ftxeam. 
The  Scioto  is  a  larger  river  than  either  of  the  preceding, 
and  has  a  more  extehfive  navigation.  It  is  a  gentle 
(li,'eam,  no  where  broken  by  fails.  At  fome  places>  in  thd 
fpring  ofjhe  year^  it  oversows  its  bsmks,  providing  for 
large;  rice  plantations.  ,  ^  v 

The  Great  Mi^mi ;has<  j  a  very  (lony  channel,  and^|l. 
iwift  dream,  but  no  falls.  It  is  pafTable  for  boats  a  great 
diftance.r  ,The  Little  Miami  is  top  fmall  even  for  batteatt 
navigation.  The  Wabailiis  a  beautiful  river,  with  high 
and  fertile  bank$%  It  empties  into  the  Ohio,  by  a  mouth 
270  yards  wide,  1020  miles  below  fort  Pitt.  It  is  pafTable 
at  fome  feafons  of  t^  year  for  fmall  v^flels  412  mil^s. 
The  rivers  A  Vafe,  Kafkaikias,  empty   into  the  Mtffii- 

fippi* 

There  is  between  the  Kaikaikias  and  luihois  rivers,  aa 
extendve  tra^  of  level,  rich  land,  terminating  in  a  high 
ridge,  about  15  miles  before  you  reach  Illinois  river.  In 
this  delightful  vale  are  a  number  of  Frer<ch  villages. 

^ One  hundred  and  feventy  fix  miles  above  the  Ohio, 
the  Illinois  empties  into  the  Mifilfippi  from  the  north  ead^ 
by  a' mouth  400  yards  wide.  This  river  is.  bordered  by 
fine  meadows.  It  fumifhes  a  communicatioEi  with  Lake 
Michigan  by  the  Chicago  river. 


Sfr«     TERRITORY  N.  W.  OF  THE  OHIO. 


This  territory',  particularly  that  Orad  which-  ftretthes 
from  the  Muikingum  to  the  Scioto  and  Great  Miami, 
unites  every  advantage  that  can  he  deftred;  a  healthy 
tempierature,  a  fertile  foil,  variety  6f  produdlions,  and 
foreign  inteitourfe.  There  is  plenty  of  tiiiiber  here,  and 
befides  the  trees  to  be  fbimd  in  other  parts- of  die  Federal 
Territory ,fome  whipH  are  peculiar  tOitfelf ;  the  pawpaw 
©rcu^lard  apple,  tJieni^  barfc  fpice,  ahd  leaf  her  wood 
buihes.  Both  high  iand  low  lands  prdduce  plenty  of  nat- 
ural grapes,  of  whkh  the  fettlers  make  a  rich  red  wine, 
which,  it  k  aiferted,  age  would  render  equal  if  not  fuperior 
to  the  generality  of  European  wines.  Cotton  is  a  na. 
tive  of  this  territory,  and  grows  in  great  perfedion.  The 
fiigar  mapleiiaiiioft  valuable  tre6  ;-6ne  tree  w-ill  yield 
's^ut  10  jibmids-  of  fugar  in  a  year  ;*  the  latldttr  DieteflUry 
■is  very  trifling.  T|ie  fap  is  extrdfted  in  the  m6nths  of 
February  and  March,  andby  the  fimpleeperation\bf  boil- 
ing, will  produce  a  fugar  equal  in  flavour  and  whitenels 
to  tlie  beA  Mufcovado.  No  country  is  better  flocked 
with  wild  game  of  every  kind' ;  Vafl:  herds  of  deer  and 
wild  cattle  are  found  in  the  ^  •¥bbds,  wfid  g'ede,  turkies, 
ducks,  teal,  pheafants,  partridges.  &^:  and- tame  poultry 
In  'profufibn.  The  river's  are  (lored '  wit^  fifh  of  various 
liiids  and  qualities.  -^>;r;  ,,      J  w  r  ?r 

Thwe'afe^a  tiumberxjf'oid'^rts  found  in 'thft  coun- 
try, which  have  occiafioned  mtich  matter  of  fpehiflation^ 
to  the  curious.  When,  by  whom,br  for  what  J)urpofe 
they  were  thrown  up,  it  is  JmpofliWe  to  determine  ;  they 
■sMrc  undoubtedly  vet^  Ancient,  the  ol^ft  natives  h^e  loft 
i^-traeGiioncbnceniingtfiemi  -  Froni  aii  exaniination  of 
tiae  timber  which  grows  withip  thefe  forts,  it  has  been 
^TOnjeftured  they  iSirfl  havfebe^  of  1000 

*y^ars  fincie.  They  ihuft  have  been  the  eff6tts  of  a  much 
more  induftrious  people  than  the  prtfent  race  of  Indians 
At  a  fmalldiftance  from  the  fort  is  always  a  mound 


are. 


of  earth  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid,  which,Qn  examination, 
has  been  found  to  caitain  a  chalky  fubftance,  fuppoied 
to  be  human  bones ^  ^   -       '     ^'^'  ^  ^ 


it  •}'■ 


MARYLAND. 


tl9 


SiCTtoN  LXI.    MARYLAND. 

THE  ftate  of  Maryland  -s  bounded  north  by  part  of 
Pennfylvania»  eaft  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  fouth  arid  weft 
by  Vii^ginia.  It  is  140  miles  long,  and  135  broad,  and  lies 
between  37  and  89  deg.'N.  laL  and  0  and  4  deg.  W.  Ion. 

Maryland  is  divided  rftto  2  psfrts  by  the  Chefapeak 
Bay,  which  is  tKe  largpft  bay  in  the  United  States.  The' 
Aate  is  divided  into  19  counties,  11  of  which  axe  on  the 
wefti^n,  and'8  on  the  eaftem  ihores  of  the  bay.  The 
Chefapeak,  from  the  eaftem  ihores,  receives  the  waters  of 
the  Pokomoke,  Nanticoke,  Choptank,  Cheiler,  and  Elk 
rivers.  From  the  north  the  rapid  Sufquehannah,  and 
from  the  weft,  the  Pslitapfco,  the  Severn,  Patuxent,  and 
Potomack.  All  thefe  except  the  Sufquebannah  and  Poto- 
mack,  are  comparatively  fmall  riVerF. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  pretty  much  the  fame  with 
thofe  already  defcribed  ;  tne  hills  in  the  inland  ar6  fo  eafy 
of  aflent,  that  they  rather  feem^n. artificial  than  a  natu- 
ral produAion.  The  climate  is  generally  mild,  favourable 
to  agriculture^  and  to  fruit  trees  in  general.  In  the  inte- 
rior, hilly  country,  the  inhabitants  are  healthy  ;  but  in  the 
marfliy^arts,  where  there  is  abundance  of  ftagnaht  water, 
they  are  fubjedl  to  intermittents,  efpecially  at  the  clbfe  of 
thefummer.  The  vaft  number  of  rivers  diffiife  fertility 
through  the  foil,  which  is, admirably  adapted  to  the 
growth  of  tobacco  and  wheat,  which  are  the  ftaple  com- 
modities.    They  alfo  raife  hemp,  Indian  corn,  &c. 

The  city  of  Annapolis  is  the  capital  of  Maryland,  the 
weaUhieft  town  of  its  fize  of  any  in  America.  It  is  iitua- 
ted  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Severn,  on  a  pleafant  and 
healthy  fpot.  It  is  a  place  of  little  note  in  the  commerciad 
world. 

Baltimore  has  had  the  moft  rapid  growth  of  any  in  the 
United  States.  It  lies  on  the  north  fide  of  Patapfco  river, 
round  what  is  called  the  bafon.  The  fituation  of  the 
town  is  low,  and  in  a  degree  unhealthy,  though  in  thai 
refpe^  it  is  very  much  improved  to  what  it  was  fome 
years  fince;  The  increafe  of  buildings,  and  confequently 
the  iuQreafe  of  fmoke,  having  tended  to  dry  and  purify^ 
the  air ;  the  paving  the  ftreets  alfo  has  affifted^ 


fH 


MARY|*AND. 


Georgetown  ftands  on  the  bank  of  the  river  Potomap^. 

Frederic  ktown  is  a  fine,  flourifhing,  inland  town }  the 
houfes  are  built  raoftly  of  brick  and  ftone. 

Hagarftown,  now  Elizahethtown,'  is  fituated  in  the 
beautinili  aifid  well  cultivated  valley  of  Conegocheague. 
;.  Elktpn  is  near  the  head  of  Chefapeak  Bay,  on  a  fmall 
river,  which  bears  the  nanie  of  the  town. 

The  city  of  Wa{hington,in  the  Territory  of  Columbia,, 
"Vi^as  ceded, by  the  ftatespf  Virginia  and  Maryland,  to  the 
tJnited  States  ;  an4  by  them  eft^blifhed  as  their  ibat  of 
government.  It  was  accordingly  ceinoved  there,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  nineteenth  century.  This  city  is 
as  yet  but  in  its  infancy.  It  ftands  at  the  jimdlion  of  the 
rivers  Potoraack  and  the  Eaftern  Branch*  hi  latitude  38 
4eg.  N.  extending  nearly  4  miles  up  eacji,  a(ii^  inycluding 
a  convenient,  beautiful,  and  falubrious.  tra^  of  lan^.  The 
iituation  of  this  metropolis  is  eqviaUy  diilant  from  the 
northern  and  fq^them  ftates,  and  nearly  the  fame  from 
the  Adai^tic  and  Pittfbnrgh..  Upon  the  beft  navigation, 
ni  the  midil  of  a  commercial  .territory,  and  commanding 
th^  moflextenfive  internal  relbi^ces,  of  ^ny  iQ4A;(perica. 

Thetcade  of  Maryland  is  princiipaUy  p^rric^  on  from 
Badtimpi^B,.  with  the  other  ftates,  wiUi  the  Weft  Indies, 
and  witl|^  u^rope ;  whither  they  export  lar^e  quantities 
C|f  tobacco,  wheat,  Houir,  pig  iron^  lumber,  com,  &c.  &c. 
and  receive  in  return  dxy  goods,  wines,  ^irits,  fugar,  and 
other  Weft  India,,  and  European.  co|3cimodiities. 
.  The  Roman  caithpKcs  were  thie  firft  who  iettled  Miuy- 
land,  and  are  the  moft  nnmerous  reUgious  fedt ;  but  there 
are  proteftaitt  epifcopilians,  Engliih,  Scotch,  and  Irifh 
pr?A>yterians,  German  Calvinifts  and  Lutherans,  quakers, 
baptifi^,  .^nd  many  other  fe£ls,  who  all  enjoy  lili^rty  of 
confcience^. 

Several  academies  and  colleges  have  been  eftabliihed 
in  this  ftate,  for  the  promotion  of  learning. 

The  inhabitants  living  i;a  general  cm  tbeir  plantations^ 
excjspt  in  thepppulous  towns,  and  beiin^  furrounded  oy 
liegro  flaves,  w^o  exepute  all  the  manual  labour,. and  are 
opAtmii^Uy  at  their  beck  to  perform  the  moft  menial 
offices,  ,diey  ooi^^&  firom  infancy  an  habitual  pride» 
liljUQhto  Araxi^rs  i$  very  unplesdaikt ;  hxu  thoii|;h  thid 


VIRGINIA. 


t\i 


«ridfc  IB  tliieit  charaAeriftic,  we  muft  not  forgetthat  they 
have  great  hefpttality,  are  focial,  many  of  their  women 
highly  accompliHied,  and  very  many  perfe^ly  amiablii 

^icrYMT  LXII.    VIRGINIA, 

VIRGINIA  is  bounded  north  b^  Maryland,  part  of 
PenniyiVania,  and  Ohio  river,  whtch  divides  it  from 
Maryland,  eaft  by  ibie  Atlantic  Ocean,  fouth  by  North 
Carolina,  aiid  weft  by  KAitucky.  It  is  446  milies  Ibng* 
and  224  broadr  and  lie^  between  36  and  41  deg.  N.  lat. 
and  between  I  andS  deg»iW.  Ion. 

Thifrftate  is  divided  into  82  counties,  and  again  into 
parifhes.  In  failing  to  Virgiiiia  you  pais  fcraight  between 
two  points  of  land,which  are  called  tne  Capes  of  Virginia* 
which  opens  apailase  into  the  bay  of  Cheiapeak,  one  of 
the  largeft  and  fafeftbays  iii  the  whole  world.  It  entert 
the  country  300  miles  from  fouth  to  north;  is  18  miles 
broadfbr  a*  confidferable  w'iyj  and  7  at  the  narroweft  parti 
the  water  being  in  moft  places  9  fathoms  deep.  This  bay; 
throug^h  its  whole  extent,  receives  a  vaft  number  of  navi* 
gable  rivers  fVom  the  fides  of  bbth  Maryland  andVih^ 
ginia ;  froifri  the  latter,  befide  odiers  of  lefs  note,  it  receives 
James  river,  York  river,  the -Rappahannock^  and  the  Po* 
tomack;  Thefe  are  not  only  navigable  fbt  fhips  of  lai'ge 
burthen^  into  the  heart  of  the  country,  but  hkve  fo  mvLnj 
creeks^  and  receive  Aich  a  number  of  fmaller  navigable 
rivers,  that  Virginia  is  without  doubt  the  country  in 
the  world,'  of  all  others,  of  the  ntoft  convenient  naviga^ 
tion)  and  it  has  been  a|i  obfervation^  made  by  traveller^ 
that  almoft  every  planter  has  a  river  at  nis  door.  The 
names  of  the  principal  rivers,  befides  thc^e  already  men> 
tioned,  are  the  Rioanbkej  Nanf^mond,  Appammattox,and 
Rivanna,  the  two  latter  being  branches  of  James  river. 

From  the  capes  of  Virginia  to  the  termination  of  the 
tide  water  in  James  river,  iSs  300  miles,  and  navigable  for 
fliips  of  the  greateft  burthfeii  nearly  the  whole  dtftance; 
From  thence  this  river  is  obftrufted  by  4  great  falls  j  but 
the  obftruftiohs  which  are  oppofed  ta  navigation  be^ 
tween  thefe  falls,  are  of  little  cqnfequence  ;  and  thofe  oc* 
*ca£oned  by  t^e  falls,  are  nearly  removed  by  means  of 


1 


m 


VlRQIJfJA. 


locics  and  canals.  Beyond  the  mountains  artf  th]s  She* 
nandoah,  which  empties  into  the.  Potomack*  the  Great 
l^nhawa.,  and  the  Little  Kanhawa. 
^  The  whole  face  of  this  country  is  fo  extremely  low  to- 
wards tlie  fea,that  yppi  are  very  near  the  ftiore,  before 
you  can  difcover  land  from  the  maft  head.  The  lofty 
trees  which  cover  the  foil,  rife  »s' it  were  from  thepc^n, 
and  aflford  s^  moft  enchanting  profpf^l.  About  150  miles 
from  the  fea,the  mountains  commencf.  They  are  difpofed 
in  ridges  one  behind  another,  running  nearly  parallel 
with  the  fea  coaft,  rather  approaching  it)  as  they  advance 
north  eaftwardly.  The  paflage  of  the  Potomack  through 
theridge>called  the  Blue  Ridge,  is  perhaps  oneof  themoft 
Hupendous  in  nature.  An  immenfe  mountain  feems  to 
have  been  rent  afunder  to  give  a  vent  to  the  impetuous 
waters  of  the  Shenandoah  and  Potomack,  which  \meeting 
here,  feek  a  pafTage  to  the  fea,  and  ruih  through  a  chafm 
apparently  made  by  their  own  force.  Vaft  piles  of  rocks, 
on  either  hand,  form  a  (bene  at  once  majeftlc  and  tre- 
mendous. 

In  fummer  the  heats  ar^  excefUve  here,  but  relieved  by 
breezes  from  the  fea  ;  the  changes  however  are  fudden 
and  violent,  and  to  a  warm  day  there  fometimes  fucceeds 
an  intenfe  cold  night.  The  air  and  feafons  depend  much 
upon  the  wind,  as  to  coldnefs,  drynefs,  and  moifture.  In 
winter  they  have  a  fine,  clear,  dry  air,  which  renders  it 
plea£mt.  The  fpring  and  «arly  part  of  the  fummer  are  de- 
lightful, but  in  July  and  Auguil  the  air  becomes  ftagnant 
and  violently  hot ;  in  September  they  have  heavy  and  fre- 
quent rains,  with  thunder  and  lightning.  At  this  feafon 
the  natives  are  particularly  unhealthy,  and  Grangers 
fufier  exceedingly  from  the  ^oifture  of  the  atmofphere, 
which  genders  fibers,  agues,  and  a  long  train  of  inter- 
mittents. 

Towards  the  fea  Oxore  of  Yirg)nia,and  on  the  banks  of 
tjjie  rivers,  tlie  foil  is  riph^  which -without  manure,  yields 
plentifully  ;  at  a  dtfl:a.nce  from,  the  water  it  is  more  Ught 
and  fandy,  but,  ftill  generous,  and  is  friendly  tq.the  .cul- 
ture of  tobacco  and  corn.  Cood  crops  of  cotto^jr^Mx^ 
and  hemp,  are  alfo  raifed  in  fome  counties.  They  make 
^ood  cid^r,  aiitd  a  i|>irituous  liquor,  didilled  from  peach« 


VlRCmiA. 


3lY 


es, 'called  ^each  brandyv  exceeding  (Irong,  but  not  plea^ 
«nt  to  Europeans. 

There  is  a  curiofity  in  tfiis  ftatc,  which  may  be  reckon- 
ed among  the  moil  fublime  of  nature's  works.  It  is  calU 
ed  the  Natural  bridge.  It  is  at  the  afcent  of  a  hill,  which 
Teems  to  have  been  cloven  by  fome  great  convulfion  of 
nature.  The  chafm  juft  at  the  bridge,  is  205  feet  de«p, 
and  45'  wide  at  bottom,  and  90  at  top.  This  is  the  letiffth 
of  the  bridge,  and  its  height  from  the  water.  Its  breadth 
in  the  middle  is  6o  feet,  but  more  at  the  ends  ;Hhe  thick* 
nefs  of  the  mafs  at  the  fummit  cf  the  arch,  is  40  feet. 
A  part  of  this  thicknefs  is  conftituted  by  a  coat  of  earth» 
which  gives  growth  to  many  lar^e  trees.  The  refidue 
with  the  hill  on  both  fides,  is  folid  rock,  of  limeftone. 
Though  the  Ades  of  the  bridge  are  provided  in  fome  parts 
with  a  parapet  of  fixed  rocks,  yet  few  have  the  temerity  to 
walk  to  them,  and  look  into  the  abyfs  below,  but  involun» 
tarily  falling  on  their  hands  and  knees,  creep  to  the  edge, 
and  peep  over  it ;  but  if  the  view  from  the  top  be  pain- 
ful and  intolerable,  that  from  below  is  equally  delightful. 
The  emotions  excited  by  the  beautiful,  light,  yet  fublime 
appearance  of  the  lofty  arch,  fpringing  as  it  Were  to  thfe 
\veiy^  gates  of  heaVen,  are  indefctibable. 

There  are  feveral  medicinal  fprings  in  Virginia,  thfe 
mad  efficacious  of  thefe  are  tWo,  near  Augufta^  iTiey 
i^fe  near  the  foot  elf  a  ridge  df  nfiountains,  called  the 
Warm  Spring-  mountains,  but  in  maps,  JackAii*8 
^mountains.  The  one  is  named  the  Warm  Spring,  tho 
other  the  Hot  Spring.  The  Waters  havie  been  found  very 
efficacious  In  rheumatifitis.  It  rains  here  4  or  5  days  iQ 
every  week.       ' 

Thei^  are  SVirtet  SptiBgs  ift  the  Cotiftty  of  ^otetoiirty 
at 'the  eiftern  foot  of  the  Allegany. 
■  In  the  low  grounds  of  the  Great  Kaiiaway,  7  miles 
ahove  the  mouth  of  Elk  river,  is  a  hole  in  the  earth,  from 
which  iffues  conftantly  a  bituminous  vapour,  in  fo  ftrorig 
a  current,  as  to  give  the  iimd  about  its  orifice  the  motioti 
it  has  in  a  boiling  fprin?.  On  prefentin"^  a  lighted  candle, 
oi-  torch,  within  18  inches  of  the  hole,  it  fiames  up  in  a 
column  18  inthes  in  diameter,  arid  4  or  5  feet  high,whici| 
^will  burn  out  fometimes  in  26  minutes;  and  at  other 

T        , 


2t6 


VIRGINIA. 


times  will  continue  for  8  days.  The  flame  is  undeady, 
like  that  of  burnino;  rpirits,  and  fmells  like  pit  coal 
Water  fometimes  collects  in  the  bafon,  which  is  remark- 
ably  cold,  but  if  the  vapour  be  fired,  it  foon  becomes  too 
hot  to  bear  the  hand  in  it,  and  in  a  Ihort  time  wholly 
eTjLporates. 

They  have  no  towns  of  any  great  confequence  in  this 
(late,  owing  to  the  interfedion  of  the  country  by  navj. 

fable  rivers,  which  brings  trade  to.  the  doors  of  the  in- 
abitants.     Norfolk  and  Portfmouth   will  probably  be- 
come  the  emporium  for  the  trade  of  the  Chefapeak    Bay. 
Alexandria  ftandson  the  fouth  bank  of  the  Potomack 
river.    Its  fituation  is  elevated  and  pleafant,  and  it  con- 
tains many  handfome  buildings. 

.  Mount  Vernon,  the  celebrated  feat  of  the  ever  (honour- 
ed and  lamented  George  Wafhington,  £fq.  is  pleafantly 
iituated  on  the  Virginia  bank  of  tne  Potomack.  It  isniim 
\n\hi  below  Alexandria.  The  area  of  the  mount  is  200 
feet  above  the  furface  of  the  river.  The  manfion  houfe 
itfeli^  has  a  pleating  effeA,  when,  viewed  from  the  water ; 
but  it  is  not  partictuarly  elegant.  The  grounds  around  it, 
gardens,  ^c.  are  laid  out  in  the  Englilh  tafte*  and  togeth- 
•r  with  the  furrounding  buikj.*^s,  give  the  whole  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  rural  village.  A  fmall  park  at  the  margin 
of  the  river,  where  both  American  wild  deer,  and  £ng- 
lilh  fallow  deer,  range  at  pleafure,  gives  it  altogether  a 
beamiful-piAurefqiie  appearance  from  vefTels  as  they  fail 
along. 

.  FxeJerickfburgh  lies  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  Rappa- 
h?>  nock  river.  "' 

Richmond,  the  prefent  feat  of  government,  (lands  on 
tbe  north  (ide  of  James'  river,  at  the  foot  of  -V  falls. 
The  river  near  the  falls,  has  a  .^andfome  bridge  v.v,  ii ; 
die  falls  above  the  bridge  are  7  miles  in  leng  \  vj- 

h\e  canal  is  cut  on  the  north  fide  of  the  river,  which  com- 
municates witli  the  town  of  Richmond,  and  is  a  fource  of 
much  v^'^Talth  to  the  inhabitants. 

PeterlinTTSfh  (lands  on  the  Apammatox  river.  It  is 
an  ur?h^^!  ■;)  r"::.ce,  I  ing  (hut  from  the  accefs  of  t^e 
winds  h'f.  Ylih  hills  o*  every  fide.  The  celebrated  lOr 
dian  prh)cei^r>  ?ocahont<iS  refided  in  this  place. 


s,/ 


KENTUCKY. 


2iy 


Williamfburgh,  a  fmall  town  ii'iattd  between  James 
tnd  York  rivers,  is  falling  eo  decay.  Yorktown  on  York 
rirer*  was  rendered  famous  by  thet  iptttre  ot  L<)rd  Com« 
wallis  and  his  army,  on  the  li>th  nt  OAobr-,  178(V  by  the 
united  forces  of  France  and  Amei  ica. 

The  college  of  William  and  Mary  in  this  ftaie,  is  a 
huge,  mifhapen  pile,  which  ifgit  was  not  foi  its  roof,  would 
be  taken  for  a  brick  kiln.  The  academy  in  Princfe  £<!- 
ward  coupcy,  hai  been  eredled  into  a  college,  by  the  name 
of  Hani\)  Kit  oidney  college.  There  are feveral  flourilh- 
ing  "  ;a  ;rix«  'f  -r.  Virginia. 

r/ie  rehgiou:  denominations  are  much  the  fame  as  in  the 
other  (l<i.  .s.  Virginia  has  produced  fome  of  the  moft  in* 
'  ^ntial  men,  who  were  adVive  in  effeAing  the  grand  rev- 
olution  in  America,  and  afterwards  fetthng  her  conftitu- 
tion  a  firm  and'  refpeAable  baOs.  The  Virginians  who 
have  received  the  advantages  of  education,  are  polite, 
hofpitable,  and  of  an  independent  fpirit,but  the  lower  or- 
der are  ignorant  and  abjed  ;  and  of  a  moft  troublefome,  r 
inquifitive  turn. 

Sbction  LXIII.     KENTUCKY. 

BOUNDED  northweft  hj  the  Ohio,  weft  by  Cumber- 
land river,  fouth  by  Tenheflee  ftate,  eaft  by  Sandy  river,  • 
and  a  line  drawn  due  fouth  from  its  fource,  till  it  ftrikes  • 
the  northern  boundary  of  North  Carolina.     It  is  225 
miles  long,  and  200  broad;  lying  between  36  and  39  deg.  - 
N.  lat.  and  8  and  15  degw  W.  Ion.     Keivtucky  was  orig- 
inally divided  into  2  t^ounties,  but  it  has  fmce  been  fuo- 
divided  into  nine.     The  whole  of  this  ftate,  on  the  north- 
weftern  fide,  is  walked  by  the  Ohio,  and  the  entire  traA  of 
'  luntry  is  watered  by  its  feveral  branches,  the  principal 
of  which  are,  Sttady,  Licking,  Kentucky,  Salt,  Green,and 
Cumbierland  rivers,  and  thefe  again  branch  into  various 
dire€kions,  beautifying  and  fertilizing  Wherever  they  flow. 
There  are  5  fait  fprings,  or  licks  in  this  country  ;  the  high- 
er and  lower  Blue  fprings  on  Licking  river,  the  Big  Bone 
lick,  Drennon*s  licks,  and  Bullet's  lick  at  Saltft>urg.    This ' 
whole  ct^jmtry,  as  far  as  has  yet  been  difcovered,  lic-s  upon 
a  bed' of  limeftone,  which  is  about  6  Seet  below  the  ^-^ 


i»» 


KENTUCKY, 


face.  A  tra(a.of  20  miles. along  the  banks  of  the  Ohirt,. 
is  hilly,  broken  land  ;.the  reft  of  the  cpuntry  i^  only  agree- 
^ly  uneven.  It  is  in  general  exceedingly  fertile.  Ken- 
tucky is  well  timbered  ;  fome  of  the  tree^  particularly 
beautiful  and  ufeful.  Indeed  fucU  is  the  variety  and 
beauty  of  the  flowering  (hrubs  and  trees,  that  in  the  early 
feafonofthe  year  the  country  appears  a  wildernefs  in 
blftifom.  The  climate  is  healthy  and  delightful,  fome 
few  fpots  exceptefl  in  the  neighbourhood  of  low  grounds. 
The  inhabitants  feldoni  feel  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold.  Snow  feldom  falls  deep  or  lies  long.  The  winter 
begins  about  Chriftmas,  and  never  lafts  more  than  3 
months,  and  even  for  tliat  period  is  fo  njiUd  that  the  ca.t> 
tie  can  fubfift  with  httle  or  no  fodder. 

Lexington*  on  the  head  waters  of  Elkjiom  river,  i« 
the  largeft  town  in  Kentucky.  Here  the  courts  are  held, 
and  bufmefs  regularly  condui5ted.  Frankfprt  is  the  capi- 
tal, and  Wafliington  and  Louifville^rp  tjip  other  chief 
towns.  The  peopk  of  Kentucky  are  cpJJe^led  ironet  dif- 
ferent ftate;;,  have  different  culloms,  manners,  and. poUd. 
cal  fentiments,  fo  that  they  cannot  be  faid  to  have  any 
uniform  national  character  ;  but  there  are  among  them 
many  gentlemen  of  firft  rate  abilities,  and  fome  very  gen- 
teel families,  who  give  refpedUbility  and  dignity  to  the 
ftate.  There  are  feveral  religious  denominations  in  K^en- 
tucky,  as  well  as  in  the  other  p^rt;s  of  the  union. 

Provifion  w,as  made  for  .  college,  while  the  ttat^  was 
annexed  to  Virginia,  and  very  coniiderable  landed  fiuadS; 
fet  afide  fo*  its  endowment ;  an<|  a  very  handfom^  lU 
brary  was  procured  from  the  liberality  of  fome  gentle- 
jnen  in  England  and  other  places,  hut  of  late  it  hais  not 
Houridied.  Another  college  has  beenre^abliihed,  and 
funds  are  colle<:iled  for  its  fupport.  Schools  are  hand- 
fomely  fupported  in  the  chief  of  the  tP^ns,  A  weekly 
gazette  is  publifhedtin.  this,  ftate.  Th@y  have  a  paper 
mill*  an  oil  mill,  a  filing  mill)  &c.  Their  fait  works  are 
iQore  than  fufficient  to  fupply  the  inhabUiants  at  a  low 
price.  They  make  confiderable  quantities  of  fugar,  from 
the  fugar  trees. 

The  banks,  or  rather  precipices,  of  Kentucky  and 
Pick's  river,  are  to  be  reckoned  apaong  the  natural,  cuyir 


4;;^.i'; 


'■■i-i-'   ,  V'>  ■ 


".♦■: 


^f-'t  < 


■%A- 


NORTH  CAROLINA, 


221' 


©ritles  of  this  country.     The  rock  rifes  on  each  fide  to  - 
S0O,andin  fome  places  400  feet  perpendicular  height  \ 
in  fottie  pans  of  the  lime  Hone  kind,  and  in  others  of  , 
fine  white  marble,  curioufty  chequered  with   ftrata  of 
aftoniihing  regularity.    Thele  rivers  have  the  appear- 
ance of  deep,  artificial  canals.     Their  high,  rocky  banks 
are  covered  with   ^oVes  of  red  Cedar   trees.     Several 
curious  caves  have  been  lately  dilcovered  in   this  coun- 
try, and' fome  fulphurious  and  bituminous  fprings.      A 
fait  fpring,   and  copper  and  alum  arc  among  tlie  mine-- 
rals- of  Xientucky,     ' -V 


';«»•/! 


,y  ■■! 


SMcnaN  LXIV;  "NORTH  CAROLINA. 


THISftate  is  bounded  north  by  Virginia,  eaft  by  the  ' 
Atlantic  Ocean,  fouth  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
and  weft  by  Tenneflee.     It  is  450  miles  long,  and  180  ; 
broad,   lying  between  1  and  6  deg.  W.  Ion.  and  33  and 
36deg.  N.lat;  '"      I 

The  principal -rivers  in  this  ftate  are,  the  Chowan,  the 
Roanoke,  Cuftia,  Pamlico,  or  Tar  river,  Neus,  Trent 
Pafquotank,.  Perquimons,  Little  river,  and  AUegator.  • 
Clarendon  river  opons  into  the  fea  at  Cape  Fear  ;  but 
the  principal  rivers  are  barred  at  the  mouths,  and  there 
are  no  good  harbours  on  the  coaft. 

Pamlico  Sound  is  a  kindjbf  lake,  between    10  and  20 
miles  broajci^  and   100  iong/.     Core -^  Sound  lies  fouth  of 
this,  ^Hd  communicates  with   it.     Cape  Hatteras,  Cape- 
Lookout,.  iCape.  Fear  i  is'  rernarkable   for  a  dangerous  • 
flioal, 'Called  the  Fi»y(j|f  pan..  ;  This  flioal  lies  at  the  en-  - 
trance  of  Clarendon  river,  in  lat.  33  deg. 

There  are  two  i^^amps  in  this  ftate,  which  have  b^en 
called  Difmah     Great  Difmal  is  on   the   dividing   line  • 
between  Virginiatand  North  Carolina.     The  other  is  in 
Currituck  country. 

The  principal  tovros  arcs,  Newbern,'  Edenton,  Wil- 
mington, Haliiax,  HilKborough,  SaUiburyi  and  Fayette- 
ville  ;  each  in  their  turns;  have  been  the  feat  of  the  Gene- 
ral Affembly,  the  ftate.  till  lately  having  no  ci'pitid ; 
for  according  to  the  conftitution  of  the  ftate,  the  General  • 
AiTembiies  may  meei  at  any  place  they  tbiak  fit,  on  their  < 

T2-.     ,-„ _^., 


KORTH  CAftOtmA* 


own  JtdjottrnmentSjbut  the  inconvenience  of  fuchanitiiii. 
©rant  government  being  very  fenfibly  felt  by  all  rank*. 
of  people,  It  was  thought  proper  that  the  feat  of  govern.. 
»ent  ihould  be  fixe4  in  a  hesdthy,  central  fituation.  Ac- 
cordingly, in  1791,  sthe  General  Affembly  paffed  a  law 
for  carrying  this  de%n  into  effe«ft,  and  10,0Q0/.  was  ap. 
propriated  for  tlie  erection  of  puUfc  buildings^  A  town 
has  fincebeen  laid  out,  within  10  miles  of  Wake  court*^ 
houfe,  and  named  Raleigh,  after  the  celebrated  Sir  Wal. 
ter  Raleigh,  under  who^  direction  the  firft  fettlement  in 
North  America  was  made,  on  Roanoke  Idand  im  Albe- 
marle found.  This  city  is  now  the  metropolis,  and  the 
jBrft  fefiion  of  the  Geneial  Affembly  was  held  r^xere  in 
1794.. 

Newbem  is  the  largeft  town  in  the  ftate  j  tjie  other 
towns  are  indiflferently  good,  but  none  of  them  remark* 
able  for  beauty  or.  elegance. 

North  Carolina,  in  its.  ici|^ipi}«rwidth  for -60  miles  from 
the  fea,is  a  dead  level.    A  great  proportion»of  this  ttaSt 
is  foreft  and  barren.     On  the  banks  of  the  r^v«r^  partic- 
ularly the  Roanoke,  the  land  is  exceedingly  fertile.     In. 
other  parts,  there  are  glades  of  rich  fwampand  oak  lands, 
of  a  black,  rich'  foil.     Sixty  or  eighty  miles  from  the  fe^, 
the  country  rifes  into  hills  and  moimtains*     Grain  and' 
pulfe  of  all  kinds  grow  well  in  this  country.     Cotton, 
and  hemp  are  alfo  confider ably  cultivated.        «■ 

The  trade  from  the  back  C9^ntry  c6nfifts  of.tobacco, , 
trheat,  Indian  com,  &c.  theloiwer  partsy  tar,   pitch,  tur* 
pentine,  boards,  ftaves,{hingles»  be§s^wax,   myrtle  wax, 
&c.  &c.     Their   trade  is.  chiefly  ^||lh  the  Weft  India 
iflands,  and  the  northern  dates.  *? 

In  the  flat  country,  near  the  fea,coa#jf  the  iuhabitants, 
during  the  fummer  and  autumn,  are  fttJ&Jeft  ta  intermit- 
ting feversi     Their  countenances  are  generaJJy  p ale  and  t 
fallow,  unlike  the  bloom  of  health  whii^hi animates  the 
countenances  of  thofe  in  the  northern  ftates*.  Butthewef- 
tem  and  hilly  parts  of  North  Carolina  are  Is  healthy  ajt 
any  part  of  America.     There  are  plenty^  of  fpringsof 
pure  water*     The  winters  are  fo  mild,  that  autumn  may 
be  faid  to  continue  till  fpring*     The  air  is  pure  and 
wholefome,  and  the  heats  of  fummer  much  icorCh  teixU>> 
perate  than  in  the  low  and  fandy  parts%. 


j'-\- 


NORTBtCa&KOLmA^ 


^ess 


'  Tlie  tree  moft  natural  to  Ae  foil  of  thiacoufttry  is  the 
pitch  pine,  which  is  a  tallf  handfome,.  valuable  tifeoh.  tmtk»- 
ing  the  ilaple  commodity  of  North  Carolina.  -  It  affords 
pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  andltimher>  conftitutinglat  lead  one 
half  the  exports  of  the  ftate.  This  country  alfo  pro- 
duces fine  red' oafe  for  ftar^i  sihd'  the!  :^^i»afipfS' alJduB^ 
with  cyprefs  aiid  l>ay  treeSrf  The  latter- i»  an  ^erffreeh^ 
and  good  food  for  the  cattle  ininrmter.  The.  milaletoc 
i&  common  in  the  back  country.  This  is  a*  curious^ 
fhrub,  never  growing,  out  of  the  earth,  but  on  the;toj}s  of 
trees,  on  the.  oak  in  particular.  Its  roots  (if  they  may 
be  fo  called)  run  under  thebirk  of  the  tree,  and  incorpo- 
rate with  the  wood.  It  is.  an,  ev»ergreen,  aoidi  bears  a 
ftnall  white  berry.      .,       ..      *^fr?''  '        .      ^i':-:u.ii' 

There  are  pre(byterians,  Moramansy  and  quaker$>  ja 
this  ftate  ;  and  formerly  there  ^ere  a  great many  epilco- 
palians,  but  the  churches  having  mahy  of  them  no  regu-- 
iar  paftors,  have  fallen  to   decay,   and  the  baptiilsand 
methodiftsfeem  likely  to  fucceed  in  ^ftablifhing.their  own;  i 
fe^  upon  the   ruin  offepifcopacy.  v 

There  is  at  good  academy  at  Warrenton,  another  at  i 
Williamfburg,  axi^'iil^&tal  others  in  the  Q>B,te,  of  coi^A 
fiderable  note.  ^  Ati^mfvetiity  has  ar^nby  the  liberality  • 
of.many  of  the  inhabitants, which  will  in  all  probability,- 
be: of  infinite  benefit  to  tfaa  rifmg  generation,  and  do  ) 
honour  to  the  ftate  in«iii9i«f,ilC 

;^  ^^^y  planters,  living  onv^ 

ve  little  oitercourfe  with  ftran-  •♦ 

jfociety  ;  they  are  exceeding^ -  ■ 

They  have  little  tafte  ^r" 

y  be  accounted  fori  by  the  eager-- 

ifettlers  who  emigrated  from  tlie 


The  NorthXatoli 
their  plantations.    ,% 
gei&,  but  natural! 
ly  hofpitableito   tj 
thefcieiices<<  ^nd 
nefs  with  which 


other  ftates,  hai»rlU|oured  to  acquire  wealth  ;  while  they^ 
carefully   weede'd'^  <(nid  manured  their   plantations,   the^- 
minds  of  .their  children  were  left  to  (hoot  into  wild  lux- 
uriance, unchecked  by  the  hand  ofdilcipiine,  unanriched:.. 
by  the  precepti'of  Inftrudtion.     Howi '  then  can  they  h& 
expedted-  to  purfue-  or  encourage  that,  of  which  they 
harw  never  been  taught  the   value  or  beauty.     In   the 
revolution,  however,  North  Carolina  produced  many  dif-  ' 
^QguiOied patriots  and  politicians;  and  fent. her  tbouet- 


(.: 


224 


•  Tennessee. 


faims  'to  aflfift  in'  ^fFeftiiigf' the  ^fand  point  of  rtnderiiir  * 
herfell;^fiftef  flates  free  and  Independent. 


iyi 


>>- '    J,    :Sisc'tttJffrLXV,  TENNESSEE. 

Wiq  oili  -py  !  '-■■  •■i 

.Tennessee  I*  bounded-nonh  by  Kentuclcy  and  part 
of  Virginiaji  eafl  by  North  'Carolina,  fouth  by  South  Car- 
olina, and  weft,  by  Miffiiippi.  It  is  4<00  miles  long,  and 
104  broad,  lying  between  6  and  16  deg.  W.  Ion.  and  35 
and  S;7  deg.  N.  lat.  . 

The  inhabitants  of  this  ftate  emigrated  chiefly  from 
Penhfylvania,  and  that  ?piart  of  Virginia  which  lies  ^weft  of 
the  Bind  Ridge,  The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthy. 
The  fun^mers  are  in^^general  remarkably  cool,  though  in 
the  fonthern  partr,  the  climax;  is  rather  warmer,  asnd  the 
foil  better  adapted  to  the- produdions  of  the  fonthern 
ftates.  :f^fiT*     :  •      ■' 

The  Tenne/fee  river,   alfo  called  the  Cherokee,  is  the 
largeft  branc,h  of  the  Ohio.     It  ^rifes  in  the  mountains  of 
Virginia,  and   purfues  a   cburfeibflOOflmilesy  receiving, 
in  its  courfe  a  number  of  large,  tributary  ftrcams,  which 
fall  into.iti,Tonib®th;  fides.     It  then  tycf s  a  northern,  cir-^ 
cuitous  courfe,  afid  jjfiingles  wult^tticr.Ohto^        '       '^%;.v 
•land wbuntai«v,in  its  whole  extent,  from? 
rt,confifts  of.  the  mod  ftu* 
(^^"^y  mountain  in  the: 
lis  called^  and  which 
irough  l^s  moun- 
?e,  is^half  a  mile 
[about  100  yards. 
|ock  projeih  from 


The  Cumberl; 


im 


the  great  ridge  to  lite  Tenhel 
pendous  pile  of  cra'^^gy  roJ^j 
weilerh  country .^  Tli|,/\|^hrif 
is  reckoned  a  great  cugjority,' 
tain.  The  river,  whidh:  a  fewi 
wide,  is  here  compreffed  to- the 
Juft  as  it  enters  th^  tnountain,  a 

the  northern  Ibore  in  an  oblique  diriii|bn,  .t^rliich  renders 
the  bed  of  the  .riv-er  ftfll  narrower,  a|iitlr®*«fes  a*  fudden 
bend  in  .the  river.  The  water  is  ()f»counfe  thrown  with 
great  rapidity  agaihft  the  fouthern  lliore,.*'whence  it  rer 
bounds  aroond.'  the  point  of  cKerOck,  and;  p*-oduces  the. 
Whirl,  wliich  is  -abcKtit  80  yards  in  circumflff ence.  i '  . 
The  Shawanee,  now  called  Cumberland  river,  of  tl^e 
fouthern  branches  of  ihe:Ohio,  is  next  in  iize  to  the  Ten^'  • 
neflee.  .  It  is  navigable  for  fmall  veflels  as  far,  as  Nafh-- 
■ville.-  Xhiere.are  Eve  navigable  rivers  in.  this  country,, 


T^NNIliSSEE. 


225^ 


which  dlfcBarge  themfelves  into  the  Mifflfippi.    This  ter- 
ritory  is  more  than  half    covered  with   uninhabitable- 
,  mountains,   fome  of  which   are  ftupendoufly  high  and 
'  craggy.     They  abound  with  ginfeng  and  ftone  coal,  and 
in  Clinch  mountain  are  places  called  Burk's  garden  and 
Morris*  Nob,  which  might  be  defcribed  as  curiofities,  A 
few  years  fince,  tshe  country  abounded  with  large  herds 
of  wild  cattle ;  but  Uiey  have  beep  improvidently  and  ; 
wantonly  deftroyed.     Some  few  are  ftill  to  be  found  on. 
fome  of  the  fouth  branches  of  the  Cumberland  river. 
Elks  and  moofe  deer  are  feen  among   the  mountains ;; 
fome  bears  and  wolves  remain,  and  plerity  of  beavers  and 
otters  are  found  in  the  upper  part  of  Cumberland  river.. . 
The.  Hfiammoth,  the  king  of  land  anipials,  was  formerly 
an  in^abitad\t  of  this  country^jlif  \   ,  ,  ; ;  ,^  • 

Tenne/lee  furnifhes  fin i ^Wjjgoty  aiw faddle  horfes,  beef|> ; 
cattle,  ginfeng, '  dcer  ficihs,  Ks,  c^|Ep1>f  hemp  and  flax,, 
iron,  lumber,  pprk»,flQwr»  &< 
are  exported.   '   i  { .^,-^  * : ,  «^    >  • 

Thie  preftyteriarfs  arej^,      ^ 
chriftians  in   this  dj^ftriS.    "The  ^Iwibitants' 
tentlve  to  the  int^ft$Vliteratu*5g..  *^  «.      i 

Three  collies  arii  f|iligned  to  be  edamdiJf  hyi  )a;w  ^; 
Greenville  college,' mf(5ree»  coanty.;  Blount  college,  at 
Kjioxville,  anci  Waihiri gto%|p«legie.  in  Wafhington  coun- 
ty ;  byt  at  prefent  they  ar^Sttle^more  than  nominal.  A, 
fociety  has  alio  been  .e{^i||l(lled,&r  promoting  ufc;fui 
knowledge.  An  academir  aind  fi^i^er^l  grammar  fchpqlsr* 
are  liberally  fuppprte;d«.  (rreatffVS)i>iicity  of  xpt^nn^fh 
prevails  among  the  people.         f^^     «    /  ?! 

Knoji:ville  is  Uie  ^ncip^  towil  "laiiid  ftat  of  govern- 
ment. Thei^,  ar^^^other  towns  in.  the  ftate,  orwhich.r 
NaOiyiUcr  s^ni JonelpiPbugh  are  the*principaL 

The  Cherokee  fnd  Chic  kafaw  Indians  sure  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  this  di&a^  ,The  latter  tribei  hav*  at  jall^  times, 
mjiintgined   ^  brotherly  regard  £ot  the  ne\y.  fett;}ers>,;;a%4v| 
glory  in  fayii^  thsy  never-  fhed  the  bipod  of;'  ^n,  Ang^o^-^ 
American.    They  arera  perfqi^abliB^  |>eople,j  and  havp  aj>[ ; 
openneft  in  theip  countenaup^j;  aJ^4  l>ftti^»i0W».  uncom-vj 


l^jiif^"*'^'*'^  ^f  which: 

^ing  denomination  oi-, 
'      ■'      '     N?^t  inat-v 


'tt 


'  :  ■' 


'      ,  '        "*. 


^-      .t 


296 


SOUtH  CAROLINA. 


SscTioNhXVL  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

BOUNDED  north  by  North  Carolina,  eaft  by  the  At- 
lantic Oc^an,  foutli  and  fouth  weft  by  Savannah  river, 
and  a  1)i-anch  of  its  head  waters,  called  Tugulo  river, 
which  divides  this  ftate  from  Georgia.  It  is  200  miles 
long,  and  125  broad,  lying  between  4  and  9  deg.  W. 
Ion.  and  S2  and  S!y  deg.  N.  lat. 

This  ftate  is  watered  by  four  large,  navigable  rivers. 
The  Savannah,  the  Edifto,  Pedee,  and  Santee ;  the  latter 
of  which  is  the  largeft  and  longeft.  It  empties  into  the 
ocean  by  two  moutlis  a  little  fouth  of  Georgetown. 
There  are  five  rivers  of  a  fecondary  clafs,  and  many 
fqaall  creeks  and  inley;.  %he  tide  in  no  part  of  the  ftate 
flows  more  than  25  ipiles  from«ihe  fea.  A  canal  of  25 
miles  in  length,  \vhi$^  coAu400,000  dollars  currency, 
eonneds  the  liver  Sinter  vik?^  fmaller  one,  called  Coop- 
er river.  Another  c^lH^raj^templi^ted  to  conne<ft  Edif- 
to river  with  tl^e  AOfty.  .  SiHftwljafeful  and  handfome 
bridges  drmgfent  this  ftate.      *       4*» 

Except  ti^Rlls  of  Santee,  the  ^^dgf  »,  and  fome  few 
othe^  bills,  ftis  country  is  one  extftlive  pl&in,  till  you 
reach  l^yon  and  Hogback  moufttaitis,  ^20  miles  north' 
weft  of  Charlefton.     The  onl||yiarbours  of  note  arethofe 
of  Charlefton,  Port  Royal,  aiA-Georgetown. 

The  climate  is  fubjeS,  to  fulli^  tranfitions  from  heat 
to  told,  and  from  cdldll^  heat  #"  but  the  winters  are  fel- 
„  dom  ievere  enough  tb  'Ir^ze  ai^y  confiderable  water,  af- 
fecting only  the  momi)^  and  evenings  ;  fo  that  many 
tender  plants,' tlttit  cannot  bear  the*  jrigour  of  a  more 
nortiiem' climate,  flourifli  here.  /^§y^hsite  oranges, 
^  both  fweet  and  four,  near  Charleftol^n  great  plenty,  and 
excellent  of  tliehf  kind.  - 

The  to  is  fertile,  but  the  face  of  the,es»intry  is  in  ap.. 
pdair^ncie  a  continued  foreft,  except  whdre  the  planters 
harelcUkridr  it.  The  trees  are  much  the  fatihfe  as-thofe 
alrtady  mentioned.  The  grounds,  which  bear  oak,  hic- 
cory,  and  walnut^'are  extremely  fertile,  and  produce  lib- 
erally a  long  time  without  manure,  before  they  are  ex- 
baufted ;  but  the  grounds,  called  pine  barrens,  of  whick. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


227 


there  are  large  traAs,  are  mod  wretched  foil,  being  only- 
white  fand ;  )'et  the  trees  themfclves  are  profitable,  yield- 
ing pitch,  tar,  and  turpentine.  Thele  grounds,  when 
cleared,  are  favourable  to  the  growth  of  indigo,  and 
with  care  and  labour,  have  been  made  to  produce  Indian 
com,  peafe,  and  where  they  lie  low,  and  are  liable  to  be 
overflowed,  even  rice.  But  tliis  grain,  which  is  their  fta- 
ple  commodity,  thrives  belt  in  low,  rich,  fwampy  grounds. 
Near  the  fea,  the  country  is  little  better  than  an  unhealthy 
fait  marfh.  Carolina  is  all  an  even  plain ;  for  80  miles 
from  the  fea  not  a  hill>,rock,  or  fcarcely  a  pebble  is  to  be 
met  with.  From  thence  it  is  curioufly  uneven,  fo  that 
the  traveller  is  conft^ntly  afcending  or  defcending  little 
fand  hills.  Indeed  the  land  here  appears  as  if  the  waves 
of  the  fea  had  been  arrefted,  when  the  wind  blew  pretty 
frelh,  and  transformed  inftantaneoufly  into  dry  land.  The 

'  profpeft  is  dreary.  A  few  fmall  pines  grow  here  and 
there.  The  inhabitants  are  far/rom  numerous,  and  mii^ 
erably  poor,  fubfifting  chiefly  on  Indian  com  and  fweet 
potatoes.  At  100  miles  from  Charlefton,  the  country  ev- 
idently improves.  The  hills  begin  to  rife  in  gradual  af- 
centj  and  the  rich  vallies  to  laugh  with  plenty.  Nothing 
can  be  imagined  more  beautiful  to  the  eye,  than  the  va- 
riegated profpeA  of  this  back  country.  The  foil  ispro- 
digioufly  fertile,  fitted  for  all  the  purpries  of  agriculture, 
and  producing  exuberantly  all  that  is  required  for  the 
fupport  and  conveniencies  of  life.  The  air  grows  pure 
and  wholefome,  and  even  the  heats  of  fummer  are  more 
temperate  than  in  the  low,  fandy  parts. 

The  foil  and  climate  here  have  fomething  in  them  fo 
kindly,  that  vegetation  is  incredibly  quick.  All  the 
European  plants  am^  at  a  perfe<^ion  here,  beyond 
what  their  native  foil  aflTords  them.  There  is  a  kind  of 
tree  grows  in  Carolina,  which  yields  an  oil,  which  runs 
fpontaneous  from  the  tree,  and  is  of  extraordinary  virtue 
for  curing  wounds  j  and  another,  from  which  flows  a 
kind  of  balfam  but  little  inferior  to  that  of  Mecca.    Many 

,  other  highly  valuable  and  medicinal  plants  and  trees  are 
found  here,  and  the  country  is  famous  for  its  honey,  of 
which  they  make  mead,  which  having  age  is  equal  to 
Malaga  or  Sack. 


II 


'^s 


SOUTH  CAUGLINA. 


Charlefton  is  the  only  confiderable  town  m  South  dr. 
■  olina.  It  is  fituated  on  a^tcneue  of  land,  which  is 
•formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Aflily  and  Cooper  rivers. 
Thefe  rivers  mingle  their  waters  ihimediately  below  the 
town,  and  form  a  fpacious  and  convenient  harbour,  which 
communicates  with  the  ocean  a  little  below  Sullivan's 
>ifland.  Charlefton  is  more  healthy  than  any  part  of 
the  low  country  in  the  fouthein  ftates.  On  this  account 
many  invalids  from  the  Weft  Indies  refort  thither,  and 
the  rich  planters  fly  to  the  city,  in  the  fickly  months,  in 
fearch  of  health.  The  inhabitants  partake  of  the  Joys 
of  focial  life  in  a  very  high  degree  ;  and  they  enjoy  tnem 
v^ith  rational  liberality  They  are  Iiofpitable,  affable, 
and  difpofed  to  make  their  guefts  welcome,  eafy,  and 
pleafed  with  themfelves.  If  tnere  is  any  peculiarity  in 
the  charaiSber  of  the  Carolinians  in  general,  jt^  is  only 
ivhat  proceeds  from  the  pernicious  influence  of  flavery, 
for  the  abfolute  authority  which  they  exercife  over  their 
ilaves,  gives  them  an  air  of  fupercilious  haughtinefs  far 
from  agreeable*  There  are  fome  good  public  buildings 
in  Charlefton.  Tlieir  market  is  but  indifferent.  The 
beef  and  mutton  brought  there  is  not  of  the  beft  kind, 
and  they  have  very  few  fifti.  Beaufort,  on  Port  Royal 
ifland,  is  a  pleafant,  little  town  ;  its  inhabitants  dfftin- 
guifhed  for  hofpitality  and  politenefs.  Georg^tOTV'n  and 
Columbia  are  pleafant  towns  j  the  latter  but  lately  fet- 
tled. 

The  fea  coaft  of  Carolina  is  bordered  with  a  chain  of 
fine  fea  iflands,  round  which  the  fea  flows,  opening  an 
excellent  inland  navigation,  for  the  conveyance  of  pro- 
duce to  market.  The  foil  and  produ<5iions  of  thefe 
rflands  are  much  the  fame  as  the  ihain  land.        ' '  '- 

The  culture  of  rice,  which  has  been  already  mentioned 
^as  their  ftaple  comniodity,  is  very  curious  ;  but  as  the 
limits  of  the  prefent  work  will  not  Stlow  a  particular 
ih:count  of  it  here,  the  young  reader  is  referred  to  the 
Encyclopedia,  where  he  will  obtain  full  information  con- 
cerning the  propagation  of  this  valuable  grain,  which 
ferves  fo  rtiany  ufefirl  purpofes.  The  whole  rice  is  well 
tinderftbod  to  be  bcrhJ  pleafant  and  ferviceable  in  q*iii^ 
jiary  preparations  ;   the  linall  and  brokcnTice  ferves  £<«• 


t^EOkGlA. 


^d 


w    ' 

pr6vcn3e1"  for  cattle  ;  the  chaff  for  manure,  ancl  the  ftraW 
for  fodder.  The  blade  is  frefh  and  green,  while  the  ear 
is  perfedlly  ripe.    .  .  '' 

Literature  was  at  a  Very  low  ebb  before  the  revolutiofi, 
and  gentlemen  of  fortune  fent  their  fons  to  Europe  for 
education  ;  but  there  are  now  feveral  feminari^s  and  coU 
le^es,  where  the  dead  languages,  as  >yeU  as  every  branch 
of  polite  literature,  are  fuccefsfully  taught ;  though 
^any  parents  at  prefent  prefer  fending  their  children  to 
the  northern  dates,  perhaps  as  much  for  the  benefit  o^ 
their  health,  as  for  the  purpofe  of  inftruftion. 

There  are  in  South  Carolina,  feveral  ufeful  and  liberal 
focieties,  which  do  honour  to  their  founders  and  fupport^ 
ers.  There  is  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  this  (late,  called  Cata* 
baws.  They  live  in  friendly  intercourfe  with  the  whites* 
Every  denomination  of  chrlftians  are  allowed  the  free 
exercife  of  theii*  religioh. 

.  SscTio}^  LXVL    GEORGIA.  \ 

GEORGIA,  which  is  the  moft  foutherly  ftate,  is 
bounded  eaft  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  fouthby  Eaft  and 
Weft  Florida,  weft  by  the  Miffifippi,  north  and  north  eaft 
by  South  Carolina  and  the  Tenneffee  ftate.  It  is  600 
miles  long,  and  250  broad,  lying  between  5  and  16  deg* 
W.  Ion.  and  31  and  35  deg.  N.  lat.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  much  the  fame  as  tnat  of  South  Carolina^ 
which  is  divided  from  this  ftate  by  the  Savannah  river. 
This  river  is  navigable  for  lai-ge  vefTels  up  to  Savannah^ 
and  for  boats  of  lOO  feet  keel,  as  far  as  Augufta. 
Ogeechee  river  is  aboUt  18  miles  fouth  of  Savannah,  a 
fmall  river,  and  nearly  parallel  with  it  in  its  courfe. 
Aiatamaha,  about  60  miles  fbuth  of  Savannah  river, 
defcending  from  the  Cherokee  mountains,  winds  rapidly 
among  the  hills,  250  miles,  and  then  enters  the  plain  , 
country,  by  the  name  of  the  Oakmulge  about  150  miles 
from  thence,  blending  with  the  Ocone,  it  becomes  a 
large,  majeftic  rivet,  by  the  name  of  Alatamaha,  and  pur- 
fuing  its  courfe  100  miles  further,  rulhes  into  the  At*> 
Irfntic  by  feveral  mouths.  Befides  thefe,  there  are  Tuf  de 
tiver,  Little  Sittilla,  Great  Sittilla,  Crooked  river,  and 

u  ;  „...:...  .■  -v. ,.. .-. 


-230 


GEORGIA. 


.St.  Mai^v^Si  which  forms  the  fouthern  boundatry  of  the 
United  StAtet,  This  lallhas  its  fource  in  Ouaquapheno- 
'gkiir  Ikke,  and  toihmnnicates  with  the  ocean  between  the 

Soiots  of  Amelia  and  Talbert's  iflands,  in  30  deg.  N. 
ft.  and  48  naTigkble  for  ycflels  of  confiiderable  burthen 
fye  90  milies.  Its  batlki  aflfotd  plenty  of  fine  timber, 
iicritable  fbr  the  Weft  Indii  market.  In  the  middle  and 
wei^m  parts  of  this  ftate  are  the  Apalachicola,  Mobile, 
FUfcA^Wkh,  and  Pearl  rivers  ;  all  th6fe  taking  a  fouthern 
courfr,  ildl  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Atigufta  was  th^  feat  of  govemrnent.  It  is  (ituated  on 
the  fouth  wefterti  b;ink  of  Savannah  river,  144  miles  from 
thefea. 

Satrannah;  the  fotmer  capital  of  Georeia,  ftandsona 
highifand/  blufT,  on  the  fouthfideof  tAe  river  whofe 
oaitie  it  bciats.  It  is  a  regular  built  town.  ^unb\ir>  is 
aihnall,  fea  port  town,  with  a  very  fafe  and  convenleat 
harbour.  Brunfwick  is  fituated  at  the  mouth  of  Turtle 
river.  This  place  alfo  has  a  fafe  and  capacious  harbour, 
and  water  enough  to  admit  the  largeft  vefTelthat  f'vims. 

Frederica,  on  the  ifland  of  St.  Simon,  was  the  firft 
tbwrt- that  was  bililt  in  Georgia.  It  was  founded  by 
GiMera!  Oglethorpe.  This  town  contains  Imt  few  houfes. 
It  fta'h^^s  (m  a  triflihg  eminence  upon  a  bra^ich  of  Alata- 
maba  river. 

Wafliington,  the  chief  town  in  the  county  of  Wilkes, 
contahis  aTOut  50  dwellin?  houfes,  a  court  houfe,  a  brick 
gaoU  an^  about  half  a  milefroih  the  town,  a  handfome 
biiildih?  occupied  as  an  academy,  which  has  ample  funds 
fdf  its  fiiJ)port. 

hotxifirille!;  the  pr^lbnt  feat  of  government,  is  fituated 
ott  the  banks  of  Ogeechee  river. 

Adielii  Is  the  feit  of  the  univei"(ky  of  Georgia. 

THS  itliHs  varioU?,  prdduciiigjnfome  parts,  particular- 
ly oU  the' iftaUds,' a  very  fine  kind  of  timber,  called  live 
oak.'  This  foil  is  v^ry  rich,  and  on  cultivation,  bears 
gtilird' crops  <^f  iridigo;  cotton,  corn,  and  potatoes.  The 
prirfcfjial:  iflahds  are;  Skliiaway,  Wafiaw,  Oirab;iw,  St. 
Cutlvirine's,  Sapelo,  F'rCderica,  Jedyl,  Cumberland,  and- 
Attielia.'  Th'efe  iflaiidi  are  iWrouaded  by  navigable 
creeH 


^:ii,yi-  '*^.^*'*'  i-f^Vrv'-'P'S'-^''  -^  %       ^-^ 


.  v 


CEORCIA. 


93« 


Rfce»  eotvon,  and  indigo,  tre  the  prineipat  prod\iAs  of 
this  ftate,  fone  fmaU  qaantities  of  lilk,  Indian  corn, 
oranges,  pomegranates,  ftc.  and  on  the  dry  plaihs,  vai^ 
quantities  of  fweet  p«utoct.  Rice  is  the  (laple  commod- 
ity. Moft  of  the  tropical  frmits  might,  with  care,  be' 
•lade  to  thrive  in  this  flate.  The  tea  plant,  in  1770,. 
was  intfoduced  inte  this  ftate  by  Mr*  Samuel  B9'wtn,< 
and  erows  now,  though  without  cultivation,  in  mod  of 
the  Ktkced  lots  in  Savannah. 

In  the  county  of  Wilkes,  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
^omthe  town  of  W^ington,  is  a  medicmal  fpring, 
which  rifes  from  a  hollow  tree.  The  infidc  of  the  tree 
is  covered  with  a  coat  of  matter,  and  the  Ictives  aroundi 
the  fpiing  are  incrufled  with  a  fuhftance  as  white  as 
finow..  It  is  fold  to  be  a  foveteign  remedy  for't^e  Iciirty, 
fcrophula,  5cc.  &c. 

Cobb's  mineral  fpringi,  in  the  county  of  Jefferfon,  are 
femed  for  their  medicinal  qualities 

On  the  banks  of  the  SaTaniiah  river.  In  the  vicinity' 
itftheita,  is  a  very  remarkable  colledi^  of  oylter^elb 
of  an.  uncommon  fize.  They  appear  all  to  have  heen 
opened;  before  thrown  tXTgether,  and  at  prefent  teem  to 
have  fleeted  the  tranfiiiutation  of  petiifaAJon,  and  to 
be  in  afoflilftate.  Tbey  ^e  in  ridges,  from  S  to  20 
leet  below  tlie  vegetative  Tufface  of  the  earih,  and  occi^y 
afpace  of  nearly  7  miles  in  breadth,  and  Kave  ^becn 
traced  firom  Savannah  river  as  far  fputh  as  i9ie  Atata- 
maha.  The  ii^abitaRts,  particularly  the  indigo,  plant- 
ers, take  tfacra  away  in  gr^t  quantfties,  and  burn  them 
into  lime.  No  fatisfadory  conjedure  caii  be  formed, 
how  fuch  an  immenfe  quantity  of  marine  (hells  copld  be 
colIeAed  90  miles  from  the  fea^  On  the  bank^  of  Little 
river,  m  the  upper  parts  of  the  ftate,  are  (evera)  CtuiouB 
monuments  <k  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  country, 
smd  traces  of  a  large  Indian  town. 

The  exports  are  rice,  cotton  tobacco,  indigo,  a  I^Ad  of 
&g6,  manufa)5liired  from  fweet  potatoes,  lumber,  naval 
ftores,  leather,  &c.  8cc.  and  m  return  for  thefe  they  re- 
ceive Weft  India  goods,  teas,  wines,  various  articleSs  of 
cloathing,  and  dry  goods  of  all  kinds;  alfo  from  the- 
Borthent.ftatesy^chee£,:fifli,.  potatoes,. apices,  cider,  and  > 


232 


MISSISIPPI  TERRITORY. 


ihoei .  The  inhabitants  of  this  ftate,  being  colle^ed  from 
different  parts  of  the  world,  and  thrown  together  as  inter, 
eft,  necc^ty,  or  inclination  incited,  there  is  little  unifor, 
mity,  and  no  one  univerfally  governing  principle  to  be 
found  among  them.  They  arc  in  general  averfe  to  la- 
boor,  owing  moft  probably  to  the  debilitating  heat  of  the 
climate.  But  they  are  friendly,  hofpitable,  and  particu, 
larly  kind  and  attentive  to  ftrangers. 

The  religious  denominations  arc  prefbyterJanS,  epifco- 
palians,  methodilh,  and  baptifls.  The  two  latter  ai^ 
the  mQjd  numerous. 

Section  LXVII.     MISSISIPPI  TERRITORY. 


THIS  territory  comprehends  the  weftcrn  part  of  the 
ftate  of  Georgia.  It  is  bounded  north  by  TenneiTee, 
weft  by  Miffinppi  river,  eaft  by  Weft  Florida. 

This  country,  great  part  of  which  is  inhabited  by  the 
Creek,  Chicktaw,Chick.ifaw,  and  Cherokee  nations  of  Indi- 
ans,is  inteifedtedby  a  great  number  of  rivers,  theprincipal 
of  which  are,  the  Yazoo,  the  Loofa  Chitto,  which  empty 
into  the  Miflifippi ;  Pear,  Mobile,  Albama,  Tambeckbee^ 
and  feveral  others  which  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

A  free  navigation  of  the  Miflifippi  is   granted  to  the 
United  States,  by  the  late  treaty  with  Spain.     The  'prof- 
pedl  in  afcending  this  river  is  very   beautiful  ;  on  each 
fide  ertenflve  natural  meadows,  with  a  view  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  to  the  diftance  of  32  miles  ;  but  from  thence 
tlie  banks  are  low  and  marfhy.     This  part  pafled,  the 
banks  appear  well  inhabited,  and  from  Detourdes  Anglois 
tp  New  Orleans,  is  a  good  carriage  road.     Veflels  pafs 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river  to  New  Orleans,  a  diftance 
of  105  miles,  in  a  few  days.     From  this  place,  which   is 
the  capital  of  Louifiana,  there  is  an  eafy  communication 
with  Weft  Florida,  by   Bayouk   Creek.     For  nearly  50. 
miles  up  this  river,  the  banks  are  thickly  fettled,  and 
highly  cultivated^    Indigo,  rice,   tobacco>  Indian  corn,, 
and  K)me  wheat,  are  the  chief  produds.     They  i^aife 
black  cattle,  horfes,  mules,  hogs,  fheep,  and  poultry* 
The  country  in  general  affords  good  timbet. 


.,.:k'ei«*> 


r-'y;':i- 


f.  ''•^' 


LOUISIAIJAI 


253' 


TheMiflifippl  Territory,  lying  between  SO  and  5  J  deg. 
N.  lat,  the  climate  if  rempetate.  White  froft,  and 
thin  ice  have  bcMfn  Teen  here,  but  fnow  is  very  uncom- 
mon.  Faffing  the  3  HI  deg.  N.  lat.  you  enter  what  is  call- 
ed the  NatthiK  Cotmtry.  Here  the  foil  is  ren^arlcably 
rich  and  produAive  }  all  kinds  of  grain  and  pulfe  grpw 
luxuriantly.  They  have  fine  p^Uurage.  Every  kind, 
of  European  ftTJ>»  arrives  here  to  the  highcfl  ftate  of 
perfedion*  The  climate  i«  h^aUhy,  aud  the  country  de- 
lightful, 

SicTiotf  LXVIII.    LOUISIANA. 

,    /•  •        ■ 

AJS'by  a  treaty  of  ceffion,  figncd  and  ratified  Qn  the 
30th  of  April,  IJS03,  the  property  and  fovereignty  of 
this  large  and  valuable  country  was  tr.ansferred  by  France 
to  the  ynitedSutes,  we  therefore  place  it  in  fuccefCon 
to  ^em,  confidering  it  as  apart  ot  the  Union. 

Louifiana  i$  bounded  north  by  the  High.  Iat)d8»  which 
divide  the  waters  which  fkll  into  Hudion's  Qay  and  the 
Gulfbf  St  Lawrence  fromthofe  which  fall  into  the 
Miffiflppi)  weft  by  that  high  chain  of  nnountains,  called  • 
the  Shming  Mduntain^i  eaft  by  the  Miflifippi,  and  fouth 
by  New  Jh^xico.  The  grcated  obje^jon  to  Uiis  coun- 
try is,  that  there  is -no  river  of  confequence,  nor  port  or 
harbour  for  fhips  or  velTels  to  the  weft,  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Mlfllftppi  to  the  cape  wliere  theweftem  bpundary 
of  Lquiiiai^  comnvences  ;  fo  U^tit  is  yexy  difficult  of 
accefi*  and  you  have  to  alcend  river?  wjtl)  r<|pjd  currents, 
fbr  a  ipace  of  4  or  500  miles  before  yoii  find  land  fit  for 
ccdtivation.  Another  circumftance  is>  t^at  on  the  weft, 
fide  of  Miffiiippi  all,  except  one  fn^all  flip«  and  a^  fcttlet 
ment  at  point  Coupee,  is  low  funken  lamd,  as  far  up  as. 
the,Qhio»  and  covered  with  'w^ter  4*  months  in  the  year; 
Oti^f  eaft  fide  is  a  high,  bold  country i  except  in  a  fevr^ 
pjlace^i  Weft  and  fouth  of.  the,  Mifljfippi  is  a  Jow  unin*- 
habitable  co^ntry»  v^i^h  th^;.  art  of  miin/cannpt  imprpve.  • 
Tihe  f]ivan|ps  and  lakes^  which. communicate  immediately, 
with  the  G^lf  of  Mexico  are  never  fulj  biu,  when  fup-- 
pjicd  iron  th^  oveHlbwing,; .  of,  the  Ktfilfippji.'    On-thefev* 


284. 


LOUISIANA. 


tomporary  ftreams  valuable  faw  mills  are  erefted  intht 
vicinity  of  New  Orleans. 

On  each  fide  of  the  Red  river  are  Icattered  fettlements, 
and  the  land  here  is  inferior  to  none  in  point  of  fertility. 
For  many  miles  around  the  port  or  village  of  Natchit- 
,  oches,  which  is  tolerably  fettled,  it  is  impoffible  to  con- 
ceive any  thing  more  beautlfiir.  th^n  the  plantations,  or 
more  luxuriant  than  the  crops  of  *c6tton  and  tobacco. 
The  town  itfelf  is  handfomely  fituated  on  a  liill  ;  it  has 
a  church,  a  prieft,  and  about  SO  or  40  families!  In  this 
neighbourhood  are  feveral  fait  fprings,  the  water  of 
which  is  three  times  as  ftrong  as-,  fea  water.  Thefe 
fprings  ajBFord  a  fupply  of  fait,  which  appears  \o  be  inex- 

'  hauftible.  There  are ':kewife  plenty  of  iron  and  copper 
ore,  pit  coal,  and  lime  ftone.  The  lakes  ard  rivers 
abound  with  a  variety  of  fiih,  and  plenty  of  wild  fowl 
inhabit  around  them. 

Upper  Louifiana  is  the  largeft  and  moft  valuable  part 
of  this  territory,  and  from  the  lower  fettlements  at  San& 
la  Grace  to  the  upper  fettlements  on  the  MilFouri,  a  dif- 
tanceof  250  miles,  contains  a  tradt  of  country  e^ual  to 
Kentucky.  This  partis  well  fettled.  Tfee  lead  aftd 
iron  mines  contained  in  it,  render  it  a  country  of  great 
importance.  As  you  advance  in  the  country,  its  fertility 
knd  beauty  increafes ;  in  fome  parts  rock  chryfl;al  and 
Jilafter  of  Paris  are  found.  Fine  cedar  trees  grow  here> 
yielding  a  moftf  odoriferous  gurh.  The  cotton  trees  grow 
i%>  large,  that  Indians  make  canoe^  out  of  the  trunks. 
Beans  jgrow  without  culture,  are  of  a  kin.d  that  live 
through  feveral  winters,  and  grow  to  an  ainazing  fize. 
Fine  peaches,  jplums,  mulberries,  pomegranates,  and 
chefnuts,  and  fine  fweet  graph's  are  the  native  growth  of. 
iLouifiana.  They  have  elks,  buffaloes,  beavers,  and  va- 
rious   kinds  of  game. 

Near  one  of  the  Indian  villages  above  the  Natchito- 
ches, is  a  filver  mine.  Salt  lakes  and  fprings  ab^nd 
through  the  whole  ten itdry.  The  climate  is  hot  reckon- 
ed m  general  healthy.  In  winter  the  weather  is  very 
diangeable,  and  in  the  futttmer  regularly  Ifat,  Inter- 
mitting fevers  prevail  fn  the  low  lands  ;  but  in  fome  hot. 
feafons  highly  -malignant  bilious  fevers  make  great  rav-. 

' ,  ages  among  the  inhabitants.. 


BRITISH  AMERICAN  ISLANDS. 


235 


Tliere  are  no  colleges,  and  but  one  public  School,  in 
this  territory,  which  is  at  New  Orleans^  -  There  are  a 
few  private  fchools  for  children,  but  not  half  of  tlie  in> 
habitants  who  know  how  to  read  and  write. 

iW^f^oAT  L?;iX. ;  BJIITISH  iVM^RICAN  ISLAND^. 

NEWFOUNDLAND  isTituated  on  the  eaft  of  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  between  _  46  and  52  A^^,  N.  lat» 
and  between  53  and  59  deg.  W.  Ion.*  Separated  front 
Labrador  by  the  Straits  of  Belleifle,  and  from  Canada, 
by  the  Bay  of  St.  Lawrence,  is  SJ^O  miles  long,  and  200 
broad.  TJie  coaft  here  is  fubjed  to  tlilck  fogs,  the  Iky 
Is  al^noO;  continually  overcall,  and  tliey  have  ^frequent 
ftorms  of  fiiow  and  fleet*  The  foil  of  this  iiland  is  coJ4 
and  unfruitful.  The  winters  are  long  and  fevere,  and 
tlie  fummers,  though  intenfely  h6t,.;  arQ  not  fufficiently 
long  to  warm  the  eartli  fo  as  to  render  it  produdlive* 
Its  appearance  is  rocky  and  barren  ;  but  it  is  watered  by 
leveral  good  rivers,  and  has  many  ji^rge  and  conyeiuent 
harbours.  Newfoundland  is  remarkable  for  the  g?cat 
cod  fifhery,  which  .is  carried  on  upon  the  ihoals  CfiUedr 
jlhe  Banks  of  Newfoundland."  This  fiftiery  isafource  ©t 
livelihood  to  many  thoufands  of  people  ;  it  isalfo  a  valu- 
able branch,  of  trade.  The  chief  towns  are,  Placencia, 
Bonavifta,  and.St.  Johns.  But  numbers  of  its  inhabit- 
ants deiert.it  on  the  near  approach  of  winter,  and  return: 
to  it  in  the  ijpring.   .  <  rj  jfi  i*5t  ?r-       - 

Cape  Breton.  This  illand,  fituated  between 'New- 
foundland and  Nova  Scotia,  is  in  length  110  miles.  The 
foil  is  barren,  but  it  has  good,  harbours,  particularly  that 
of  Louill^urgh,  which  is  near  four  leagues  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  has  every  where  fix  or  feven  fathom  of  water. 

St.  Johns,  fituated  in   the   Gulf  of  St,  Lawrence,  is , 
about  60  miles  in  length,>  and  40  broad,  ajid  has  many 
fine  rivers  \  and  though   lying  near  Cape  Breton  and 
Nova  Scotia,  has  greatly  the  advantagj^  uf^pth  i&pleai^ 
antnef§  and  fertility  of  foil. 


«» 


•  Crtifenre  through  the  whole  of  this  work,  except  the.  United. 
States  of  America,  the  longkuCde Is  retzkoned'friom  the  meridian  o£ 


.-ji' 


«S6 


BRITISH  AMERICAN  ISLANDS. 


Bermudas^  or  Summer  lilands.  Th^fe  received  tlieif- 
fir  ft  ilaine  ifrom  their  befn|;  dircovered  by  John  Bermu- 
das, a  Spaniard,  and  their  :^cond  from  Sir  John  Sum- 
mers bemg  wrecked  upon  thenri^  in  1^)9.'  They  are 
fituated  at  a  great  di(lai)ce  frpm  tjl)^  ^Oi[itii)iei;kt,  i^  32  deg. 
K.  lat.  and  65-  deg.  W.  Ion..  Thefe  iflands  are  fmall 
and  difficult  of  accefsv  being  "  willed /wrii^  rocks."  The 
air  is  extremely  healthful,  and  the  face  of-  the  country 
rich  and  delightful.  The  town  andifland  of  St.  Ceorge 
h  the  capital  of  this  group. 

The  Bahamas  are  fituated  fouth  of  Carolina*  TIfey 
are  faidto  be  500in  number^  12  of  which  are  large  and 
ftrtile;  They  lie  between  12  and  2Y  deg.  N,  lat.  and 
73  and  81  deg.  W.  Ion.  They  are  however  almoft  unin- 
habited, except  Providence.  Thcle  laft  mentioned  iflands, 
^ith  niany  others,  lying  in  tlie  great  Gulf,  forrtaed  by 
Ae  two  peninfulas  of  North  and  South  Aniorija,  arc 
knovi^n  by  the  general  name  of  the  Weft  Indies^ 

The  climate  in  all  the  Weft  Iijdia  i{lan<ls  is  nearly  the 
fame,  as  they  lie  v^thin  the  tropics,  a|id  tjbie  fun  goes 
4Uite.oV«r  their  heads>  paffiiig  beyond  them  to  norths  and  i 
TOver  returning  farther  from  >ny  of  them,  thaii  St>,  de 
grees  to  the  foiith.     They  are   continually  fubjeded  tp 
the  e'xtr^nie  of  heat,  which  would  render  them   intokt- 
able,  were  it  riot  for  the  trade  windy  whiph  rifes  gra!^dfuatly 
with  the  fun,  and  blowing  from  the-fea,  greatly  refreHhes^ 
^e  inhabitants^  and  enables  them  to  puniae~meir  daily 
avocavions,  even  when  the  fun  is  in  th|e  mendifm.     And 
as  iaig/it  advances,  a'<  breeze  begins-  to  blow  from  the 
land  towards  the  HesL,  as  it  were  ftqin  the,  centre .  to  all ' 
poiiits  of  the  compafs  at  once.     By  tlie  fan^  raxiaxk^bie 
ptavidence  it  is,  that  when  the  fun  has  made  great  pi'bg;^ 
rii^fi^  toWrds  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  andbecQines  tn!ainah-- 
ner  v^rticaL  hedraws  after  himfuch  a  vaft  body  of' 
clouds  as  flneld  thiem  from  his  beams,  and  diffolying  mto ' 
raiAj  cool  and  refrefh  the  earth,  thiHVy  frou*  the  Ion. 
(i^6Ught,  which  in  general  continues  from  thet  begiamn 
of  January  to  the  latter  end  of  May.    Thie  rairisHln  tiS 
Weillntjies  are  rather  ftoodsQf.wi<3',ppHredr;frfi||^  the- 
cibttdfs  Wjth  |^rp4igipu|>ipg^\^9ftty  j  fp^thgitnif«$jf de  isp 


iO 


uoioireht^jDew  riven  are  formed,  ai^  Uie.whole  of^th«e 


BRITISH  AMERICi.N  ISLANDS. 


237 


r 


low  lands  are  in  a  few  hours  laid  undrr  water.  Thefe 
rains  make  the  only  diftinftion  of  feafons  ;  for  they  have 
no  cold  nor  frofts,  and  the  trees  are  green  the  whole  year 
round.  The  climate  is  very  unfriendly  to  European 
conftitutions.  In  the  rainy  feafon  they  are  frequently 
aiTaulted  by  hurricanes,  which  fometimes  deflroy  at  a 
ftrokethe  labours  of  many  years.  Thefe  tremendous 
tempefts  of  wind  are  accompanied  by  thunder,  lightning, 
furious  fwelling  of  the  fea,  and  Ibmetimes  earthquakes* 
The  elements  ieem  at  war  with  each  other  ;  whole  fields 
of  fugar  canes  are  torn  up  and  whirled  into  the  air  at 
once;  the -largeft  trees  are  torn  up  by  the  roots  and, 
borne  into  the  air  like  ftubble  ;  wind  mills,  copper  bpil- 
ers,  and  other  utenfils  for  the  manufafture  of  ilie  fugar, 
are  wrenched  from  their  places,  and  torn  to  pieces. 
Houfes  are  no  fafeguard,  they  are  either  blown  down  or 
carried  away  by  tlie  inundations,  and  Death  and  Devafta- 
tion,  in  a  thoufand  horrid  (hapes,  ride  paramount  upon 
the  ftorm.  '        , 

The  ftaple  commodity  of  the  Weft  Indies  is  fugar.* 
The  juice  of  the  fugar  cane  is'  the  moft  lively^,  and  Wall 
cloyiTig  fweet  in  nature,  and  when  fucked  raw,  has  been' 
^  found  extremely  nutritive.  From  the  mplafleS|  rum  is, 
made,  and  from  the  fcummings  of  the  fugar,  a  meaner 
fpirit  is  produced.  The  leaves  of  the  cane  make  good 
provender  for  cattle,  and  the  refufe  ferves  for  fuel,fo 
that  Jio  part  of  this  excellent  plant  is  without  its  ufe. 

The  fugar  ■•is  "chiefly  c\iltivated  by  negroes,  who  are 
brought  from  Africa,  and  Told  upon  thefe  iilands  like  cat-' 
tie,  every  part  having  a  flave  market.     The  mifery  and 
hardfhips  of  thefe  poor  negroes  are  truly  pitiable.    They* 
are  poorly  fed,  go  almoft  naked,  work  hard,  and  are 
moreover-  fubjed  to  the  lafli  of  inhuman  pverfeers,  kncwn 
in   the  iilands   by  the  epithet  of  (lave  drivers;  fome  oP' 
whom  exercife  over  thefe  uiirefifting  fufferieirs  the  rhoft* 
unpardonable  barbarity   and  tyranny.     Many,  however,^i 
of  thefe  negroes  fall  into  the  hands  of  humane  and  libeiv^ 
al  minded  gentlemen,  who  render  their  fituations  eafy^ 
and  comfortable.    Thefe  poor  creatures  believe,  that 
when  one  of  their  companions  die,  her  returns"  to  his  own 
c  auutry .    They  rej  oice  therefore  at  the  approach  of  death. 


A-v 


-'i:' 


859         BRITISH  AMERICAN  ISLAND^/ 


9M  the  end  of  ilavery,  nnd  a  reftoration  to  their  fiiendi 
^nd  hoi^e  ;  fo  that  when  a  negro  is  about  to  expire,  his 
fellow  ilaves  kifs  bim,  wiHi  bim  a  good  journey,  and  lend 
i;emeinbrsmces  to  their  relations  in  Africa,  inter  his  dead 
bpdy  ivith  ftgns  of  joy,  and  believe  he  is  gone  home  and 

feapPT- 

Barbadoes  is  the  moft  eafterly  of  the_Caribees,  lying  in 

13  diig.  N.  lat.  and  59  dog.  W.  Ion.     It  is  21  miles  long, 

and  14  broad.     When  the  Englifh  firft  difcovered  this 

iHand  in  1^^,  they  found  no  trace  of  inhabitant,  either 

inan  or  beaft,  nor  fruit,  herb  or  root,  for  the  fupport  of 

lUe ;  but  the  climate  was  good,  and  the  foil  fertile,  and 

fever^  perfons  of  fmall  fortunes  refolved  to  become  ad- 

vcn^prers  here.     By  unremitting  induftry,  they  cleared 

the.  land,  cultivated  it,  and  brought  it  to  yield  them  not 

Q^y  fuppprt,  but  profit ;  and  in  lefs  than  ^5  years  after 

its  firft  difcoyery,  it  gave  fupport  to  upwards  of  50,000- 

white  inhabitants,  and  a,  mvch  larger  i^umber  of  flaves, 

to  true  is  it,  that  **  the  hand  of  induftry  defeateth  want."" 

T|ie  c^pi^dof  this  illand  is  Bridgetown.    They  have  a 

colle|^»  founded  and  wi^  endowed  by  Colonel  Codiing- 

tpn,  wbo  wjts  a  nativiQ  q(  Barbadoes. 

Ssui^t  QhrIA:oiphers»  cpmnionly  caHed  by  the  iailcrs  St. 

Ktttf,  ^  in  17  d^g.  N.  lat.  and  Q2^^4eg.  W.  Ion.  is  20 

T^i  l^l^t  ai)4  7  broad.     It  was  named  after  the  cele- 

l|rfite4  CI^-iflQ^er  Coiiint^bm*  who  iirft  diijcovjered  it.    Its 

proctttce  j^  cotton,  ginger^  tropical  fi'Mks>  8^    fugar.   An- 

tjg^^  lying , in  1^  deg.  N.  lat;  and  61  dieg  W.  {on.    Thfs 

i^^  jU  ^  ^  circular  fonp>.  nearly  20  miles  over  evexy 

'^m*    &C  Jobns  is  its  capital,  and  a  poit  of  great  trade. 

l](|i  th«  QT^xD^f  feat  Qf  gQvemm^t  of  £e  Leewanl 

"  ^vjif  and  MqntCernx.    Twf  fmall  iflai^ds^  lying  bc> 
tfrjBeifi  Sit.  CiiTifiopiien  and;  Antigua ;  neidier  of  them- 
ci^cf^itdiiig  m  mil/es  in  circumference  ;  vety  fertile,  and< 
fTCNcit^ing  Cugar  cat^es  iu  abundance.    Barbuda,  in  18 
d^g.  N.  1^^.  S5  niile^  north  of  Antigua,  is  fertile,  and  Jiai^ 
ap  in(Uj9^f^Qeiiyt  road- ibc  Cbf^pingi^     The  inhabitants  are- 
cl^i^^  f^jpj^oyed  tu  bu^andry^  and  raifmg  frefh.  provif- 
kp^  for  ih^  uCe  of  th«  neigbbouring  Hies* 
AflgiilUa;  lATO^d Jn  19  di^;..N..  lat.  60  miles  porkhi 


% 


:  ^'K' 


BRITISH  AMERICAN  ISLANDS. 


2Sd 


imfk  of  St.  Chridophers,  is  a1l>out  SO  miles  lon^,  and  10 
broad.  The  inhabitants  are  not  numerous,  and  stppif 
themfeives  to  hulbandry  and  feeding  of  cattle. 

Dominic^  lies  in  16  deg.  Ni  lat.  and  62  deg.  W.  Ion. 
The  foil  of  this  ifland  is  better  adapted  to  the  raifing  of 
coffee  than  fugar ;  but  the  fides  of  the  hills  b^kr  the  nttd 
trees  in  the  Weft  Indies. 

St.  Vincents^  in  13  deg;  N.  lat.  and  61  deg.  W.  loii. 
is  24  miles  long^  and  1  a  broad.  It'.is  extfemdijr  frtiitiltl.^ 
Sugar  and  indtgi)  are  its  chi^f  produ^s ;  biit  this  lattef 
article  is  lefs  cUltiv^teed  in  the  Weft  Indies  now',  th'aiir  it 
was  formerly. 

Grenada,  and  the  Grenadines.  The  fornier  lies  iit 
12  deg.  N.  lat.  and  62  de^.  W.  Ion.  It  is  faid  to  be  36 
miles  in  length,  and  15  m  breadth.  It  is  feitlle  and 
'flouriftiing,  producing  coffee,  fugar,  and  indigo.  There 
is  a  lake  on  the  top  of  a  hill  in  the  middle  of  the  iflarid^ 
which  fupplies  it  plentifully  with  fre(h  wiifer.  SevCTal 
bays  and  hatboiirs  lie  round  the  ifland,  v^ich  render  it 
very  commodious  folr  (hipping.  St.  George's  bay  isei- 
4:remely  capacious,  but  open.  The  GrenadtneS  are  firi^U. 
iilands,  lying-  to  the  north  of  Grenada,  and  yfelding  th6' 
fanie  produce. 

Jamaica  is  the  moft  important  Weft  India  iflaiid  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain.  It  lies  between  17  and'l^ 
deg.  Nv  lat.  and  75.  and  79  Aeg.  W.  loii.  It  is  140  liiifes' 
long)  and  in  the  middle  about  60  broad,  being  of  the 
fliape  of  an  egg.  This  iflaiid  is  interfe^d  with  a  ridg^ 
of  ftupendous  rocks,-  frbm  which  iflue  a  vaft  number  of 
fmall  rivers  of  pure,  frefli  water,  aiid  whofe  topk  aifife' 
crowned  with  trees  flourifliing  witli  per|>etual  verdiirei 
This  ifland  is  beautiful  to  the  eyei  and  exceediiig  fertile^ 

The  air  on  the  low  land&^s  intsnfely  hot,  but  iipon'thii' 
high  grounds,  temperate  and  pure.  It  lightens  her 6  cr- 
ery  night,  but  without  thunder.  When  it  is  accompanied^ 
by  thuildei',  it  is  very  tremendous,  aild  the  lightning  a^^ 
thofe  times  does  a  great  deal  of  damage*  In  the  plainjif^ 
are  feveral  fak  fprings,  and  in  the  mOuntaiiig  HtftfirfroM^ 
SpanilH  Town,  is  a  hot  bath  of  great  medicinal  virtutJi'^ 
Sagal'  is  the  moft  valuable  produSion  of  this  ifland.  It' 
alfo  produces  ginger  arid  pimento;    They  %4ve  here  tlifl 


S40       BlUTISH  AMERICAN  ISLANDS  J 

wild  cinnamon  tree,thenianzinillo,or  machineal  tree,ma«' 
hogany,  teJar,  and  the 'cabbage  tree,  whofe   wood  >vhen 
dry,  never  decays  ;  the  palmatree,  producing  oil,  thefoap 
tree,  the  i-nangrove  and  olive  bark,  fuftic,  redwood,  and 
logwood,   fome  indigo,  and  fome  cotton*     No  kind  of 
European  grain  grows  here.     They  huve  Indian  corn, 
Guinea  corn,  peafe,  and  variety  of  rctots ;  all  kinds  of 
■tropical  fruits,  and  plenty  oF  garden  vegetables.     Their 
beef  and  mutton  on  this  iOand  are   very  indifferent,  but 
their  pork  is  very  fvveet  and  delicate.     The  drugs  found 
in  Jamaica  are  gum  guaiacum,  farfaparilla,  and  caifia. 
The  tamarind,  fo  ufeful  in  medicine,  is  a  native  of  Jamais 
ca.     They  have  land  and  fea  turtle,  and  alligators  j  all 
^orts  of  wild  and  tame  fowl,  parrots,  and  paroquets  }  and 
the  Hvers  and  bays  abound  with  filh.     But  with  all  thefe 
advantages,  Jamaica  is  fubjedl  to  terrible  epidemic  difor- 
ders,  and  tremendous  hurricanes  and  earthquakes,  which 
have  greatly  reduced  and  depopulated  it. 

Port  Royal  was  formerly  the  capital  of  thi^s  ifland.    It 
ftood  upon  the  point  of  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  which  to- 
ward the  fea  formed  part  of  the  border  of  «l  very  find  har- 
bour of  the  fame  name.     About  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1692,  no  place  of  its  fize  could  be  compared  to  this 
townfor'trade.  Wealth,  and  a  melancholy  truth,  alfo  for 
corruption  of  manners,  when,  in  the  month  of  June,  an 
earthquake  ftiook.  tbe  Whole  ifland  to  its  foundations.    In 
two  minutes  the  earth  opene4»  and  fwallowed  nine  tenths 
of  the  hpufes  in 'an  inftant  of  time.     The  water  guflied 
out,  and  a  frigate,  which  lay  in  the  hatbour,  was  carried 
over  the  tops  of  the  finking  houfes  ;  but  as  it  did  not 
overfet,  it  ferved  as  a  retreat,  and  faved  the  lives  of  ttiany 
hundreds  of  people.     Mountains  were  rent  afunder,  lakes 
dried  up,  and  torrents  flowed  where  habitations  once  flood. 
In  a  few  years,  they  rebuilt  the  city,  but  it  was  deftroyed 
ten  years  after,  by  a  dreadful  fire      Tlie  extraordinary 
convenience  of  the  harboui-  tempted  them  to  rebuild  it  a 
third  time,  but  in  17^2  it  was  again  laid  in  ruins  by  the 
moft  terrible  hurricane  that  ever  was  known.    •  The  few 
Yemaining  inhabitants  forfook  the  devoted  fpot,  and  went 
torefide  on  the  oppofite  fideof  tlie  bay,  where  they  built 
JBkingflon,  which  is  pow  the  capital. .   Not  far  from .  iiing^* 


/Vi-- 


,.w,^"^: 


SPANISH  DOMIKIONS  TN  AMERICA.     24^1 


fton  ftands  St.  Jago  de  la  Vega,  a  Spani(j|f  towh. 
the.  feat  of  goyeroment  ajid  courts  of  juftice. 


It.ii 


SjscTio^r   LXX.       SPANISH   J50MINI0NS    IN 
NORTH  AND  SODTH  AMERICA. 

EAST,  and  Weft  Florida  is  bounaed  by  Georgia  on 
the  n<mth,  by  the  Miffiiippi  on  the  weft,  by  thfe  Gulf  of 
l^exico  foath,  and  by  the  ftraits  of  Bahama  on  the  eaft. 
It  is  500  miles  U>  3,  and  440  brpad,  lying  between  80 
and  91  deg.  W.  km.  and  25  and  32  deg.  N.  lat. 

The  principal  rivers  are,  the  Miffifippi,  the  Mobile, 
the  Apalachcola,  and, the  St.  Johns. 

The  clin^ate  is  pure  and  AVholefome  1  the  foil  fruitful, 
prpdvicing  ;wo  crops  of  Indian  corn  in  a  year.  Orange 
and  lemon  trees  grpw  here,  the  fruit  of  which  arrive  at 
very  great  pei;fe(5^ion.  This  country  is  favourable  tothti 
cultivation  of  European  fruits  and  vegetables.  It  pro- 
duces alfo  indigo,  ambergrife,  cochineal,  amethyfts,  tur- 
quoifes,  lapis  lazuli,  and  other  precious  ftones.  Copper* 
quickfilver,  coah,  apd  iron  and  peatls  arc  ^ound  on  its 
<2Qafts. 

-  Thp,  chief  town  o^Weft  Ifl^rida  'is  Pfcnfacola.  "the 
-road  h^ne  is  one  of  the-  ht^  in  all  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in 
which  yeiTels  may  lie  in^rfe^  fafety  in  all  w;eathers,  being 
fvq'pU)[>ded  by;l£^nd. 

i  Of  Eaft  Florida,  St.  Auguftihe  i|;  the  capital.  It  is  z 
fpnified  tt>wn,.  defended  py  a  caftlfc,  called  fort  St.  Johns* 
,  ]^ew  Mexico  and  Caliifornia  is,  bounded  by  ttnknowzi 
lai^ds  on  the  north,  eaft  by  Loui/tan^,  fouthby  Old  Mex* 
icp  ,and  the.Pacifit  Ocean,  and  by  the  Tame  ocean  on  the 
>yeft.  It  is  2000  miles  long,  and  1600  broad,  lying  be* 
tween  23  ^anti  43  d6g.  N.  lat.  and  ^4t  an^  12a  deg.  W, 
Ipn. ,  .Thii  country,  lying  for  the  moft  part  "ivithin  the 
terjfiperate  j:one,  has  an  agreeable  climate  and  fertile  foil* 
^roducintj  every  thing  nece(tary  for  profit  or  delight. 
T]iiey,^xperieniCe,howev2t,  great  heats  in  fummer,  parttc* 
uUirly  ne.ir  tlie  fea  coafts.  The  face  f  the  country  \t 
Hgr<?eal)ly  varied  withplains  interfe<aed  by  rivers,  cover* 
eX  ^hh  yaripu!}  trees  of  beautiful  fali<ige,  and  fome  bear* 
ing  excellent  fruit.      In   California   there  fj^s  in  th« 


.■•:    ,v/f-: 


■  * 

■  -■* 


1iii2    SPANISH 'dominions  fN  AMERICA. 


morning  a  gre'it  quantity  of  de*w,  which  fettlii^g  on  the 
rofe  leaves,  candies  aiid  becomes  hard  Hke  manna,  hav- 
ing all  the  fweetnel's  of  refined  fugar,  without  its  white- 
nefs.  There  is  alfo  in  this  country,  another  natural  cu- 
riofity  ;  in  the  heart  of  thd  country  are  plains  of  pure 
fait,  firm,  white,  ,and  clear  as  chryftal.  The  capital 
of  New  ^.lexico  is  Santa  Fe.  California  is  admirably 
fituated  for  trade.     Capital  St.  Juan; 

Old  Mexico,  or  New  Spain,  is  bounded  north  by  New 
Mexico,  or  Grenada,  north  eaft  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
fouth  eaft  by  Terra  Firma,  and  fouth  weft  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  2000  miles  long,  and  600  broad, 
lying  between  8  and  30  deg.  N.  lat  and  83  and  110 
deg.  W.  Ion.  On  the  north  lea  are  the  Bays  or  Gulfs  of 
Mexico,  Campeachy,  Vera  Cruz,  and  Honduras  ;  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  Mi  coy  a  and  Amapalla,  Ac^ipulco  and 
Salinas.  In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  feas, 
there  are  ftrong  north  winds  from  OAober  to'  March, 
about  the  full  and  change  of  the  moon.  Near  the  coaft 
they  have  periodical  winds,  monfoons,  at^d  fea  and  land 
"breezes.  Mexico,  lying  chiefly  within  the  torrid  zone,  is 
exceflively  hot,  and  on  the  eaftern  coaft,  where  the  land 
is  low,  in  the.  rainy  feafons  it  is  very  unhealthy.  The  in- 
land country  is  howevei*  more  wholefome.  The  foil 
is  good,  and  cultivated,  will  produce-  all  kinds  of 
grain  J  but  like  other  tropical  countries,  is  itiore  abund- 
ant in  fruit  than  com.  The  principal  towns  in  Old 
Mexico  are,  Mexico,  the  capital,  Acapulco,  on  thfc  fouth 
fea,  Vera  Cruz,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,,  and  Guatamala, 
which  latter,  on  the  7th  of  June,  1778,  was  fwallowed  by 
ian  earthquake,  whf»n  8000  families  in ftantly  perifhed. 
New  Guatamala  is  built  at  fome  diftance,  and  is  well 
peopled.  Mexico  produces  fugar,  cocoa,  cochineal,  and 
cotton;  but  the  chief  glory  of  Mexico  are  its  gold  and 
filver  mines,  which  were  the  firftobjefts  which  induced 
J:he  Europeans  to  make  fettlements  ttere. 

In  fouth  Americaj  the  Spaniards  p^flefs  Terra  Firma  ; 
bounded  nortli  by  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  by  the 
ftme  and  Surinam  ort  the  eaft',*fout5li '  by  Amazonia  and 
Peru.>  and  weft  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and'  New  Spain. 
Jt  is  HOO  miles  Icmg,  and  700  broad,  lying  between  6© 


KS 


SPANISH  DOMINIONS  IN  AMERICA.     24* 


find  82  deg.  W.  Ion.  and  the  equ:itor  and  12  de^.  N.  lat.- 
The  climate  here  is  intenfely  hot.  The  exceflive  heats 
raife  the  vapours  of  the  fea,  which  return  again  in  fucb- 
dehiges  of  rain,  as  f^ems  to  threaten  a  general  flood. 
Thefe  rains,  togetlier  \yith  tb^  extreme  heat,  render  the 
climate  very  unwholefome.  rhe  foil  of  this  country  is^ 
wonderfully  rich  and  fruitful.  The  face  of  the  country 
is  covered  wiih  perpetual  verdurt,  except  near  the  fea 
coafts,  which  are  in  general  fandy  and  barren.  Here* 
grows  the  manzinello  tree,  which  bears  a  fruit  refcnbling 
an  apple,  but  under  that  fpecious  appearance  contains^ 
the  moft  deadly  poifon  ;  even  the  brute  creation,  from 
inftinft,  avoid  coming  near,  or  fleeping  under  it.  Here 
are  filver,  iron,  and  copper  mines,  and  the  inhabitants 
find  emeralds,  fapphire,  and  other  precious  (lones. 

There  is  in  this  country  a  difagreeable  animal,  called' 
the  noi:h.  They  have  alfo  great  varieties  of  monkeys. 
The  commcice  of  the  country  is  chiefly  carried  on  from 
the  ports  of  Panama,  Porto  Bello,  and  Carthagena, 
whicn  are  the  three  moft  confiderable  cities  in  SpaniHi 
Ameriea.  One  moft  valuable  branch  of  their  com- 
merce is  their  pearls.  Great  numbers  of  negro  flav  :s 
are  employed  to  fifh  for  them  by  diving,  which  they  do 
with  wonderful  dexterity  ;  but  in  this  occupation  they 
afe  frequently  devoured  by  Iharks,  or  dallied  to  pieces 
againft  the  ihelves  of  rocks. 

Peru  is  bounded  by  Terra  Firma  on  the  north,  eaft 
by  the  Cordileras. des  Andes,  fonth  by  Cajlj  and  weft  by' 
the.  Pacific  Ocean.     It  is  1800  miles  long,  and    500 
broad, lyine«betwecn  the  equator  and  25  deg.  S.  lat.  anct 
60  and  ^I  deg.  W.  Ion.  There  is  a  river  in  Peru  whdie 
waters  are  as  red  as  blood.     The  rivers  Grenada,  or 
Cagdalena,  Oronoque.  Amazon,  and  Plate,  rife  in  the^ 
Andes,  and  fall'  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.    There  are  fome 
waters  which  turn  every  thing  to  (lone  over  .which  they 
pafs.     Here  alfo  are  fountains  of  liquid  matter,  refemb- 
ling  pitch.     Though  Peru  is  in  the  torrid  zone,  it  is  not 
fo  ftifled  with  heat  as  the  other  tropical  countries  ;  but 
what  is  remarkable,  it  never  rains  in  Peru,  but  the  earth 
IS  refrelhed  with  a  foft,  kindly  dew,  which  falls  every 
Bight  and  produces  great  fertility.    The  ^old  and  filver 


'^-:f:'.'J'-'/^ 


U4,       SPANISH/  I^OMINIONS  IN  AMERICA. 

mines  in  Peru  are  immenfely  rich.  That  of  Potofi  is 
reckoned  the  richeft.  The  moft  remarkable  animals  in 
Peru  are,  the  lamas  and  vicunas.  The  lama  cnn  en- 
dure vaft  fatigue,  feed  fparingly,  and  never  drinks.  Its 
-leece  is  very  fine  wool,  and  its  flclh  wholelbme  food. 
The  vicunas  produce  ftill  finer  wool,  and  within  them  it 
found  the  bezoar  ftono,  regarded  as  a  fpecific  againil 
poifons.  The  next  great  article  of  their  commerce  and 
native  produce  is  the  jefuit's  or  peruvian  bark,  an  invalu- 
able drug.  It  grows  chiefly  ia  the  mounhiins  of  Peru, 
and  in  the  province  of  Quito. 

The  city  of  Lima  is  the  capital   of  Peru  ;    its   fitua- 
tion  in  the  middle  of  a  delightlul  and  fertile  valley,  well 
watered  by  the  river   Rlmac.     There  are  many  magnifi- 
cent  ftrutflures  in  this  city,  efpecially   churches.     The 
wealth  of  Lima  is  aftonifhing.     When  the  Duki  de  la 
Palada  made  his  entity  inttf  Lima  as  viceroy,  in  16J2, 
,  the  inhabitants  to  do  Kith  honour,  caufed  the  ftt^ets  to  be' 
covered  with  ingots  of  lilvcr,  amx>unting  to    17  millions 
tterling.    But  nil  the  wealth,  all  the  beauty,  together 
with  the  fertility  of  climate,  with  which  Lima  is  w\*6ur- 
ed,  will  not  compenfate  for  the  difafters  to  which^  it  is 
eonftantly  liable  from   earthquakes.     In  the  year  1747, 
9k  moft  tremendous  earthquake  almoft  levelled  the  pity 
with  the  ground,  and  entirely  demolilhed  Callao,  the  port 
town  belonging  to  it.     Never  was  deftnidibn  fo   eiitire' 
and  terrible.     Only  one  perfon,  out  of  SOOd.  itthibit^ts, 
was  left  to  rec6rdth6  dreadful  calaiiiityisirid  he  was'  bjr- 
a  reHnatrkable  pfovidertce  preftrved.    Being  iii  aiowft' 
iM.  o^erlookefd  the  halrMn  he  peitelved'the  p^djiTe*^ 
riirihiiig  from  their  hoiif^i  irt  thfe  ntHioH  teri^or  j  ht'£%^^ 
the  feariie  iri  a  mouUtaihoUs  w^ive,  fbaAiIng  ■w^itR'vib^ 
lenttigitatipni,  and  bury  tlie  inhkbitiitits  forever  iii' its 
bpibxn.    In  a  monient  all  vir'^s  filent,  but  the  faiiie  wavfe 
that  deftrbyed  the  towU,  drove  a  little  bbat  to  the  phice 
whef^  the  ihari  ftobi^'  ^ '  he  threw  Hiiiir^If  into:  it;  arid  was ' 
faved.     Cuico,  the  aheisht  dibitalof  Peii^^^  a 

niountaihous  countrv  at  ^  difttSice  frbni  the*  lekjM?.  ^e- 
^lining  faft.    Quito  is  next  to  llijha  ill  pt)pulbuln^fs;     It 
is  like  Cunfco  an  inland  city,  and  havhig  no  mines  in  its  '■ 
neighbourhood,  is  fchiefly  fa](nou&  for  its  manufa<^ti:e&  of " 
cotton,  wool^  and  fl^x. 


was' 


afe- 


SPANISH  ISLANDS  IK  AMERICA.         245 

Chili  is  bounded  north  by  Peru,  eaft  by  La  Plata,  foutli 
by  Patagonia,  and  weft  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  On  thtf 
Weftern  Tide  of  the  Andes  is  Chili  Proper,  on  tlie  eafterif 
fide  Cuyo  or  Cutio.  The  foil  and  prodn«aions  do  not 
differ  materially  from  thofe  of  Pefu.  The  climate  is 
ibmething  more  favourable,  and  every  fpcci.s  of  grain 
will  thrive  well  in  this  country.  They  have  gold  in  al- 
mof^  every  river.  Chili  is  very  tliinly  inhabited.  The 
original  natives  are  in  a  great  meafure  unconciuered  and 
uncivilized.  The  commerce  of  Chili  is  chiefly  confined- 
to  Peru,  Panama,  and  fome  parts  of  Mexico.  The  ex- 
ports are  corn,  hemp,  hides,  tallow,  and  falted  provifions. 
The  chief  towns  are  St.  Jago,  Baldivia,  and  St.  Jchil 
Frontiera.  Chili  is  1200  miles  lon^,  and  500  broad, 
lying  between  25  and  45  deg.  S.  lat.  and  65  and  8J' 
aes,  W.  Ion.' 

Paraguay,  or  La  Plata,  is  bounded  north  by  Amazo- 
nia, eaft  by  Brafil,  (iiuth  by  Patagonia,  and  weft  by  Chin 
and  Peru.  The  chief  town  is  Buenos  jlyreit  lying  in  57 
deg.  W.  Ion.  and  34  deg.  S.  lat.  This  vaft  t  aft  of 
country  is  far  from  being  entirely  fubdued  by  the  Span- 
hirtjsi  Tiere  afe  ttuny  parts  of  it  totally  unknown  to 
any  European. '  The  principaV  iettlement  is  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  fame  name! 
Tlie  foil  is  extremely  fertile  ;  the- air  pure  and  whole- 
fome  ;  the  water  excellent  ;  but  contrary  to  the  general 
nature  of  America,  *his  country  is  deftitute  of  woods. 
The  trade  of  Paraguay  is  the  fame  with  thofe  of  the 
dth^i'  Spani(h.c6lonies  in  South  America; 

Sbctjon  LXXI:    SPANISH  ISLANDS  IN  AMER:- 

tCA.. 

THE  ifland'of  Cuba,  fituated  between  19  and  23  deg. 
N.  lat.  and  74  and  8T  deg.  W.'  Ion.  It  is  700  miles  in 
length,  and  generally  70in  breadth.  This  noble  iflandl 
isfuppofed  to  be  the  beft  foil,  for  fb  large  a  country,  of 
any  in  America.  Ifc  produces  all  the  coihmodities-  of  thtf 
Weft  Indies,  but  from  the  indolence  of  the  inhabitants,, 
not  in  fucH  quantities  as  might  be  expeifted.  There  arcr 
feyeral.  good  harbours  in  the  ifland  j  the  harbour :of-  S«' 
W.  2- 


24e       SPANISH  ISLANDS  IN  AMERICA. 

Ja^o,  one  of  the  principal  towns  ftr6ngly  fo'hificcl,  but 
neither  populous  nor  rich  j  the  Havanna,  belonging 
to  the  capital  of  Cuba,  is  a  place  of  ereat  ftr^ngth  and  im- 
portance. Befides  thefe  thc«re  are  Cumberland  harboui*, 
and  the  harbour  of  Santa  Cruz. 

Kifpaniola,  or  St.  Doming^.  Though  creat  part  of 
this  ifland  belont^s  to  the  French,  yet  as  the  Spaniards 
have  ftill  a  connderable  ihare  in  it,  and  v  ere  the  firi^ 
djfcoverers,  it  is  generally  regarded  as  aSpaniihiHand.^ 
It  is  fituated  between  17  and  21  deg.  N.  lat.  and  b'Tand 
74"  deg.  W.  Ion.  is  4.50  miles  long,  and  150  broad.  The 
face  ofthe  idand  preftntsan  agreeable  variety  of  hills, 
vailies,  woods,  and  rivers.  Th^  foil  is  fertile,  producing 
fugary  coUon,  indigo,  tobacco,  mai/e,  and  cawvi  root. 
The  moft  ancient  town  not  only  m  this  ifland,  but  in  the 
whole  New  World,  built  by  Europeans  is  St.  Domingo. 
It  was  founded  by  Bartholomew  Columbus,  lyrother  to 
the  admiral,  in  1504,  who  gave  it  that  nanie,  in  honour 
of  his  father  Dominic.  It  is  fitit ated  on  a  fpactous  har- 
bour, and  is  a  large,  well  buUt  city. 

The  French  towns  are  Cape  $t.  Francois^  and  Leo^anej 
which  latter  is  a  place  of  conHderabletvade,  and  the  feat 
ofthe  French  government.    There  are  two  other  French 
towns,  confiderable  for  their  trade;  Petit  Guav^,  and- 
Fort  Louis. 

Porto   Rico,  lying  between  64  and  67  deg.  W.  Ion. 
jmd  in  18  deg.  N.  lat.  is  iOO  miles  long,  aid.40  broad  ; : 
a  beautiful  and  fertile  ifland,  but  unhealthy  in  the  rziny 
fcafonSk     Porto  Rico  is  the  capital,  ftands  in  a  little 
Hland'On  the  nocth  fide,  forming  a  capacious  harbour, 
and  joined  to  the  chief  ifland  by  a  caufeway. .  The  Virgin  • 
ifles,  fituated  at  theeaftend  ot  Porto  Rico,  are.  extremely 
fmall.     Trinidad,  between  59  and  62  deg.  W.  Ion.  and 
in  10  deg.  N,  lat.  lies  between  the  ifland  of  Tobago  and 
the  Spanifh  main,  from  which  it>ts  iepavated  by  the 
ftraitsof  Paria.     It  js  90  miles  long,  and  60  broad.    It 
is  fruitful,  but  unhealthy.     Margare^tta,  in  64  deg.  W, 
Ion.  and  11  deg.  N.  lat.  it  is'abbut  40  miles  long^  and  2*- 
broad,  and  being  always  verdant,  affords  a  moft  agree- 
able profpeA. 

There  are  n»ny.  other  ihwU  iflasd^  ia  thefc  feas^  to 


¥-^'- 


PORTUGUESE,  FRENC^T,  ft«. 


9i7 


^hich  the  Spaniards  have  paid   no   attention  i  vtt  will 
tberefbre  proceed  round  Cape  Horn  into  the  South  Seai^. 
where  th6  firfl  Spaniih  ifland  of  attf  importance  is  Chi«- 
loc  on  the  coafl  of  Chili.     It  h^  I'ome  good  harbour s^\ 
well  fortified. 

Jilan  Fernandeei  lylnff  in  83  d^g.  W.  Ion.  and  93  deg; 
S.  lat.  is  an  uninhabited  iflahd,  but  having  fomc  good 
harbours,  is  convenient  for  (hips  to  i^op  at  for  wood  and 
U'ater.  This  ifland  Is  remarlcabk  for  having  given  rife 
to  the  celebrated  romance  of  Robijifon  (Jrufoe.  One 
Alexander  Selicirk,  a  Scotchman,  was  left  aihore  on  this 
folitary  place  by  his  captain,  where  he  lived  fome  years, 
until  he  was  difcoveied  by  Captain  Woods  Rogers,  in 
1709.  ^Vhen  he  was  found,  he  had  forgot  his  native  lan- 
guage, and  could'  be  fcarcely  underftood.  He  was  tlref** 
ed  in  goat  (kins,  would  drirk  nothing  but  water,  and  it 
was  fome  time  before  ae  coiild  relilk  the  ihfp's  provtfions. . 
During  his  abode  in  the  ifland  he  h^d  killed  500  goats, 
which  ne  caught  by  running  them  down,  and  be  marked 
as  many  more  by  cuttmg' their' ears  ;  i'om^  ofthefe 
were  caught  30  years  after,  by  J-oid  AnftJi'i's  pebple; 
Selkirk,  on  his  return  to  England,  was  advifed  to  pxxh^ 
irih  his  adventures  in  his  little  kingdom.  H^  piit  hn 
papers  into  the  hands  ofone- Daniel  Defoe^  tb  prepare 
them  for  publication  ;  but  that  eentkman,  by  the  heljp  of 
a.lively  fancy,  transformed  Selkirk  into  Robinfon  Crufbe,  ^ 
and  thus  deprived  Selkirk  ot  the  advantages  he  might 
have  hoped  to  have  derived  frow  the  publication.  The 
other  iilands  worth  mentioning  arc  the  Gallipago  ifles^ , 
fituated  400  miles  w«ft  of  Piern,  under  the  equator,  and  - 
tkpfb^  in  the  bay  of  Panama,  called  King's  or  Pearls 
iflands» 

SECTION  LXXir.    PO  RTUGUESE,  FRENCH,  ANB.? 
DtfTCH  SETTLEMENTS  IN  AM  L RICA. 

BKA.SIL  is  bounded  north  by  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Aniazon  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  by  the  fame  ocean  on 
tJie  eaft,  fouth  ay  the  mouth  of  the  Plate  rivier;  ind  weil 
by  a  chain  of  mountains  which  divide  it  from  Paraguay 
smd  Amazonia*    It  is  2300  iniks  long,  and  700  bsoa^ 


248    PORTUGUESE,  FRENCH,  and  BUTCH 

l)ring  between  the  equator  and  35  deg.  S.  lat.  and  35; 
and  6<>  deg.  W.  Ion.  On  the  coaft  are  3  fmall  iflands,. 
where  (hips  touch  for  provifions  in  their  voyage  to  the 
South  Seas,  Femando»  St.  Barbara,  an^  St..  Catherines. 
The  name  of  Brafil  was  given  to  xh\i  country,  becaufe 
gxeat  ^antitiesof  that  wood  was  found  thsre.  To  the 
ttorth  of  Brafil,  which  lies  almoft  .under  the  equator,  the 
climate  is  hot,  boif);erous  and  unwholefpme,  l'ubje(5l  to 
heavy  rains';  but  to  the  fouth,  beyond  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn,  there  is  no  part  of  the  world  that  enjoys  a. 
more  ferene  and  wholefome  air.  The  fpil  in  general  is 
fertile,  producing  fugar,  indigo,  ipecacuanha,  balfam  of 
capiabo,  ^nd  Brafil  wood.  The  animals  are  the  fame  as 
in  Ptru.  They  have  mines  of  gold  and  diamondis.  The 
trade  of  BraTil  is  very  great,  and  increafe;s  every  year. 
Rio  Janeiro  Is  the  capital.  Th>«  city  commands  a  noble, 
fpacious,  and  commodious  harbour.  It  is  built  upon  a 
high,  fteep  rock,  having  the  feauon  one  fide,  s^nd  a  lake 
on  the  other*  It  is  (Irongly  fortified,  is  populous,  and 
beyond  comparifon  the  moll  xns^nificent  and  opulent 
city  i;i  Brafil. 

The  pofTeflSons  of  the   French  on  the  continent  of 
America,  are  at  prefent  very  inconfiderabl ;.    Since  the 
relinquifliing  Louifiana,  and  the  lofs   of  Canada,  they 
have  loft  an  footin?  in  North  America.     On  the  South- 
ern Continent  they  have   flill  a  fettlement,  called  Cay- 
enne, fiiuated  between  the  equator  and  5  deg.  .N.  lat. 
and  between  50  and  55  deg.  W.  Ion.    It  extends  240; 
miles  along  the  cdafl  of  Gmana  wefl.    The  chief  town 
is  Caen.    They  have  alfb  the  ifland  of  Cayenne  op  this^ 
coafl.     It  has  fom*  good  harbours,  and  produces  fugat 
and  cotfee,  but  is  unnealthy.     Beddes  the  French  fettle- 
ment, already   mentioned   in  the  ifland  of  HifpanioTa,. 
they*  pofTefs  fome  ifiands   in  the  Weft   Indies  entirely^ 
Martinico,  lying  between  14  and  15  deg.  N.  lat.^  and  iii 
61  d^g.  W.  Ion.  is  about  60  miles  long,  and  30  broad.    It 
is  a^  beautiful  and  fertile  ifland,   which  has  numerous, 
£ife,  and  commodious  harbours,  and  is  the  refidence  ^  of; 
the  governor  of  the  French  ifiands  in  thefe  feas»  '  -^ 

Guadaloupe,  in  16  deg.  N.  lat.  and  62  deg.   W.  ,l6n». 
9.  divided  into  two  jgstrts  by  si  fmall  arm  of  the.  ^ea,^  or. 


SETTLEMENTS  IN  AMERICA. 


•!?49 


rather  channel,  through  which  no  Hups   can  venture,  hut 
the  inhabitants  pafs  it  in  a  ferry  boat.     This  iiland  is  in  a' 
flduriihinig  condition,  and  its  exports  in  fugar  are  almod' 
incrediblfc.     St.  Lucia,  in    14  deg.  N.  lat.  and  61    deg, 
W.  Ion.  contains  fine  rich:  val)ies,and^ produces  excellent 
timfber.     It  abounds  in  fine  rivers  and  well  Cjtuatcd  bar-' 
bovrSi.     Tobago,  120  miles  fouth  of  Barba4p0s,  is  about 
30  miles  long,  and  nine   broad.     The  climate  here   is 
not  fo  hot  as  might  be  expected  fo  near  the  equator,  and 
is  faid  to  lie  out  of  the  courfe  of  the  hurricanes,  which 
are  fo  fatal  to   the   other   Weft  India  iflands.     It  lias  a 
fruitful  foil,   and  produces  cinnamon,  nutmegs,  and  gunt 
copal.     It  is  Well  watered,  and  its  bay^  and   creeics  are 
very  commodious  for   all  kinds  of  fhippin^. 

St.  Bartholomews,  Deieada,  and  Mari^aTantCy  are  three 
Anall  iflands  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Antigua  aail  St. 
Ghriftophers,  of  no  gteat  confequence' to'  the  French^' 
excejjt  in  timr  of  War*,  when  the^  give  Ihfelter  to  inntt- 
merablie  privafceirsj  iK'hick'  greatly  anboy  the  EngliiK 
fetllenifents. 

Iii  South  America;  the  Dutch  pofleft'Striiwnt*  BUtch: 
Guiithiiar  is  fituated  between  5  and  7  deg..  R  lat.'Citend* 
ing  100  miles  along  the  coaft,  from  the  aiiouth  of  the- 
ri vfer  Ot'6rfc«;(ue.    The  cHmate  of  this  country  is  ih  gent- 
ral  rickdfted  unwholefotne.    The  chief  feitlenient  is  a*- 
Surinam,  but  their  chief  trade  is  carried  on  at  Parima** 
rebo.     Connedted  with   Surinam  we  (hall   mention  the 
two  Dutcbtblonies  of  Dehiarary  and'lfli^qulbo,   ol|,  the 
Spaniih  main. .  They  are  fertile  and  valuable.     The  tor-  - 
pedb,  oteleftrtc'eeli  isfo^ifidin  therivers  of  Giiiiiiiria, 
i^idi.Whtfft  touched  by  thfe  hand  or  even  by  a  <  (HclT*? 
cbjfliiillrtkatesf  a  fhoc It  like  eledritit jr^  and  f eaves  a  •  fenfe 
of  tftJttibnefs  for  a  confiderable  period  after;     Shakes  of  ■ 
an  inci^redibierfi^c  are  found  here,  and  among  the  atiimalis; 
peculiar  to  Dutch  Guianna^  is  a  irhall^   aniphibioui  anW: 
itial,  cftUiid  th^  lauba.     It  is'  about  the  fizie.of  ariplg 
fdui- mdnths  oldj  and  is  vfeiry  deKcionr.  food.        ■'.  n Hi  k> 

The  Dutth  are  mafters  of  the  following  iflandsih  ^e<; 
Weft  Indies  ;  St*  EuftatiaSjin  If  deg.  N.  lat.   and  6* 
de^.  -W.  lori,  is  only  a  naountain  about  29  miles  in'  cir*^ 
<iJnHfei«n<:e,.  rifing  out  of  the  fealifcc  aipyramkJi  aafid-  aU, 


•/,^-i 


050 


NEW  DISCOVERIES. 


moft  round  j  but  though  fo  fmall  and  incoiiveniently 
laid  out  by  nature,  the  induftry  of  the  Dutch  have  made 
it  turn  to  very  good  account.  The  fides  of  the  moun- 
tain  are  prettily  laid  out  in  fetliements,  but  they  have  nei- 
ther fprings  not  rivers.  They  raife  fugar  and  tobacco. 
Curraifou,  in  12  deg.  N.  lat.  9  or  10  leagues  from  the 
continent  of  Terra  Firma,  30  miles  longj  and  10  broad. 
It  feems  as  if  the  ingenuity  and  patience  of  the  Holland- 
ers ihould,  both  in  Europe  and  America,  be  fated  to  fight 
againft  an  unfriendly  nature  ;  for  this  ifland  is  not  only 
barren  and  dependant  upon  the  rains  for  frefh  water,  but 
tfce  harbour  is  naturally  one  of  tlie  worft  in  America  ; 
yet  the  Dutch  have  entirely  remedied  that  defeft.  They 
have  built  here  one  of  the  mod  elegant  and  friendly 
towns  in  the  Weillndies.  Though  t£e  ifland  is  natu- 
rally biirren,  the  induAry  of  the  inhabitants  have  brought 
it  to  {>roduce  both  tobacco  and  fugar  in  cdnfiderable 
quantities.  It  has  beiides  good  fait  works.  The  trade 
of  Curraffou  is  faid  to  be  worth  to  the  Duteh  in  time  of 
peace  500,000/.  (lerling  annually,  and  in  war  time  the 
j)rofit&  are  much  greater.  The  ifl^nds  of  Bonairei  Aru- 
ba,  Saba,  and  St.  Martins,  are  fo  iii^oniiderable  as  to  be 
fcarcely  worth  notice.  >^^ 

.  The  Danes  p^ffefs  St.  Thomas's  and  Santa  Cruz,  two 
fmall  and  unhealthy  iflands,  inconfiderable  membefs  of 
the  Carribees.  ,  u-^o^i,     ^ 

iSmction  LXXIII.    new  DISCOVEPim 

OUR  knowledge  of  the  globe  has  been  vaftly  extend- 
ed within  a-  few  late  years,  by  the  difcoveries  made  by 
ieveral  fuccefsful  modem  navigators,  more  particularly 
by  Britifh  navigators,  during  the  prefent  reign  of  George 
III.  Of  thefe,  we  Ihall  give  as  compendious  an  account 
as  the  limits  of  the  work  will  allow. 

The  Northern  Archipelago  confids  of  feveral  groups 
of  iflands,  lying  between  the  eaftern  coaft  of  Kamfkatcha,. 
and  die  weftern  coaft  of  the  continent.  .  Some  of  thefe 
ifiands  are  only  inhabited  occafionally  for  a  few  months 
in  the  year  ;  others  are  very  thinly  inhabited  at  all  times  i 
•thtirs  again  hav«  oumerous  inhabitants,  who  cojii^g^tlx. 


NEW  DISCOVERIES., 


251 


refide  on  them.  The  inhabitalits  of  thefe  i£l:i.ds  are  in 
general  of  a  fliort  ftature,  but  ftron?  and  robuft.  Thej 
have  lan^c  black  hair,  little  beard,  flattifh  faces,  and  fair 
ikins.  They  live  upon  -wild  roots,  and  fea  animals. 
Their  clothes  are  made  of  the  {kins  of.  lea  otters^  One 
of  the  groups  of  thefe  iflands  are^caUed  the  Fox  iilands, 
from  the  great  number  of  black  and  grey  foxes  with 
which  they  abound.  The  mod  perfe^  equi^ility  reigns 
among  thefe  iflanders  ;  they  have  neither  chiefs,  nor  laws, 
nor  punifhments.  They  live  together  In  focieties,  and  in 
cafe  of  an  attack  or  defence,  mutually  afllft  each  other. 
They  feed  their  children^  when  young,  with  the  coarfeft 
raw  flefh,  and  if  a  child 'cries,  whether  it  be  fummer  or 
winter,  they  carry  it  to  the  fea  fide,  and  hold  it  in  the 
water  till  it  is  quiet,  and  this  cuftom  renders  tlieir  conlli- 
tutio.is  very  firm  and  hardy.  Tliey  are  by  nature  cold 
and  indifferent ;  but  if  any  thing  does  aroufe  them  to  an- 
ger, they  are  furious  in  proportion.  Suicide  is  fo  fre- 
quent anu  Them,  that  the  moft  trifling  afHi(5lion$  or  evils, 
will  driv       ,  n  to  put  an  end  to  their  exifience. 

Captain  Cook,  from  obfervations  he  made  of  the  inhab- 
itants in  the  weftern  parts  of  Nortli  America,  in  about 
lat,  64  deg.  N.  who  in  cuftoms  and  manners  refembled 
the  Efquimaux  on  the  eaftern  coail,  was  led  to  conje<£ture 
tiiat  a  communication  exifted  between  the  two  coafts  by 
fea  ;.and  this  conje(5lure  has  been  in  fome  meafure  con- 
firmed, by  a  Mr.  Etches,  who  being  on  a  voyage  of  dif- 
covery,  penetrated  feveral  hundred  leagues  in  a  ,N.  E. 
dire Aion, -till  they  came  witliin  200  leagi^espf  Hu'dfon's 
bay.  From  what  they  difcovered,  it  is  probable  theiie 
may  be  this  way  a  communication  with  Hudfon's  ^aj, 
in  which  cafe  a  north  weft  pafTage  to  the  Eaft  Indies  wiU 
be  found  through  feas  lefs  tempeftuous  than  thofe  which 
have  been  already  attempted.  They  vifited  above  fifty 
of  the  iflands  in  this  vaft  Archipelago,;  found  them  in- 
habited, and  the  natives  friendly  and  well  difpofed  for 
coTtimerce.  .  ^  ; 

-The  Pelew  iflands,  tlioUzh  probably  known  to  the 
Spaniards  at  a  dijftant  peiiod,  yet  it  appears  there.  wa$ 
no  communicaticm  between  them  and  Europeans,  till,  in 
2783,  the  .Antelope  (a  packet  belonging  to  the  Britiih 


9S^ 


NEW.  »DISG0VERrE&, 


Eail  India  Company )  was  wrecked  upon  ihem.  The  ac- 
count of  the  cuftoms  and  nianners  of  tbi  friendly,  inhabi- 
tants has  been  publiHied,  written  in  a.  very  interefting 
ftyle,  by  George  Keate,  Efq.  who  had  'the  particulars 
from  tliecoftimander  of  the  packet,  Capt.  Wilfon. 
Thefe  iflands  are  fituated  between  5  and  9  deg»  N.  lat. 
and  bp^^een  180  and  136  deg.  E.  Ion.  They  are  long 
and  r  irow,  of  a  moderate  height,  and.well  covered  with 
Tvpod  J  the  climate  temperate  and  agreeable,  and  the 
lands  produce  fugar  canes,  yams,  cocoa  nuts,  plair.ja^.ns-, 
bannanas,  oranges,  and  lemons,  and  the.  fsas  abound 
with  excellent  filh  ;  but  they  produce  nothinc  to  excke 
the  cupidity  of  European  avarice  ;  no  gold,  fih'cr,  pearls, 
or  gems  ;  it  is  probablt,  therefore,  that  the  iinfophifticat- 
ed  children  of  natute  who  inhabit  them,  will  .be  permit- 
ted to  temaJn  undifturbed  in  their  native  iflands.  They 
are  friendly,  hofpitable^  and  amiable  in  their  .manner  j. 
Captain  Wilfon  and  his  people  were  treated  with  a  broth- 
erly kindnefs,  that  did  honour  to  humanity.  When  they 
took  their  departure,  the  king  of  the  iflaid  entruded.them 
with  the  care  iof  his  fon,  that  he  mi^ht  have  an  opportu- 
nity of  learning  the  Engllfh  language,  cuftoms,  and  man- 
tiers.  This  amiable  piince,  whofe  name  was  Le  Boo, 
was  a  youth  of  moft  promifmg  difpofition  and  abilities, 
unfortunately  fell  a  vi<5tim  to  the* fmall  pox,  a.  few  months 
after  his  arrival  in  London, 

The  Marquef IS  iflt^nds  are  S  in  number.  Thci?  fitua- 
tjibn  was,  afcertained  by  Capt.  Cook,  in  1774'.  They  lie 
in  |0'  deg.  S.  lat.  and  140  deg.  E.  Ion.  The  largeft 
k  10  ie-igues   in   circuit.     The   inhabitants,  language, 

fianners,  and  productions  are  nearly  the  fame   as  the 
q'^iety  ifles. 

Otahiete,  or  King  George*s  ifland,  was  difcovered  by 
Capt.  Wallis,  19th  June,  1767.  It  lies  in  17  deg.. S. 
lat.  and  l^Ddeg.  W.  Ion.  It  confifts  of  two  .peninfu- 
las,  'joined  by  an  iUhmus,  in  a  circular  form.  It  is  fur>- 
r9unded  by  a  reef  cf  coral   rocks,  which  form  feveral 

rd  harbours.  Towards  the  fea  the  land  is -low, 'but 
middle  of  each  penivilula  rifes  in  aiAountaiii,  which 
Tjtiay  be  feen  at  60  ctegrees  diftance.  Captain  Cook  vifit* 
ed  this  iiland  in  176j9.     Otahiete  is  hi  general  pfipulous ; 


NEW  DISCOVERIES. 


25S 


tlie  inhabitants  are  of  a  clear  olive  complexion  ;  the  worn* 
^n  handfome ;  both  fexes  remarkable  for  their  ckanli* 
*iefs.    The  foil  is  commonly  fertile. 

Society  iflands,  difcovered  by  Captain  Cook,  1769. 
They  are  6  in  ntimber,  lying  in  16  deg.  S.  lat.  and  150 
W.  Ion.  The  inhabitants  of  thefe  are  larger  made  than 
thofo  of  Otahiete,  but  indolent  to  an  aftoniihing  degree, 
jn  dre5i,  languas^e,  and  manners,  the  fame  ;  as  alfo  arc 
the  produAions  of  theeartii. 

Oheteroa,  in  28  dtsj.  S.  lat.  and  15  deg.  W*  Ion.  is  13 
miles  in  circuit-     It  is  neither  fo  populous  or  fruitful  as 
the  other  iflands  in  thefe  feas.    The  inhabitants  are  of  a 
.'arker  fhade  than  thofe  of  Otahiete. 

Friendly  iflands,  vifited  by  Captain  Cook,  1773,  and  fo 
named  by  him,  on  account  of  the  courteous,  friendly   be*- 
haviour  of  the  inhabitants.     They  were  firfl:  difcovered 
in    1643,  by  one   Abel  Tafman.    They  lie  in  about  19 
deg.  S.  lat.  and  175  deg.  W.  loti.    Thefe  iflands  are  in- 
habited by  Indians,  who  cultivate  the  earth  with  great 
induftry.     The  face  of  the  iflands   ij   beautiful,  viewed 
from  the  iea  ;  verdant,  diverfified  by  gentle  rifes,  flopes 
covered  with  groves   of  foreft   and   fruit  trees,  among 
which  appear  interiperfed  the  habitations  of  the  natives. 
■  New  Zealand,  difcovered  by  Tafman,  the  Dutch  navi- 
gator, in  164f2,  was  fuppcfed  to  be  apart  of  the  fouth*. 
cm  continent,  till  Captain  Cook  failing  entirely  round  it> 
found  it  to  confift  of  2  large, iflands,  feparated  by  a  ftrait 
of  4  or  5  leagues  broad.     They  lie  between  34  a;nd   48 
deg.  S<  lat.  and   166  and   180  deg.    Ei  Ion.     One  of 
thefe  iflands  is  barren  and  thinly   inhabited  ;   the  other 
v.-earsia  better  appearance.     The  inhauicants  are  ft:out 
^nd  robufl:  ;  their  complexions  brown,  and  features  hand- 
fome. 

New  Hebrides,  the  name  given  by  Caj^tain  Coolc  to  a 
clafttr  of  iflands,  lying  between  14  and  20  deg.  S.  Ia6.' 
and  166  and  170  deg.  E.  Ion.  Not  far  difl:ant  from  thefe, 
a  little  to  the  fouth  weRward  of  them,  lies  New  Caledo- 
nia,  dircoverc'd  by  Captain  Cook  in  1774.  It  is  a  Ir.rgC 
ii]andB7  leagues  long,  but  its  breadth  is  not  c^nflder- 
nble ;  it  extends  from  J  9  to  22  deg.  S.  lat.  and  from  163 
*o  46-7  deg.  E.  Ion. 

X 


".H 


.>f' 


^5t 


NEW  DISCOVERIES. 


New  Holland,  the  largeft  ifland  in  the  world,  extends 
from  43  deg.  S.  lat.  to  within   10  deg.  of  the  equator, 
and  from  110  to  153  deg.  E.  Ion.  comprifing  in  all,  as 
jmiich  as  the  whole  continent  of  Europe.     The  eaftern 
.piirt,  called  New  South  Wales,  was  taken  poffeffion  of  in 
Iiis  Britanic  majefty's  name,  by  Captain  Cook.     It  now 
forms  a  part  of  the  Britifh   dominions,  a  colony    being 
fettled  '  ^ve  chiefly  for  the  reception  of  convifts  fentenced 
to  trai     ortation.      By   all   accounts   of  this  extenfive 
country^  which  have  yet  been  obtained,  we   cannot   find 
that  either  foil   or  climate   are   inviting;  the  former  is 
fteril  and  unproduftive  ;  the  latter  unpleafant,  and  un- 
healthy at  certain  periods  of  the  year.     The  coaft  is  fur- 
rounded  by  dangerous  rocks  and   fhoals,  which  render 
accefs  to  it  difficult,   and  only   to  be  attained  by  ikilful 
navigators.     The  fouthern  and  eaftern   parts    of  the 
illand  are     lore  acceffible.     The  celebrated'  navigator, 
Captain  Cook,  fpent  4  months  in  furveying  the  eaftern 
.coaft.     The  bay  in  which  he  anchored,  irom  the  variety 
of  herbs  and  plants  found   on   its  fhores,  was  called  Bot- 
any Bay.     This  was  the  place  to  which  convidts  were 
originally  deftined,  but  they  are  now  fettled  a^a  part  of 
the  ifland  about  15  miles   diftant,   named  by   Captain 
Cook,  Port  Jackfon  J   the  principal  fettlement  is  Sidney 
Cove.  • 

When  governor  Phillips  fii'ft  landed  on  the  (hores  of 
Botany  Bay,  the  natives  received  him  armed  ;  but  on 
feeing  the  governor  approach  with  figns  of  .friendfhip, 
alone  and  unarmed,  they  returned  his  confidence,  and 
laid  afide  their  hoftile  weapons.  They  were  entirely  de- 
void of  clothing,  yet  foemed  fond  of  ornaments,  putting 
the  beads  and  red  baize  given  them  en  their  beads  and 
necks,  with  Hgns  of  great  delight. 

The  climate  at  Sidney  Cove  is  better  than  on  the  other 
fide  of  the  ifland  ;  the  foil  is  light  and  rather  fandy,  and 
the  trees  knd  vegetables  introduced  by  the  new  fettlers 
thrive  exceedingly. 

New  Guinea,  till  the  late  difcoveries,  was  thought  to 
be  the  north  coaft  of  an  exteniive  continent,  and  joined 
to  New  Holland  ;  but  Captain  Cook  difcovered  a  ftrait 
between  them,  and  iiiiled  through  it,  thus  dilcovering  it 


NEW  DISCOVERIES. 


255 


to  ]be  a  long,  narrow  iiland,  extending  N.  E.  from- 
2  to  12  deg.  S.  lat.  and  from  131  to  150  deg.  E. 
Ion.  This  country  confifts  of  a  mixture  of  very  high 
hills  and  vallies,  interfperfed  with  groves  of  cocoa  nut 
trees.  New  Britain  lies  north  of  New  Guinea,  and  on 
the  north  of  this  latter  tfland,  and  feparated  from  it  by  a 
ftrait,  is  New  Ireland,  difcovered  by  Captain  Carteret,  in 
his  voyage  round  the  world  in  1767.  The  inhabitants  of 
thefe  iflands  are  bhick,  like  tiie  negrees  of  Guinea,  have 
woolly  hair,  but  neither  flat  uofes  r  •  thick  lips; 

in  he  years  1776,  1777,  1778,  and  177i>,t:aptainCoofc 
and  Captain  Clark,  in  the  Refolutionand  I)ifc«Jvery,fliips 
ofwar,  made  a  voyage  in  fearch  of  u.  north  weft  paii'agfr 
between  the  continents  of  Afia  and  America.  In  the 
courfe  of  this  voyage,  they  difcovered  two  iflands,  whiolv 
they  named  Prince  Edward^s  iflands,  the  largeft  in  46  deg. 
S.  lat.  and  37  deg.  E.  Ion.  the  other  in  the  lame  lat.  and 
38deg.£.  Ion.  both  barren  and  almoft  covered  with fnow. 
In  January,  1777,  they  arrived  at  the  Sandwich  iflands, 
which  are  12  in  number,  and  lie  between  18  and  22 
deg.  N.  lat.  and  150  and  16^  leg.  W.  Ion.  The  in- 
habitants  are  of  a  brown  olive  complexion.  Qn  the  7th 
of  February,  being  in  44  deg.  N.  lat.  and  235  deg.  E.  Ion. 
they  faw  part  of  the  American  continent ;  bearing  N.  E. 
they  afterwards  difcovered  King  George's  found,  fi*  ated 
on  the  N.  W.  coaft  of  America,  and  is  extenfive.  Jap- 
tain'Cook  anchored  in  49  deg.  N.  lat.  and  233  deg.  E. 
lon.i  They  found  the  inhabitants  below  the  middle  fize, 
and  of  a  copper  colour.  In  Auguft,  1778,  in  70  deg. 
S.  lat.  and  194  deg.  W.  Ion.  they  found  themfelves 
furrounded  by  ice,  and  finding  that  it  was  not  practicable 
to  purfue  1  ^vigation  any  further  iii  thefe  frozen  feas  ta 
any  ufeful  purpofe,  they  refolved  to  return,  when  in  their 
voyage  home,  touching  at  the  Sandwich  iflands,  that 
celebrated  and  abli  navigator.  Captain  James  Cookj  was 
killed   in  an  affray  by  the  natives  of  Owyhee. 

Perhaps  no  fcience  ever  received  greater  additions  from 
the  labours  of  a  (ingle  man,  than  geography  has  done 
from  thofe  of  Captain  Cook.  He  thrice  circumnavigated 
the  globe,  and  explored  the  utmoft  navigable  limits  of  the 
•cean.    During  long  and  fatiguing  voj^iges,  his  attentioiv 


use 


NEW  DISCOVERIES 


to  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  {hip*s  company  was  fnc^ 
as  will  tranfmit  his  name  to  pofterity»  not  only  as  a  ipleu- 
4i^  navigator,  and  ap  extenfively  ufeful  fervant  of  his 
country,  but  as  a  friend  of  humanity,  and  a  beneia<^or 
of  mankind. 

On  the  19th  of  April,  1791,  Cap tiin  Jofeph  Ingra. 
ham  of  the  brigantine  Hope,  of  Bofton,  New  England, 
difcovered  fiflands  lying- to  the  north  of  the  Marquefas. 
Moil  of  thefe  iflands  are  inhabited.  The  natives  refemble 
thofe  of  the  Marquefas,  and  appeared  friendly.  Not- 
withftanding  the  amazing  dilcoveries  of  navigators  fince 
thefirft  voyage  of  Columbus,  in  1492,  have  greatly  ex- 
tended the  fcience  of  geography,  there  ^  ft  ill  remain  fome 
countries  either  abfolutjely  unknown  or  very  luperficially 
furveyed.  In  Africa  vaft  tr^iifts  of  country  yet  remain 
unexplored.  Yet  difcoverdes  are  conftantly  making,  and 
it  is  more  than  probable  that  before  another  century  is 
completed,  mankind  will  become  perfeftly  acquainted 
with  many  countries  as  yet  fcarcely  know^.  except  by 
name.  Among  thefe  we  m»y  reckon  the  lands  r(>und 
the  north  pole,  back  from  the  coail  of  Labrador^  the  in- 
terior of  Guinea*  and  A?mazonia  and  Patag«mia^  on  the 
ibuthem  extremity  of  Arcerica,  difcavered,  by  Commo- 
dore Byron,  in  1764,  wlio  defcribcd  the  inhilbitants  to  b^ 
of  a  gigantic  ft ature.  *  v>'ti 

It  is  recommended  in  the  reading  this  woi^k,  that  Ae 
rout  purfiied  by  the  autihor  he  carefujly  traced  by ;  the 
pnpil  on  a  globe  or  a  -map,  in  which  courfe  they  iwill.be 
jiffifted  by  committing  the  following  ^(hoet  e3(e«cif<i>  to 
memory^  "  ■••    >    '  -/w  ^*^i    ■■;.;  ••'lii  .:i 


fV 


.   '      ■           I  ■  J 

^J     i.lJi!> 

:-.tii.j»dl  '.HI 

'•:im-tvt% 

<\-^   ./'i.. 

■i'liiidv^l^ 

■•  ._-^  rif.ii 

• ,  ^ 

.'     ■,-.••?» 

m 


Geographical  Exercifcr 


W. 


HAT  it  g«ogra|i'iyf  •  ^ 

Geography  is  a  knowledge  of  the  eart,K,  or  defcrlption  of  the  tcr- 
reifa-ial  globe,  particularly  the  mofl  known  and  habitable  part», 
utd  all  its  diir«reot  dtviTir- -M. 

At  wtMit  time  wat  the  ieience'of  geography  firft  ftudied  by  man- 
kind ? 

The  exadt  period  is  not  known,  but  it  is  generally  agreed  that 
the  Egyptians  or  Babylonians,  were  the  firfl  who  difleminated  this 
knowledge  ;  Vut  to  which  of  thefe  nations  we  may  afcribe  the  hon- 
our of  the  invention,  cannot  be  afcertained. 

Where  was  the  firfl:  book  written  upon  geography,  and  by 
whom? 

The  firft  treni^*  upoQ  the  fcience  of  geography  was  written  in 
.  Greece,  by  ^Thales  tfi^   Melilian.   It   was  he   who  firft  difcovcred 
the  pajQTage  of  the  fun  from  tropic  to  tropic,  and  divided  the  yeAr 
into  365  days. 

Did  n^ftttland  nuke  any  rapid  advances  in  this  fcien^e  in  thofc 
early"  dayS'? 

FrtHn  the  time  of  Thales,  who  lived  600  yeard  before  the  birth  of 
<  Cbnft*  imry  little  feeoM  to  have  been  done  towards  the   eftabUfli- 
^akenfe  of  geography,  until  Timocarus  and  Ariftullus,  two  Grecian 
.  piulofo(>£prSj>.  attempted  to  fix  the  latitude  and  longitude,  which 
kid  a  foundation  for  delineating  the  figure  of  the- earth  on  a  plane, 
termed  making  of  maps.  ^    , 

;,t'When'did  k^je^n  to-take  the  form  of  a  regular  fyftem  ?" 
'  '  Eratofthehes  wai  the  firft  who  attempted  to  reduce  it  to  fuch  a 
fyftem.    Tnthetiiae  of  Pompey  the  Great,  Pofidonius- made  an 
attempt  to  meafiire  the  circumference  of  the  earth.    But  the  fcience 
•f  geography  did  not  arrive  to  any  great  degree  of  perfection,  till- 
the  14th  or  15th  century  of  the  chriftian  era;  when  feveral  inge- 
iKous  Ev(rf>p«an  philofophersy  made  fuch  accurate  calculation^  t^at 
the  figure,  extent,  and  motion  of  the  planet  we  inhabit^  called  the 
eerth  opr  terreftriril  globe,  wsw  fully  afcertained. 
:     What  hab  cliiefly  contributed  tp  the  advancement  of  thisfdence  ? 

The  ftudy  of  aftronomy  and  the  art  of  navigation.  Men  having, 
ftom-ftudy  and  obfervation,  attained  to  a  clearer  knowledge  of  the^ 


258 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


cdeftUl  bodies,  their  diftance».  periods,  motions,  and  revoluiiont, 
were  better  abte  to  afcertain  the  exa«St  period  and  fpace  of  the- 
«arth*8  annual  and  diurnal  revolutions,  and  better  inflruments  having 
been  invented  for  contemplatinjj  the  planets,  fhcy  were  aflifted  to 
fix  with  more  certainty  the  degrees  of  longitude,  by  which  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  earth  is  meafured. 

But  how  has  navigation  aflifled  ? 

By  leading  bold  and  entt I  px'izinggeniufes  to  evofs  the  world  of 
waters,  and  explore  unknown  feas  and  lands.  It  was  the  art  of  navi- 
gallon  firfl  led  the  Portuguefe  into  the  fouthern  hemifphere,  and 
tempted  them  to  venture  within  the  region  of  the  torrid  zone  ;  it 
was  that  led  Bartholomew  Diaz  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and. 
opened  a  new  paflage  to  the  Indies. 

XVhat  otiier   advantages   have   arifcn   from  navigation  ? 

By  the  art  of  navigation  the  treafuresof  Peru  and  Mexico,  wcre- 
pourcd  into  the  lap  of  Europe ;  by  the  art  o£  navigation  the  great 
0(^}j^bus  faw  the  foVefts  of  this  fair  weftem  world,  rififag  as'it  were 
frotmhe  bofom  of  theocean;  by  that  art  Commerce  with  h«r«okifiant 
attenflants,indulUy  and  wealth,  bave  etched,  beautified,  and  popu- 
lated this  once  favage  quarter  of  the  globe  ;  and  as  the  children  of 
Ch:9  new  world,  have  encircled  her  with  the  bulwarks  of  independ- 
ence, and  pUnted  on  her  walls  the  baimers  of  freedonri,  by  the  art 
of  navigation  fliall  her  commerce  be  prote^dled,  its  -right*'  sorted,, 
^d  its  wrongs  avenged. 

But  how  hafrthis  been  of  fervice  to  the  fcience  of  geography  ?«•' 

By  extending  our  knowledge  of  the  furfac».of  -the  habitable 
(lobe,  it  has  tended  to  prove  beyond  a  doubt  its  fpherical  formj 
fince  Maggellan,  Anfon,  Drake,  Cook,  and-  nnuiy  others,  have  en- 
tirely circumnavigated  it. 

Are  there  nd  other  proofs  of  ks  fpherical  Or  globutftr  figure  ^ 

It  is  impoffible  to  doubt  of  its  rotundity,  if  we  obferve  a  veiftl 
filling  from  the  fliorc  into  the  ofling ;  firft  the  body  of  the  veflel  dif- 
appefurs,  then  lier  lower  fails,  and  at  laft  her  veiv  top  g^km^  mbAs 
itfe  hid  from  our  view  by  the-inter\'enin^  convexjt/  of  »Khle  wafW  ; 
this  convexity  is  vifxble  on  a  piece,  of  fliU  water  not- «K)s^  'tHufp,.. 
J  miles  ia  length.  .  .i    ■    ■  >■  bnr -.  (.i-rf 

How  may  it  be  perceived?  S       '       '    '  J 

Aperfon  ftanding  eretSt  on  the  waterV  edgO)  ttiay^'p^r^eive  a  lioat 
•r  any  other  objedt,  at  a  confiderahle  diftance  ;  but  let  him  bring  his 
eye  to  a  level  with  the  furface  of  the  water,  aud  he  witt  no  longer 
perceiv«  it ;  the  water  riling  in  a  curve,  oWeures  it  from  his  fij|ht. 
Another  pofitive  proof  that  the  world  is  round,«'thfe  form  of  its 
fhadow  when  falling  on  the  moon  at  the  timif  Of  *fl  ^Bpfo.  ^       f » 

But  would  not  the  mountains  nrfd  excavfatitmi,  -Ccr^ifMk  On  iLe 
furface  of  the  globe,  prevent  iti  beJng  a  diref^  fphere  t  '       i   -'i'*! 

As  the  diameter  of  the  globe  is  nearly  H8C0  niiles.vanditsjefc-. 
cumference  above  25,000,  a  mouritain  *i  miles  perpcnditttlar  heiglit, 
would  be  as  little  perceptible  as  a  ^ain  of  du(V  on  the'  artificiafc 
rlobe,  and  a»  tittle  disfigure  It ;  and  AVe  i>oor  mohair,  who  l<J«k  ^vgfcn 


Gg(>iGrRAPHICAL  'EXit^RqfSE.  9$9 


fuch  a  mountain  as  almod  inacceflible,  m^y  be  compared  tn 
c^h*;mqra,  labouring  over  a  fmall  protuberance  on  tU«  outiidc  of  a 
melon. 

On  what  \%  the  earth  fixed  ? 

It  is  not  fixed  on  any  thiag  ;  but  bangs  in  the  vaA  exp.mCr  oif  ethcr^ 
U)ce  the  other  planets.  ,       , 

,  Jl^jOef  it  moire,  or  is  it  ftatlonary  ?  ,  ,  .  v    • 

It  h4a  two  motidos,  one  round  die  Tmiv  .which  it  performs  in  a 
year,  this  is  .ca^I«d  its  annual  revolution,  and  one  oa  its  own  axis 
whicKit  performs  in  24  hours,  which  is  called  its  diurnal  motion. 
The  fun  is  the  only  planet  which  isftationary,  all  theotUers  revolve 
round  it.  '1  he  annual  motion  of  the  earth  ucc^uns  tlte  cliange  of 
fcafonsj  the  diurnal  mptiou  day  and  ni{>ht. 

Of  what  does  the  ^lobe,  or  plauct  we  Inliabit,  coiiOft  f  ,:,  , 

Qf  land  and  water -,  tl>efe   are  divided  into  le^ier  parts,  tlic   ^atcr 
is  divided  int.)  oceans, . ie^s,  bays,  gulf*,,  ftr^uts,   fakesj  rivers,  '^nd 
creeks.    The  land  into  continents,  pciii/ifuini^'iilUrauCoit  prbgigy- 
tQri«9,.i^ods,  (hores  oD,cuafts.  .  .-^ 

How  may  thefe  ditFereut  parts  be  jqiown  ? 

A  continent  is  a  IfU-^e  tradt  of  l.^ud   apt  divided   by  water^as 
Europe  and  Afia.  A  peninfiUa  is  a  trail  of  land  entirely  furrounded 
by  water,  all  but  pne  narrow  neck,  which  is  called  an  iui'unus.  T^jus 
the  town,  of >  Bc^c^i^ands  on  a  peninfula,and  the  nec^  which  joiAs^ 
k  to  Koxbury  i$  an  ^hn^i^,    A  cape  pr  promontory   is  a  h^gh.part'^* 
of  land  which  fluoots  intd  the  fea  and  fconns  Lo  terminate  ii)  a  poij;^, 
^,Cape  Verd  -4pid,th^,^;af>e  cf  Good  Hope  in  Africa,  Ope  lijit- 
teras  at  the  entrance  of  the  Dela^ware  bavi  and  Cape  Henry,,at  the 
entrance  of  the  Chefapeak  bay,  in  the   United  States  uf  America. 
An  pcean  is  that  general  coUecftioQ  of  water  which   (urrounds  the 
wliole  earth,  a  £ea  is  ^  part  of  the, pcean,  through  wiuch   we   mufb 
eiitef  hyfome  (Irait,  as  the  Mediterranean  and  Baltic  feas.  A ib-ait  is 
.a  ivirfow   paiTage   opeining  a_  way  into   fome   fqa.     A  gulf  rutis 
gon^fiderabiy  into  the  land,  and  is  aImo(l   furroi^nded  by   it,   ast  the 
Qulf  of  Mexico,    A  bay  is  fmaller  and   does  not  run  £o  far  into 
|;l^e,lan<^,    A  l^dc/^is  a^uantity.  of  water   entirely   farpounded  by 
land.  A  river  is  a  fbeam  of  water  flowing  from  the  higher  pai^s  of., 
the  land  into  thefea.    There  is  a  gfreat  fiitiilarity   between   the  di- 
vii^pnapf  land  and  wAtor.    An  ocean  rofeinbles  a  continent,  a  jfea  a 
;  peninfulA>  a  flrait  ^n  iflhmus,  a  lake  an   ifland,  &c. 

Which  is  the  he(k  way  to  attain  a  juO  idea  of  the  globe  of  the  earth? 

.By  (Vadying the  artincial  globe,  which  is  a  round  body  formed  by 
^1^,  on  wlu2£e.  fur faoe  tt^  outward  pasts  of  earth  and  fea  are  delioeA-  • 
}, ,t^„.^i4  placed  in^  th^r  patural  order  and  lituation. 

What  are  the  pngeipal  things  tq  be  explained  in  order  to  under- 
ftand  the  globe  ? 

)  «>](&«fii;i|;thiQg(o  be  cooAd^F^d^  ate  its  axis  and  its  poles  ;<  the 
jii|i»J}eing  a  ftraight  line  pajQl^g   tlirough   the   centre  of  ithe  earth, 
,«tq.  which  the  whole  frame  thereof,  is  fuppofed  I'd  revolve  ;    this  line 
.  VH9nly  imaginary  in  the  oatural  globe,  but  in  the  artifici^  one  •>»« 


'm         GEiCRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


exprefTed  by  the  wire  on  which  it  really  turn*.  The  polei  sre  the 
two  ends  or  extremities  of  the  axis,  one  of  which  is  called  the  north 
or  arctic  pole,  the  nther  the  fouth  or  antarctic ;  they  arc  called  pote» 
from  the  Greek  word  fignifying  to  turn. 

Are  there  not  many  circles  on  the  globe  ? 

In  order  to  deternune  accura,tely  the  relative  fituationi  of  the 
places  upon  the  earth,,  and  for  otlier  purpofes,  the  globe  is  l'urround< 
ed  by  many  imaginary  circlet,  the  principal  of  which  ar^  the  6 
larger  and  4  ttifer ;  the  larger  are  the  equator,  the  ecliptic,  the  me- 
ridian, the  horifon,  and  the  two  colures  ;  th^  4  leifer  are  the  two 
tropics  and  two  polar  circles.  :• 

What  is  the  equator  f 

The  grea^  circle  which  divides  the  globe  into  two  equal  parts, 
called  the  northern  and  fouthern  heniilpheresi  It  is  alfo  fumetimes 
called  the  equinodtial  line,  becaufe  when  the  fun  is  in  this  circfe  it 
makes  equal  days  and  nightiall  over,  the  world. 

What  is  the  ecliptic  ?  '"  "   ' 

The  great  circle  which  cuts  thp  equator  obliquely,  and  rieptefcnts 
the  apparent  annual  path  of  the  fun  through  the  heavens,  it  de- 
clines S3  degrees  and  a  half  north  of  th«  equator,  and  as  many 
fouth,  for  fo  for  the  fun  goes  fbuth  of  the  equator  in  our  winter,  and 
lb  many  north  in  our  fummer.  The  ecliptic  is  divided  into  12 
parts  called  figns,  the  namtr  of  thefe  tigns  are,  Ariet  *Y*',  Taurus  H  , 
GiBmiAi:  n ,  Cancer  fls,  Leo  Si^  ^'""f®  ^'  Libra  tOs,  Scorpio  V(\, 
'Sagitarius  /,•  Capricornus  V^,Aqndnu8  ^,  PiAres  K-  Thefe  ligns 
trt  by  aiftrenomers,  deiignated  and  known  by  the  foregoing  greek 
charaoters,  in  every  part  of  the  world. 

What  is  the  meridian  ? 

A  great  circle  paillng  through  the  poles  of  the  earth,  and  divid- 
kig  it  into  eaAem  and  wefVem  hemifpheres;  thofe  femi  circles  which 
terminate  at  the  poles,  are  aU  meridians  of  long;itude,  and  always 
correfpond  with  that  part  of  the-  heavens  wher^  the  fun  is  at  no<m. 
Thefe  meridians  are  drawn  through  every  15  degrees  of  the  equator, 
thereby  marking  the  diftances  of  places  from  each  other,  either  ea(V 
•r  weft>  The  word  meridian,  is  dierived  from  nirrides,  which  fig- 
oifies  noon  day. 

What  is  the  horizon  ? 

Thegreat  circle  which  palHng  entfrely  mimd  the  earth,divides  it 
into  upper  and  lower  henufpheres ;  this  is  called  the  rational  hori- 
zon, becaufe  though,  our  minds  are  capacious  enough  to  compre- 
hend a  horizon  encompaffing  the  whole  world,  yet  our  limited 
'  optical  fenfe  cannor  reach  a  himdredth  part  of-  it  ;  there  is  there- 
tore  a  fenfible  or  vifible  horizon,  which  feems  to  ck^e  the  element 
'  around  ua,  and  terminate  our  view  on  every  fide. 

What  are  the.  two  colures  ? 

1'he  two  great  poles  or  mn-idians  paiBng  throuf^  the  pele*  of' 
die  earth,  one  pafliiig  through  the  CT|uino6Hal  potnta  6f  Aries  aiNl 
Libra,  making  fpring  and  autumn,  i»  called  the  equihoi^al  cohire, 
the  other  through  the  folftitial  points  of  Caneer  and  CapricocOt> 
xog^fumoier  and  winter,  is  called  the.fvUUtial  colure^ 


GEOORATHICAL  EX£JICISE- 


261 


Defer ibe  the  i  lefler  cirdlct  t  >  ■' 

The  twu  trupict,  which  ure  circlM,  one  in  the  northern  and  th« 
other  in  the  I'outhcm  Uetuirplierc,  each  'Jii  ilej^rue*  and  a  hHit  from 
the  eijuator  ;  tiiu  one  in  ttiu  north  i»  •  ciilte<l  tiie  (popic  of  Ctuicer, 
that  in  the  fouth  the  tropic  of  Capfiuoni,  ly.criuic  at  thofo  tl]^i>  the 
ecliptic  touches  the  tropicul'circlub,  and  ilixt  >b  ilic  extent  of  theUm'e 
decUuatiou  eiiiit-r  north  o.  lumh,  for  when  it  touchcie'tlirr  tropic 
it  turns  back  ou  ito  anuuul  journey  to  vilit  the  ot!>Lr  hcnii/phere. 

But  if  as  you  laid  lite  lua  it  a  fixed  body,  how  chu  ii  make  a 
journey  round  tlie  eurth  f 

This  is  merely  a  ligurative  cxprcflion,  becauic  the  fun's  rays  fall- 
ing dircfftly  on  that  [Kirc  wiiich  we  call  the  7»diac,  aa  tne  earth 
diakes  its  annual  revolution  round  tliat  gieat  luminary,  wc  fay  it  is 
the  fun's  patli,  imktd  itis  thu  imth  where  iiia  rays  taJlwith  ^rcateti; 
force,  and  where  they  are  fomutitnes  vertical.  In  «ll  othiir  parts  of 
the  globe  itis  rays  fall  oltjiqucly.  We  fay  the  fun  rites  and  the  fun 
fets,  but  wc  mean  nothing  more  than  that  tItediiirnHl  i.Jtfon  of  tho 
earth  has  brought  hit  glorious  beams  withiti  our  viliblu  horizon,  ,or 
iliut  them  front  our  limited  view. 

You  have  mentioned  but  two  of  tho  ledcr  circlet  ? 

The  other  two  are  the  pohr  circlet,  whicli  circumscribe  tho  poiee 
of  the  earth  ;  that  of  the 'north  is  called  the  arctic  circle,  that  of  tM 
fouth  the  antardlic.  The  regions  furrovintlinfT  tho  narth  pole  art 
nwch  better  known  than'thofc  round  the  ioutlt.  Indeed- the  ■.<■ 
tariSlic  regiont  feeai  ^almoft  inJKKei&blo,  hoing  furrouit^ed  bya  vat« 
'vxpanfe  olioey  oriroien  fea.  Captain^ Cook rin^tW  yettr  1774,  ad. 
vanced  within  'JO  degrees  of  the  fouih  pole  ;  but  found  no  laodjUOr 
would  the  ice  permit  him  to  proceed  any  further. 

Do  you  under Aoadiit^e  jt  meiint  by  the  tork-id,  temperate,  and 
frigid  zones  i 

The  equator,  the  tropica,  and  the  polar  cirtlet,  divide  the  -earth 
into  five  part^ithefe  are>«tilled  aones^i  that  lying  (^etwtenthe^FOpkt^ 
'it  the' torrid  «oii«,if^oi]i  tJie  "tropics  to  the  (lolar  ciriclet  are  <lhe 
northern  and  fouCheKi'tWtipevatecuiiet,  and  from- the  ^OkUr  <oirclM 
to  the  poles  are  the  frigid  zones. 

What  is  the   meaning  of  t^'wol^t  nadir  and  zenitli  ? 

Nadir  means  the  point  immediately  under  our  fe .  .  or   the   lower 
point ;  eenitlithat  in^ettiakwlf  over  oUf  ^  hea(dis,<ir  ."^    iigh«f|iil(lint. 
'•;  WlHtt  it  latitude  ?  • 

V '"The  diftance  fromr  the  e^nator  td  thif  polct,  either  north  or 
ilKitftH 'Xknd  no  place  can  have  more  than  do  de^;  ees  of  latitude,  that 
being  the  diftanee  of  the  poles  fpdm  the  -  eq  latOr,  and  any  place 
lying  fo  many  degrees  from  that  great  circle, is  Ikid  to  be  in  fuch  a 
degree  of  north  or  fouth  latirwdeferifcry  degree  is  60  geographic 
miles,  that  is  69  miles  and  an  half  common  mesfure. 

'ivhbit  io*i)?jftid6'r-  ''■■''       ■  ■■'■•■ 

The  circttrttffertftce  bf  the  globe,  meaftnred  entirely  round  from 
■^Wftilo  e«fl:,' and' from  eaft  to  weft.  The  earth  is  SCO  degrees  in 
eire><infciy»i<}e>-but  jtt  we  alwayt*  reckon  from  fome   particular  ^me* 


V' 


\ 


362 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


ridian,  no  place  can  lay  more  than  180  degrees  from  another,  and 
N  fsud  to  be  in  ead  or  weft  Idngitude.  The  Englifli  make  their 
meridian  pafs  through  London  ;  the  Dutch  make  the  peak  of 
TeneriiT  their  firft  meridian,  the  Prench  the  idand  of  Ferro,  and 
the  /Vmericans  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  But  the  meridian  of  Lon« 
tfoOfis  very  generally  uf(^  by  geographers  and  navigators  of  all 
nations.  The  degrees  of  latitude  are  the  fame  all  over  the  world, 
but  the  degrees  of  longitude  leffen  as  they  approach  the  poles,  fo 
that  though  on  the  equator  a  degree  of  •longitude  is  nearly  CO 
milflis,  at  the  tropical  circles  it  is  only  51  ;  in  50  degrees  of  iatiude 
it  isf;is,  and  fo  on  dimini(hing  till  it  is  loil  at  the  poles. 

Irthere  no  other  divifion  of  the  earth's  furface  ? 
.  There  is  another  divifion  of  the  earth  into  climates,  there  are  SO 
climates  between  the  equator  .ind  either  pole.;  in  the  firft  24  the 
days  increafe  by  half  hours,  in  the  remaining  6  between  the  polar 
circles  and  the  poles,  they  increafe  by  months.  The  world  is  di- 
vided into  4"quarterft,-£urope,  Alia,  Africa,  and  America. 
Which  is  the. fir  A  quarter  I  '  \- 

Europe,  bounded  north  by  the  frozen  ocean,  fouth^  6y  the  Medi- 
terranean fea,  eaftby  the  contiikent  of  Aiia,  weft  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  It  is  dOOO  miles  long  from  North  Cape  in  Norway  to  Cape 
Mapatan  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  95QQ  fr<Nn  Cape  St.  Vincents^ 
to  the.  mouth  of  the  river  Obi  in  Mufcoy.  It.  derives  its  fuperiority 
Irom  the  potency  of  its  ftates,  the  fertility  of  its  foil,  the  number, 
|»eauty  4nd  excellent  polity  of  its  citizens.  It  extends  from  36  to 
7S  iSeg.  N.  Ut  aod  fr0m  10:deg.  W.  to  ^5  deg.  of  £.  lob.  from  Lon- 

}r  ,        BAST  AND  WEST  GREENLAND. 

Thefe  are  tltef  moft  northerly  parts  of  Europe.  The  climate  is 
i^ril,  cold,,«m4  inhofpitable.  The  inhabitsiinti  in  a  moft  uncivilized 
ftate»  Uving.in  huis  <  Judf  funk  under  the.  g^ound'^  and  feeding,  on  fifh 
amd  yi»;Aeih  of  marine  animals,  and  the  rcm.deet*.  .    i 


ICELAND. 


'.■■"■.IVH?:'! 


.  This  i«-aUb  ft:  barren  ifland}  encompi)Q*cd  bj  immenfe  bodies  of 
ice,  and  producing  fcarcely  food  for  its  inhabitants.  They  have  no 
trade,  but  fpend  their  timt  injhunting  and  fiihing,  and  are  very 
dexterous^in  catching  and  kiUing  feals.  Thefe,  together  with  the 
F»ro   iflands,  belong  to  the  fovereiignty  of  Denmark. 


(/■y 


NORWAY. 


This  country  is  almoft  a  perfetffc  wildemcfs,  eacttmbcrcd  withT 
inacceffiUe  rocks  and  mountains.  In  moft  part  the  weMhcr  coatinuet 
8  months.  Their  chief  wealth  ccmfifb  in  immtnfe  fbrefb,  which  fu»> 
nifti  foreigners  with  boards  and  beams.    They  iiavc  ibiat  good 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


263 


qaarnes  of  marble.  The  magnet  and  afbedot  are  both  natives  of 
Nonva^.  1  he  chief  towns  are,  Bergen  and  Dronthiem  on  the  north 
fea,  and  Frederrcflial*  at  the  fiege  of  which  the  famous  Charles  XIL 
of  Sweden  was  killed.  Norway  is  900  miles  long,  and  240  brood, 
l^ing  between  57  imd  72  dcg.  N.  lat. 

:;; .    ■,,  •     ■ ..,.    ' 
DENMARK. 

Denmark  lies  on  the  north  of  Germany,  and  confifts  of  the  penin« 
Tula  of  Jutland,  and  8  iflands  in  the  Baltic  Sea.  <  It  is  divided  ihto 
north  and  fouth';  the  north  retains  the  name  of  Jutland,  and  the 
fouth  is  called  the  Dutchy  of  Slefwick.  Copenhagen,  the' capital  of 
Denmark,  is  a  large,  rich,  well  fortified  town.  There  is  fcarcely  a 
river  navigable  to  a  (hip  of  burthen,  in  the  whole  country.  Den- 
mark is  340  miles  kmg,  and  1 1 4  broad,  lying  between  54  and  58 
deg.N.  lat. 

SWEDEN. 


rf,0»li-, 


Sweden  almoft  encompafles  the  Baltic  Sea.  It  is  divided  into  5 
large  provinces,  Sweden  Proper,  Gothland,  Norland,  Finland,  and 
Lapland.  Stockholm  is  the  capital  of  Sweden ;  many  of  the  houfes 
are  covered  wi>ii  popper,  and  there  is  a  famoHs  arfenai  in  the  city. 
Stockholm  is  built  on  6  fmall  iflands,  joined  together  by  wooden 
bridges.  It  is  a  cold  coiuntry,  incumbered  with  barren  rocks  and 
mountains.  But  little  com  gprows  there.  It  is  800  miles  long,  and 
500  broad,  lying  between  S6  and  6d  deg.  N.  lati  ■  ^ 

/  LAPLAND. 

The  whole  of  La^Jand  as  far  as  it  is  known,  from  North  Cape,  71 
deg.  N.  lat.  to  the  White  Sea,  under  the  ardlic  circle.  Part  of  Lap- 
land belongs  to  the  Danes,  part  to  the  Swedes,  and  fome  part  to  the 
Ruffians.  The  winters  here  are  fo  cold  that  it  fometimes  happens 
that  the  cup  will  freeze  to  the  lips  in  attempting  to  drink.  It  is  a 
dark,  dreary,  miferable  country  ;  but  there  are  gold  and  filver  mines, 
and  chryftaJs,  topazes,  and  amcthyfls  are  found  here.  I'he  rein  deer 
is  a  native  of  Lapland,  and  feenis  to  be  fent  by  Providence  to  folace 
the  inhabitahts  for  the  privation  of  the  other  comforts  of  Ufe.  Lap- 
land is  thinly  inhabited,  and  they  have  but  little  commerce. 

RUSSIA  IN  EUROPE. 

This  immenfe  Empire  ettends  from  47  to  72  deg.  N.  lat.  It  h 
divided  into  eleven  'governments.  Peterfburg  is  the  capital ;  it  was 
built  by  Peter  the  Great,  and  Is  feited  on  an  iilandat  the  bottom  of 
the  Gulf  ai  Finland.  There  is  a  canal  from  Peterlburg  to  Mofcow, 
the  former  eapital,  which  is  now  rather  falling  to  decay.  The  Ruf- 
fian emjpire  is  of  larger  extent,  than  all  the  European  ilates  together. 
The  part  we  arc  now  fpeaking  of  is  1000  mites  broad,  and  1500 


^ 


*^ 


m^ 


CEOGRArHlCAL  EXERCISE. 


3006 


long;  The  river  Wol^airlfes  In  RlxilSav  5i»^d  after  a  courfe  of 
miles,  difchargc*  itfelf  into  the  Caspian  hea.  Kv.ifia  is  a  flat)  level 
country,  in  the  northern  parts  cxtreprvi^ly  cold.  Its  prindpal  pro^ 
du£U  are,  fursy  leather,  fail  cloth,  hemp,  flax,  pitch,  tar,  Sec.  Rulfia 
^carries  on  a  commerce  overland,  by  ca|-avans,  to  China ;  and  to  Per- 
fia  acrofs  the  Cafpian  Sea. 

•  ..'H-: :  ' 
SCOTLAND  AND  ITS  ADJACENT  KI.ES. 

:,'i  Scotland  ^as  anciently  called  Cdedonia^  lies^cn  the  north  of  Eng- 
land^ from  which  it  is  feparated  by  the  ilverTviEeed.  It  is  divid^ 
into  highlands  and '  lowlands.  The  higlilands  are  fbparated  from 
the  lowlands  by  the  river  Tay.  Edinburgh  is  the  c:  pitaJ  of  Scot- 
land. The  cadle  of  Edinburgh  is  a  fine,  antique  fortrefs,  built  on  a 
high.hili  or  rock  that  overlooks  the  town,  and  commands. an  exten« 
five  profpedt  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  and  the  furrounding 'country. 
There  are  fome  remarkable  iflatids'iri  Scotland,  called  the  Orkneys, 
the  Hebrides,  and  the  Shetland  iflcs.  They  have  many  beautiful 
rivcirstand  lakes. } the  fineA  of  the  latter, as  LvhAx,  Lomoitdi  3Thcii' 
inanufacShifes  aird,  linen,  lawn,  and  a  peculiar  fine  kind  of  tabl^  lineit 
The  language  fpoken  by  the!  Highlanders,  is  called  erfe,and  is  near* 
iy  the  fame  as  that  fpoken  by.  thft  nativie  Irifli. 


y  » 


ENGLAND..  ,.i» 

Great  Britain  and  Irel&nd^  with  fcvetal  (jmaileriQaiK^s  in  the  wef- 
tern  ocean,  form  an  hercijitary  kingdom.     The  iiland  of  Buitain  is 
divided  into  England,  Scotland,  and itJie  principality  of  Wales.     Eng- 
land is  380  rhiles  longi  and  300  broad,  extending  from  50  to  fG  dog. 
N.  lat.     London  is  the  capital  of  all  England,  ^nd  'on  account  of  its 
population,  wealth,  and  commerce,  is  reckoned  the  firft  city  in  the 
world.     It  is  the  feat  of  government,  and  the  principal  refidence  of 
its  kings.    England  has  many  large  and  navigable  rivers,  the  princio. 
pal  of  which  are,  the  Thames j  th  3  Huniber,  the  Tyne,the  Trent,  and 
the  Tweed,  which  latter  divide.-iit  from  Scotland..    Ejigland  is  called 
the  ftorehoufe  of  the  Weftern  'W'orld.     Its  mamifa<flures  ■  are  nuinie- 
rous  and  arrived  at  the   higheft  pitch  of  extellence.     It  produces 
horijes,  cattle,  tin,  lead,  iron,  leather,  coals,  wool,  cloth,  ftufF,  butter, 
chetf?tbeer,  cvc.  &c.  in  great  abundance,  and  its  conunercc  extends 
to  every  quarter  of  the  habitable  globe. 


AVALES. 


,-»s 


Wales  is  fituated  on  the'weftern  fuk  6f  EnglAa|^4^>is  130  miles 
long,  and  96.  broad,  extending  from  5  If  to  54.  dAg.  ^^w^^iembroki 
is  the  bed  town  itt  Wales.  Milford  Haven  is  an-  eiitc^lpK^arbour, 
and  is  the  place  v/here  travellers  t^fke  pafTage  for  \^4|pM<^  ''^  ^^^' 
land.  .Wales  abounds  in  Uack  cattle,  and  goats.  It  is  very  rnoun*. 
tamous ;  tlie  jxcindpal  ittoantain.'i.  are^  Sbov/daa,  Pliniimmou,  and 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


2(55 


Penmanmawre.    Wales  Is  gov^ned  bv  the  king  and  parliament  of 
England. 

ISLE  OF  MAN. 

This  ifland  lies  between  England  and  Ireland,  in  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel. It  18  30  miles  long,  and  from  8  to  15  broad,  lying  in  54  deg.  N. 
lat.  The  air  is  wholefome,  the  foil  fruitful  in  wheat.  They  have 
great  variety  of  fifli,  flefh,  and  fowl.  Caftletown  is  the  metropolis  of 
this  ifland,  and  the  feat  of  government. 

ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  &c. 

This  ifland  is  fituated  oppofite  the  coaft  of  Hampfliire.  Its  great- 
fcft  length  is  23  miles,  its  breadth  13.  The  air  is  healthy,  and  the 
foil  remarkably  fertile.  Newport  is  the  capital.  The  ifland  is  fa- 
mous for  butter  and  poultry,  with  which  they  furniili  the  outward 
bound  fliipping. 

The  Scilly  iflet  are  a  clufter  of  dangerous  rocks,  lying  about  30 
miles  from  the  land's  end  in  Cornwall.  There  are  in  the  Britifh 
channel  4  iflands,  fubjetSt  to  England.  TheTe  are,  Jerfey,  Guernfey, 
Alderney,  and  Sark. 

IRELAND. 

The  ifland  of  Ireland  is  fituated  on  the  weft  fide  of  England,  be- 
tween 51  and  5S  deg.  N.  lat.  It  is  285  miles  long,  and  160  miles 
broad.  This  is  one  of  the  Britifh  ifles,  and  is  alfo  called  Hibernia. 
It  became  Annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  England,  A.  D.  1172,  when  . 
Henry  II.  conqueied  this  kingdom,  and  was  the  firft  who  aflumed  tho 
title  of  Lord  of  Ireland  Dublin,  the  capital  of  Ireland,  is  reckoned 
the  fecond  city  in  the  Eritifli  dominioDs.  It  is  the  feat  of  parlia- 
ment, and  the  courts  of  juftice.  Ireland  is  famous  for  its  manufactures 
of  linen,  and  a  beautiful  ftulT  compoi'cd  of  filk  and  worfted,  called 
tabmetts  and  poplins.  .  . 

FRANCE. 

France  is  one  of  the  fineft  countries  in  Europe.  It  contains  1 4 
provinces  ;  Picardy,  Normandy,  tlie  Ifle  Of  France,  Chrmipagnc,  Erit- 
tanny,  Cilcumois,  Lyinmois,  Burg'indy,  ('afcouy,  Languidoc,  Dau- 
phine,  and  Pruvcace.  Thefe  liave  lately  been  divided  into  83  'de- 
partments. It  58  GOO  miles  long,  and  500  broad.  Its  chief  produce  ' 
is  corn,  wine,  fait,  filk,  and  linen.  Pariii  is  the  capital.  The  princi-  ' 
pal  rivers  are  t!,e  R hoa-v  which  is  the  moft  rapid,  the  Garrorie,  which 
io  t!ie  moit  navii^abie,  tlie  3o:ins,  tiie  Sione,  and  the  Sonims.  There 
are  miny  i:npi>rtanl:  manufai>nres  in  France,  and  its  trade  is  very 
cxienfive.     It  lies  betn'-eon  42  and  51  dc;:.  N.  lat. 


NETHERLANDS. 


Thefe  were  formerly  called  Spaniili  pioviuces,  becnuic  they  wtYfc 
part  of  the  Spuaifli  dominions ;  but  iliey  now  beloag  to  the  i"r^v'»» 


..^^^ 


I 


sm 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


)9utch,  and  Auflrian^,  and  are  called  French,  Dutch,  or  AuArinit 
Flanders,  according  to  the  government  to  which  they  belong.  Thty 
are  200  miles  long,  and  200  broad,  and  lie  between  49  and  52  deg. 
N.  lat.  The  foil  is  r;ch,  the  climate  delightful  ;  the  manufadkures 
fine  lawn,  lace,  and  cambric.  The  celebrated  Reubens  and~Vandyke, 
l}«>th.e^cellent  portrait  painters^  were  natives  of  the  Netherlands. 

HOLLANP. 

HoHand  confifts  of  7  provinces,  called  the  United  Provinces. 
They  lie  oppofite  the  e;  flern  coaft  of  England,  at  the  diftance  of  on- 
ly 90  miles,  acrofa  he  Britifti  channel.  The  Dutch  are  the  moft 
commercial  people  in  the  world.  AmAerdam  is  their  capital,  a  fine 
v^ett  built  city,  remarkable  for  its  deanlinefs.  Holland  extends  from 
^1  to  54  deg.  K.  lat. 

GERMANY, 

The  empire  of  Germany  lies  along  the  German  Ocean  and  tht 
Baltic  fea.  U  is  6Q0  miles  long,  and  500  broad,  and  extends  from 
the  45th  to  the  55th  deg.  N.  lat.  The  climate  in  the  middle  parts 
is  j^eafant  and  l\,ealthy,  the  foD  fertile  ;  Vienna  is  the  capital,  and 
the  refidence  of  the  emperor.  The  Germans  are  remarkable  for 
their  extenfive  mechanical  genius,  and  in  particular  for  inventing 
that  fatal  infb-ument  the  gun.  They  are  alfo  faid  to  be  the  invent- 
«rs  of  gun  pow,der,  and  the  art  of  printing. 

PRUSSIA 

Is  a  fmall  lungdom  lying  on  the  Baltic  fea.  It  is  divided  into  Da- 
cal  Pruffia,  Polifh  Pruflia,  and  Pruflla  Royal.  Koningfburg  is  the 
capital  of  the  whole  kingdom,  a  large  and  beautiful  city,  feated  on 
the  river  Pregal,  over  which  it  has  feven  bridges.  It  is  1€0  miles 
long,  and  112  broad.    The  foil  is  fruitful,  and  the  forells  abound 

•  •mth  venifon  and  wild  fowls.  The  chief  articles  of  commerce  are 
timber,  naval  (lores,  amber,  linfeed*  hemp  feed,  wax,  and   honey. 

>  At  Pillaw  on  the  fea  coaftj  there  is  a  large  fturgeon  fifliery. 

BOHEMIA. 

This  is  a  very  fmall  kingdom,  bounded  oii  three  fides  by  Germany* 
and  by  Poland  on  the  eafi.  Prague  i$  the  capital  of  this  kingdom, 
feated  on  the  river  Mulda,  one  of  the  fineft  and  moft  magnificent 
cities  in  Europe,  famous  for  its  noble  bridge.  In  Olmutz,  a  fortified 
town  in  Moravia,  there  are  manufadhires  of  woollen,  iron,  glafs, 
paper»  and  gunpowder.  It  is  4178  miles  long,  and  322  broad,  lying 
between  48  and  52  deg.  N.  lat. 


HUNGARY. 


Hungary  is  a  ftill  fmaller  kin^rdom,  only  300  miles  long,  and  200 
■oad.    The  foil  is  extremely  fiertile  in  fome  places,  producing  the 


broad. 


.-*W(S,V'* 


iff^ 


„^.-,=i^.* 


u\. 


C'EOCftAPHlCAL  ttERCISE.  m 


•oft  eftecmed  grapes  in  EuropeT  hi  the  wood»  arc  bred  a  race  of 
horfes,  the  moft  hardv,  aClive,  and  i'pirited  in  the  world.  The  coun- 
try abounds  with  mines,  and  their  chief  exports  ate  metals,  dnigs, 
and  fait.  Prefburgh  on  the  Danube  is  the  capital  of  the  whote 
kingdom. 

POLAND.  } 

This  is  an  extenfive  kin^om,  700  miles  long,  and  6oO  broad,  e»* 
tending  from  the  4Cth  to  the  57th  deg.  N.  lat.  It  contains  fome  re< 
murkable  high  mountains,  called  Krapac  or  Carpathian;  they  nr* 
covered  with  everlafting  fnows,  which  have  been  known  to  fall  in 
the  midfl  of  I'ummer.  Poland  is  remarkable  for  a  Hii^-ular  produc- 
tion called  manna,  which  falls  with  the  dew  in  May  nnd  Juno,  ard 
tiie  iniiabitonts  ufe  it  for  food.  'Ihi  capital  city  is  Cracow,  waick^ 
kas  a  public  fi^uarc,  faid  to  be  the  largcli  in  £urop«. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Switzerland  lies  upon  the  A]pa,  between  Germany  and  France« 
and  is  the  higheft  fpot  of  ground  in  Europe.  It  i$  260  miles  long* 
and  1 00  broad,  lying  between  the  4€th  and  48th  deg.  N.  lat.  It 
contains  numerous  and  beautiful  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  ar» 
thofe  of  Geneva,  Conflrance,  Lucerne,  ZuricI;,  and  NeiifchateL  Tho 
thief  city  and  feat  of  government  is  Bern,  (landing  on  the  river  Aar, 
though  fiaiil  on  the  Rhine  is  by  fonie  accounted  the  capital  of  all 
Switzerland.  The  foil  and  climate  produce  every  thing  neceflanr  fof 
the  frugal  and  temperate,  but  nothing  to  invite  the  rapacious  mva- 
dier.  Their  trade  is  confiixed,  and  their  manufactures  chiiffly  crapi 
^d  linen. 

SFAm. 

Spain  is  niEiarly  furrounded  by  the  Ociean  aiid  Mediterranean  fea. 
It  is  TOO  mUes^  long,  and  500  broad;  Tlie  climat\e  is  efteemed  healthy. 
It«  capital  is  Madrid.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Ebro,  the  DourO« 
the  Tagus)  the  GAaditina,  and  the  Guaddquiver.  Spain  produces  til 
forrs  of  driiclons  fhiltsf,  plenty  of  c(«n,  and' excelleDt  wJaerpardikuM 
larly  ikt?k  atkl  iherry.  The  feas  ASstA  eMellent  filh^  in  pautieular 
anchovies.    It  extends  from  S6  to  44  deg.  N.  lat. 

PORTUGAiL. 

Tya*  is  the  moft  vrefterly  Idngdom  in  Europe^  it  was  ancientljf^ 
called  Lufitai^a.  It  is  S60  miles  long,  and  100  broad,  lying  between 
37  and  4<S  disg.  N.  lat.  The  country  afibrdi  good  wine,  olives,  oiw 
anges,  and  lemons,  but  doe*  not  produce  corn  enough  fw  its  inhab- 
itants. LiflMn  ui  the  cafntal,  lituated  on  the  river  Tagus.  It  it 
built  in  the  fSorAi  of  a  cr^fcent,  and  makes  a  fuperb  appearance 
from  the  river.  The  wine  cadled  Port,  is  the  produce  of  Portugal  )^ 
the  grape  froM  t^^h  it  is  made  i»  cultivatied  in  Opojr^oi 


™  km^ 


168 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


ITALY 

Ts  a  hrge  penlrtfula,  iliaped  like  a  boot,  waflied  on  three  fldes  by 
the  Mediterranean  fea.  and  feparated  fmm  France,  Switzerland,  and 
Germany  by  the  Alps.  It  is  600  miles  long,  and  400  broad,  extend- 
inir  from  the  SStlfto  the  47  th  deg.  N.  lat.  Rome  is  *  - 1  kontii  tho 
c:;  ital  of  J\  Italy,  bu'  fvery  fcveral  ftate,  whether  *  .npire  ov  rep  .;b- 
lic,  has  its  capital/  T  ';e  famous  burning  mountain,  Vef:  v'us,  is  near 
the  city  of  Naples,  whi.h  has  been  twice  buried  in  v  vind  oy  erup;.ion9 
of  flone,  fulphi  ,  and  Imrning  lava  from  t'  \t  volcano  M.  uii'  lit-  i] 
■a  is  alfu  in  Italy,  aboit  the  nu»?dle  of  tiK>  illand  of  Sicily,  whofe 
dreadful ertlp^ion8 have  dcfulatedwh  !<>  ftateii,  -ind  bi.<9d  thoufands 
and  tens  of  thoui'auds  at  tiuTerent  ijir*.  d  in  inibnrQnecuft  ruin.  Italy 
M  the  feat  jf  the  fine  nrts ;  ;rvific,pair<t  'ig,fcu]pture,  ardarchitedture 
have  arrived  there  to  a  Lijjiicr  ftate  of  excellence,  tli&n  ta  any  oiJ\e ; 
part  of  the  world.  V  ^  -  "^  • '''" 

TURKEY  IN  EUROP?!. 

This  'i9  ;>n  exterifjve  empire,  lying  betweei*  the  '?6th  a:M  49ii.  deg. 
K.  lat.  U  is  1000  miles  long,  md  900  broad.  Conftjiatmople  is  the 
rapital^  'C  'lann"^  <->n  the  -veftern  fliore  of  the  Eofphorus,  &nd  is  often 
called  '*  the  Porte,"  by  way  of  eminence.  The  nit>untain8  of  Turkey 
are  V'*ry  ce!c;  .  tted  ;  Mount  Athos,  through  which  Xerxes  cut  a 
canal  ;;o  acc^Uvratc  hi-  unfucceftful  expedition  into  Greece  ;  Mount 
PaT-naOue,  confecrated  to  the  mufes  ;  Mount  Olyiipus,  and  Pindus, 
eelebrated  in  Grecian  fable.  The  Ibil  of  Turkey  is  fruitful,  produ- 
cing com,  wine,  oil,  cbfl'ee,  rhubarb,  and  a  great  variety  of  plant* 
arrd  drugs.  The  climate  is  deJightful ;  but  Turkey  is  frequently  rav«. 
aged  by  the  plague,  that  frightful  fcourge  of  mankind  wherever  it 
takeii  place.  Turkey  contains  all  fot  ts  of  metals  and  minerals,  and 
its   marble  is  the  fineft  in  the  world. 

ISLANDS  BELONGING  TO  TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

Negropont,  the  ancient  Eube^,  about  00  miles  long,  and  50  broa4, 
where  the  Turkifli  gallies  lie. 

Candia,or  ancient  Crete,  200  miles  long,  and  60  broad,  in  whjch  it 
^  famous  Mount  Ida,  where  Jupiter  is  faid  to  have  been  educated. 

Cerigo,  or  Cytherea,  celebrated  for  haying  been  the  favourite  refi- 
dence  of  Venus.  , 

^gina,  where  money  was  firft  coined.  Lemoos,  famous  for  it» 
mineral  earth*  Tenedos,  oppofite  old  Troy.  Samos,  the  birth  place 
•f  the  celebrated  philofopher  Pythagoras.  Scio,or  Chios,  one  of  the 
feven  places  that  contended  for  the  birth  of  Homer.  Cyprus,  fa- 
mous only  for  its  rich  wines,  and  the  conf^tutioaal  lazinefs  of  its 
inhabitants.  Patmos,  where  St.  John  was  baniilied,  and  where  he- 
wrote  the  Apocalypfe.     Paros,  famous  for  marble. 

Rhodes,  at  the  mouth  of  whofe  harbour  ftood  the  famou»  ColoiTu* 
ofbrafs,  135  feet  liigh,  reckoned  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world.. 
The  Cydades  lie  in  a  cjircle  round  Delos,  celebrated  as  being  thts 
birtii  place  of.ApdUo  and  Diana.    Zuite,  famous  for  currant»» 


CEOCRAPHICAL  EXERCIS^.  269^ 


ASIA. 

Afia  is  fuperior  to  Europe  and  Africa  in  the  ext.^at  of  itn  terHtoriei, 
fe'etching  into  all  climates,  from  tlie  frozen  wilds  Of  Siberia,  wherfe 
the  hardy  inhabitants  are  drawn  in  Hedges  over  the  fnow,  to  the 
fuitry  regions  of  Siam  and  Pegu,  where,  feated  on  tlie  lofry  elephant, 
the  people  Shelter  thenifelves  from  the  fcorching  fun  by  the  fprcad- 
ing  umbrella.  Afia  extends  from  the  mofV  northern  point  of  Nova 
Zembla,  tc  the  (traits  of  Malacca  in  the  fouthern  hemifphere,  b«in|r 
from  the  80th  deg.  N.  to  the  10th  de,^.  S.  lat.  it  is  4710  milik 
long,  and  4600  broad.  This,  thoug;h  called  the  fecond,  is  the  mofl 
illuflrious  quarter  of  the  globe.  Here  the  drd  man  and  rvomaii  were 
created,  and  here  the  great  and  merciful  work  of  our  redemption  wa« 
accompUflied  by  our  blefTed  Saviour.  Mount  Arrarat  is  in  Alia,  on 
^hich  it  i3  thoughf  the  ark  of  Noah  refted  after  the  waters  of  th« 
deluge  fubildcd ;  here  alfo  is  Horeb,  where  MoJesiaw  the  burning 
bufli,  and  mount  Sinai,  where  the  Lord  delivered  the  ten  command" 
ments  to  Mofes.  I'here  are  various  forms  of  religion  profeiTed  ia 
Afia ;  ChriHiauity,  Mahometanifm,  and  the  mofl  blind  and  fuper(ti<> 
tious  idolatry. 

.    .       -  TURKEY  IN  ASIAi 

This  k  aliarge  empire,  IDOO  miles  long,  and  800  l^rpad,  lying  b»> 
t'Ween  the  28rh  and  45th  deg.  N.  lat.  Alleppo  is  the  capital  of  Afiat* 
ic  Turkey.  The  once  great  and  oppulent  city  of  Jcrufalem  is  now 
an  inconliderable  place,  little  more  than  a  heap  of  ruins.  Jerufalcra 
was  the  capital  of  Judea,  but  was  entirely  razed  to  the  ground  by 
Titus  the  Roman  general,  in  the  reign  of  the  £mperor  Vcfpatian,  70 
years  after  the  birth  of  Chrift.  Many  other  towns  and  cities,  men> 
tioned  in  the  facred  writings,  are  now  only  ruins.  The  beautiful  rut- 
ins of  tlie  city  of  Balbec  arc  in  Turkey  in  Ada. 

•  ^  TARTARY. 

Tartarjr  occupies  all  the  northern  regions  of  Afia,  RufSan  Tiri 
tary.or  Siberia,  which  is  an  immenf(^  tract,  flretching  along  the  b'ro- 
aen  Oceaut  quite  acrofs  Alia,  from  the  river  Don  t>r  T-einias  to  the 
Eaflern  Ocean.  Tartary  is  4000  miles  long  from  the  fea  of  Afaph  to 
Kamfkatka,  and  2400  broad.  Siberia  is  a  favage,  unpolllhed,  and 
almofl  unloiown  country;  the  people  live  in  miferible  huts;  the 
ground  i»  covered  with  mow  above  nine  months  in  the  year;  yet 
this  miferabie  country  is  the  place  to  which  thofe  unfortunate  Rufl- 
iians  arc  banifhed  Who  in  the  leaft  ofRnd  againfl  the  government^ 
Nay,  fo  defpotic  is  the  power  of  the  Czar  of  Mufcovv,  that  for  of- 
fences againfl'himlelf,  whether  real  or  imaginary,  Ke  can  tear  a 
lather  of  his  family  from  his  wife  and  children,  and  fend  hira  to  drag' 
ottt  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the  frozen  wilds  of  Siberia,  Cdze  oq. 
his  property,  and  leave  his  family  to  ftarve.  Kappy  natiort,  whci-e' 
MO  fvch  tyruBDy  can  be'  dreaded;  happy  Amerieajiui!,  whofe  hink- 

Y  3^ 


97«  GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 

dght  is  liberty !  oh  facred  be  the  conditution  which  fecures  thofe 
»ght8  ;  may  her  children,  ever  fenfible  of  the   bleflings  they  enjoy, 
«iert  every  nerve  to  defend  them.    The  capital  of  Uftec  'I'artary  i§  ■ 
Bocharia.    Thi*  immenfe  tra<5t  extjendt  from   the  SCth  to  the  78tk 
deg.  K.  lat. 

CHINA. 

Wt  know  fo  little  of  the  interior  of  Chinaj  that  it  it  impoflible  t« 
tfcertain  its  divifions.  It  is  faid  to  contain  feveral  thoufand  walled 
cities,  the  principal  of  which  are  Pekin,  Nankin,  and  Canton.  China 
is  remarkable  for  the  nianufa<i\ure  of  a  beautiful  kind  of  earthen 
ware,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  place  where  it  is  mado,  and  is 
in  higji  eftimation  in  every  civilized  country.  The  Chinefe  have 
built  a  wonderful  wall  to  defend  their  country  from  the  incurliony 
of  the  Tartars.^  It  is  on  a  circumference  of- 1500  miles,  riling  over 
mountains  and  defcending  into  vallies,  being  every  where  20  feet 
thick  and  30  high.  I'he  Chinefe  have  alfo  large  and  comntbdious 
canals.  1  he  empire  of  China  is  1 450  iniles  long,  and  1 260  broad,  ex> 
•ending  from  the  20th  to  the  4Jd  deg.  N.  lat. 

INDIA.  '.  . 

India  is  divided  i.Mo  thre ,  large  traAs ;  tlie  empire  of  the  Mogul,* 
generally  called  Indoftan  ;  the  weftern  peninfula  on  this  fidic  the 
Ganges,  and^  ih^  eaftern  peninfula  beyond  the  Ganges.  It  is  the. 
richeft  country  In  all  Alia,  and  takes  its  name  from  the  river  Indus. 
It  is  2500  miles  long,  and  i  000  miles  broad  from  the  northern  to  the 
ibuthern  point  of  thetwo  peninfulas.  It  lies  between  1  and  40  deg. 
N.  lat,  India  contains  numerous  fine  and  navigable  rivers.  The 
climate  differs  greatly  in  the  extremities  of  this  vaft .  empire,  the 
northern  provinces  being  cool  and  temperate,  while  the  foiithern 
ate  parched  with*  heat.  They  are  fubje<St  to  violent  ftorms  of  thun- 
der, lightning,  wind,  and  immenfe  large  hail.  When  the  wet  feafon 
fets  in,  it  becomes  fickly  among  the  natives,  and  fatally  unhealthy 
to  ftrangers.  Calcutta,  on  the  river  Hoogly,  Bengal,  are  Englifh  fet- 
tlements,  and  Malabar  on.  the  Malabar  coaft,.  are  placoa  of, great 
trade.  Golconda,  famous  for  diamond  mines,  and  Delhi,  the  capital , 
•f  the  great  Mogul's  empire,  are  in  InHoflan. 

PERSIA. 

The.  empire  of  Perfia  is  very  extenfive,  being  1300  miles  long,  and : 
1 JOO  broad,  extending  from  25  to  44  deg.  N.  lat-  No  country  of  fo  ^ 
{Treat  an  extent  has  fo  fe^v  navigable  rivers ;  the  only  confidcrable 
ones  are  the  Kur  and  the  Aras.  In  thofe  parts  of  Pei  fia,  which  ~ 
border  on  mount  Caucafus,.andtbe  mountains  near  the  Cafpian  fea, . 
the  air  is^  cold  and  piercing  ;  in  the  middle,  parts  it  is  ferene.pure, 
and  exhilerating  ;  but  in  the  fouthern  parts,  it  is  intenfely  hot,  and  . 
fabje<a  to  noxious  Wafts.  Perfia  produces  delicious  fruits.  The:? 
P^rfians  manufadlure  very  beautiful  carpetis,  and  fine  pearls  are«i 
lowk.itt  the  gulf  of  Jafoia.    Ifpah^n  jU  th«  capkal  of  «U  P»ii;.JU»» 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE; 


rf 


ARABIA. 


Arabia  is  divided  into  S  parts;  Arabia  the  rocky,  Arabia  the  def- 
•rt,  and  Arabia  the  happy.  It  is  I.'IOO  miles  long,  and  1200  broad, 
lyinjf  beiween  t\\e  12th  and  30th  deg.  N.  lat.  The  defert  of  Arabia 
are  imnienfe  plains  of  fand,  which,  when  agitated  by  the  wind,  roll 
like  the  troubled  ocean,  and  fometinies  form  mountains,  in  which 
whole  caravans  have  been  buried  and  loft  U'he  Arabian  horfes  are* 
very  beautiful.  Mecca  is  the  capital  of  Arubiu,  famous  for  havin{|^. 
been  the  birth  place  of  Mahomet.  Medina  is  the  place  of  his  buriaC 
The  produce  of  Arabia  the  happy,  is  myrrh,  frankincenle,  and  caiCar 
with  numerous  other  fragrant  fpices,  from  whence  arife  the  fayin^^ 
all  the  perfumes  of  Arabia. 

INDIAN  AND  ORIENTAL  IS1j\NDS. 

The  Japan  iflands,  fituated  eaft  of  Clnn;i,  and  lying  between  SO ' 
and  41  deg.  N.  lat.  chief  town  Jcddo.  The  inhabitants  are  famou*' 
for  a  kind  of  lacquered  ware,  called  Japan,  of  which  they  make  te;i' 
boards,  cabinets,  &c. 

Ladrone  idands,  chief  town  Guam,  in  14  deg.  N.  lat.  The  nativer* 
are  great  thieves.  Formofa  is  a  very  fine,  fertile  ifland,  belongfing  to* 
rtie  Chtnefe.'     The  PhiHppines,  300  miles  foutheaft  of  China,  of 
which  Manilla  is  the  cliief.    The  Moluccas  or  Clove  iflantis,  lying- 
between  I  deg.  N.  and  2  deg.  S.  lat.    They  h«ve  no  corn  here,  but 
the  inhabitants  eat  a   kind  of  bread  made  of  fa;jo.     The  Banda  or  • 
Nutmeg  iflands,  between  4  nnd  5  deg  S.  lat.  cliief  ifland  and  town  •£ 
this  group  is  Lantor.    Aniboyna,  betv/een  3  and  4  deg,  S.  lat.   •The 
ifland  of  Celebes  or  MaccafTar,  lies  urdcr  the  equator  i  chief  prcdudt* 
pepper  and  opium.     Gilolo  smd  Ceram,  2  other  fpice  iflanc's  lying- 
under  the  equator.    Sunda  iflauds,  of  whicli  Eorneo  is  ^helargeft,  rich* 
with  gold  and  diamonds,  producing  rice,  cotton,  pepper,  camphor, 
and  the  fineft  tropical  fruits,  chief  port,  BciiJ.ir  Mafl'een.  The  Ouran" 
Outan,is  a  native  of  this  iiland;  and  is  thought  of  all  irrational  crea- 
tures, to  refemhle  man  tlie  mofl:.     Sumatra  produces  fo  much  gold  : 
that  it  is  thought  to  b'e  the  Opliir  mentioned  in  the  fcriptures.  Ben- ' 
coolen  is  the  chief  port  in  this  ifland.    The  greateft  part  of  Java  be-  • 
l6ngs  to  the  Dutch,     Their  capital   is  Batavia.     The  Andaman  or* 
Nicobar.illeslie  in  the  bay  of  I'cngal.     Ceylon  on  the  coaft  of  Coro- 
mandel,  is  a  very  fine  and  rich  illand.    The  ivory  of  Ceylon  is  thought " 
preferable  to  all  others.     The  Maldives,  lyin;j  bet'.vecn  the  equator 
and  cape  Cemorin      The  cocoa  of  the  Maldives   is  thought  to  pof-^ 
fefs   very    medidnal   qualities.     The  Jeflb  ifles  lie  north  of  Japan/ 
The  Kurilc  ifles  are  not  much  known ;  tliey  lie   in-  th«  fea  which\ 
ftparatesi  the  fouthern  point  of  Kamfltatka  from  Japan. 

AFRICA..  '  ... 

This  is  the  third  quarter  of  the  globe,  and  is  a  large  peninfula  joins^ 
td.stQ.;h«  contiaect  ,of  AQa  by,  the  iAhmus  oi^  Suez,    Its  length  fro^i 


ftf 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


Cape  Bona  in  the' Mediterranean  in  37  deg.  N.  lat.  to  the  Cap«  %( 
Good  Moj|)e  in  34  deg.  H.  lat.  is  4300  miles,  and  its  breadth  from  Cape 
Verd,  the  mod  weAerk-  part  to  Cape  Guadaiui  near  the  ftraiti  of 
Babelmafldel,  3500.  The  principal  rivers  of  Africa  are  the  Nile,  the 
Niger,  the  Senegal, and  the  Gambia.  The  chiqf  mountains,  Atlas, the 
Mountains  of  the  Moon,  the  Sierra  Leone,  and  the  Peak  of  Teneriire. 
As  the  greateft  part  of  this  eztenfive  country  lies  between  the  trop- 
ics, and  the  heat  is  increak-d  by  the  refle<iliun  of  the  fun  fh>m  deferts 
of  buniiug  fand,  it  is  p.imoft  infupportable  to  Europeans.  lhein« 
habitants  are  quite  black.  Africa  produces  figs,  raiilns,  oranges,  lem- 
ons, citrons,  pomegranates,  olives,  dates,  fenna,  leather,  civit,  gold 
duft,  elephant's  teeth,  oArich  feathers,  pepper,  ambergrife,  &c.  &c. 

I'he  inland  country  abounds  with  tigers,  lions,  leopards,  panthers, 
rhinocerofes,  crocodiles, and  monkies.  The  native  princes  war  with 
each  other,  and  fell  their  captives  taken  in  battle  to  Europeans,  a 
barbarous, degrading  traffic.  '1  hat  an  unenlightened  favage  fhonld  fell 
A  fellow  creature,  over  whom  tl;e  fortune  of  war  has  given  him  pow- 
er, is  not  furpriixng ;  but  that  a  man,  whofe  mind  is  enlightened  by 
reafon  and  religion,  one  vrho  bears  the  facred  name  of  Cbrijiian^ 
ihould  encourage  the  horrid  trade,  and  grew  rich  by  tbe  purchafe 
and  fale  of  human  beings,  is  a  difgrace  to  humanity.  The  negro  on 
the  burning  fands^f  Africa,  was  born  as  free,  as  he  who  drew  his 
ftrfl  breath  is  America  or  Britain. 

BARBARY. 

Barbary  lies  on  the  coaft  of  the  Mediterranean.  Mcroccu  is  the 
capital  of  the  kingdom,  but  Mequinez  is  reckoned  the  great  empo«< 
rium  of  all  Barbary,  as  it  is  the  refidei.ce  of  their  nionarchs.  The  oth-< 
er  Barbary  ftates  are  Algiers,  Tripoli  and  Tunis.  The  whole  coun- 
try is  very  fertile;  they  produce  very  fine  hbrfeti,  fpirited  and  haad- 
lipmef' 

EGYPT. 

Egypt  is  aboat  600  miles  long,  and  550  broad,  lying  between  20 
and  32  d^.  N.  lat  It  is  divided  into  Upper  Egypt,  and  Lower 
Egypt.  Cairo  on  the  Mile,  is  tl-c  capital  of  Kg;}'pt ;  and  is  faid  to  be 
the  largeft  city  in  the  world  ;  it  is  often  called  Grand  Cairo.  Thofe 
llupendous  ftrudlures,  the  pyramids  of  Egyptj  are  a  wonderful  curi- 
ofity,  the  largefl  covers  eleven  acres  of  ground,  and  its  perpendi^ 
eular  height  is  5C0  feet.  '1  his  country  abounds  in  black  cattle,  and 
has  a  very  fine  breed  of  aiTes.  1  heir  trade  coutiUs  of  lincxu,  iia% 
ca(Ila»  bairn,  drugs,  &c.  &c. 

ABYSSINIA. 

This  is  a  Ia»-ge  traA  of  country,  900  miles  long,  and  800  brba($> 
extending  from. the  6th  deg.  to  the  20th  deg.  N.lat.  They  have  afcfa- 
iMrhcre  whea  it  fai&s  cojatuxually  for  6  xq(.    hs,  that  is  from  Aprils 


GI-OCriAPHIQAL  EXERCKSE. 


27« 


to  ScjUcm'jcr.  This  country  U  t  us  for  bo'ii^  the  fe.U  of  the 
fuurcu  of  the  Nile ;  it  contains  tome  curluut  (juadrapedH,  and  a 
particularly  venomous  infetit  called  the  IfiiUfatya  lly.  Sonie  uacmn- 
nion  and  iiiaful  ve^^etablc  produtftioiiH,  and  fotne  iutereAIng  tutural 
cunul|tiei.     Cunduris  the  capital  uf  AbylUnia. 

THE  OTHER  AFRICAN  S  I'ATES. 

Fezan,  Bornou,  and  Caflina,  arc  larjje,  interior  ftatc»  of  Africa* 
Vut  very  Uule  is  kn()^vn  concerning;'  tliom. 

Negretta,  or  Ncgr«.?land,  is  a  very  Uupe  country  nearly  in  the 
cciitre  of  Africa,  l^'onomotapa,  and  iNjonimMgiji-re  inland  territorie»» 
Guinea  or  the  ir:;ld  coaft,  comprchond)  all  the  countries  .on  th« 
weftern  coaft  of  Africa,  to  which  Euro;)can8  trade  for  ivory,  f?old» 
and  flaves.  Zanguebar  extends  along  the  e;iflern  c<  :iA  of  Africa 
from  Mozambique  to  the  red  fea.  Cafllaria  is  the  moft  touthem 
countiy  of  ^Vfrita,  inliabiicd  by  Hottcr.rots.  The  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  which  is  the  moft  foulhern  promontory  of  CafTraria,  is  very 
ijiouatrvin.'ius  ;  the  twp  of  tb«  Cape  is  ;J\vays  covered  with  a  cap  of 
clouds  before  a  florni/ 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 

Mcda^'^afcar  Is  the  largeft  of  all  the  African  iflands  ;  It  it  1000 
■liles  long,  and  bciween  'J  and  SOO  broad.  It  abounds  in  cattle, 
corii,  and  valuable  gums  ;  it  lies  between    10   and  S5  de^f.  8.  lat. 

Zocartry  ofF  tiic  muH:  eafteni  cape  of  Africa,  ]{ielding  frankin- 
cenfe,  gum  tragacanth,  and  aloes,  lyin,^  in  12  deg.  N.  lat.  Babel- 
maniiel  at  the  entrance  cf  a  ftraitof  the  fame  name  wliich  leads  to- 
the  red  fea. 

Coinora  iflcs,  I  tween  10  and  14  degrees  S.  lat.  Joana  is  the  chief,, 
and  exatSks  a  tribute  from  the  oihers.  Mauritius,  about  400  mile* 
caft  of  Madagafcar,  produces  rhc  iir' ft  ebony  in  tlie  world.  The 
ifle  of  Bourbon  in  21  de;.;;.  9.  lat.  t'ei  f ;!(-  and  liealthy,  produces  cxcet- 
lent  coffee.  St. Helena  is  thelirfliHind  after  you  are  round  th« 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  On  a  voyage  homeward,  fhips  ufually  touch* 
there  on  their  return,  for  refreflmtents.  Afccniion  in  7  deg.  N.  lat. 
a  mountainous  barren  ifland,  famous  onlv  for  the  number  <;t  turtle* 
it  produces.  St.  Matthew,  an  uninhabited  uland,  St.  'i'hom?.).*  Ana«^ 
boa,  Princes  ifland  and  Fernando  Po,  are  all  in  the  gul.  of  Guinea* 
Cape  Verd  iflands,  ofF  the  moft  weftern.  point  qf  Africa.  St.  Jago- 
is  the  largeft,  and  is  the  capital  and  relidence  of  tJie  Portuguefe 
viceroy.  iTie  ifle  of  May  producing  great  quantities  of  fait.  The 
ifland  of  Togo  is  a  volcano,  Goree  a  fmall  fpot  not  more  than  2 
miles  in  circumference,  within  cannon  fhot  of  Cape  Verd  The 
Canaries  between  27  and  29  deg.  N.  lat.  famous  for  rich  wines,  and 
thofe  beautiful  little  finging  birds  called  canary  birds.  Madeiras  im. 
32  deg.  N.  lat.  have  a  moft  falQbriou8cHmate,produce  fine  cedar  trees, 
rich  fruit  and  gums,  and  thofe  rich  wiaes  called  Madeira^  Malmfejj^^ 

i 


174 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISS. 


Th»Aiores  or  weAern  idet,  about  midwat  between  r>.*-r>p^  »n4l 
America.  8t.  MichaeU  u  the  largeft  It  ti  rcinarkiii/'.  c^at  no 
paiftmoot  »«iinal,  reptile,  or  infetlt,  nor  vermin  of  any  kind  will 
live  there,  tor  if  carried  iu  vedeli  trading  thither,  they  die  inin;e< 
diately  ou  landing. 

AMERICA. 

Thit  vaft  continent  is  frequently  denominated  the  New  World, 
and  i«  bounded  north  by  the  Frozen  Ocean,  i'uuth  by  the  Soufhera 
Ocean,  end  by  the  Atlantic,  which  divides  it  from  Europe  and 
Africa,  and  weA  by  the  Pacific.  Americ^i  conGftt  of  tWo  large 
•  peninritlas,  divided  by  a  long  narrow  nctk  of  land,  called  the  Ifth- 
ratis of  Darien  or  Panama.  In  the  ';reat  gulf  formed  by  the  twq 
peninfulm.  He  an  innumerable  multitude  of  idands  denominated'  the 
Weft  lindiee,  in  contradiftindUon  to  the  countries  and  iilands  beyond 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  which  are  called  the  Eaft  Indies.  America 
Extends  from  north  to  fouth,  upwards  of  8000  miles ;  and  from 
Greenland  to  the  moft  wcfteriL  part  of  North  Aiherica,  it  is  3700. 
Tt  extends  from  80  deg.  N.  to  56'  dcg.  S.  lat.  America  is  feparated 
from  the  north  eaft  part  of  the  Afiutic  continent,  by  a  narrow  chan« 
nel  not  more  than  thirteen  leagues  acrofs  fVom  Cape  Prince  of 
Wales  in  America  to  £all  Cape  in  Afia.  This  quarter  of  the  globe 
#a«  difeovered  by  Chriftopher  Columbus  A.  D.  1492.  America 
o<Mtiains  the  lar^ft  rivers  in  the  v^rld,  and  many  lakes  fo  large 
they  May  be  called  inland  feas  of  frefh  wafer,  many  gulfs  and  fin* 
bi^  and  fome  remarkable  ftraits. 

Ariieriea  enjoys  all  the  climated  the  earth  affords  ;  it  is  a  treafury' 
of  nature,  producing  every  thing  rich,  rare,  beautifal  or  beneficial' 
to  the  human  fpecies  to  be  found  in  the  other  quarters  of  th* 
iHufiii  ind'tauay  valikable  prodU^ene  peculiar  to  itfelf. 

NORTH  AMERICA. 
«  . 

Korth  America'  may  be  confidered  tinder  three  grand  divifioiub 
Ndrdi,  the  Britifh  donrimons,  Mew  Britain,  Labrador,  Cinada^ 
Nova  Scoda..  South,  the  Spani(h  disminions.  Old  Mexico  or  New 
tipaiivi  N^  Mexico,'  California,  Eaft  and  Weft  Florida.  Between 
(pefe  two  great  divifions  lie  the  United  Sates  of  America.  New  Bri- 
tain'ektenA  from  50  to  70  deg.  N.  lat.  its  length  is  computed  at  S'50 
iKfle»,  and  ite  breadth  750.  It  is  anintenlbly  cold,  unprodiiifkive,  in- 
heiiritablie  regton,  particulaHy  towards  the  north.  Ciinada  is  fitua- 
t«d>  fouth  of  New  Britain  ;  it  is  600  miles  long,  and  200  broad,  ly- 
ing between  45  and  52  deg.  N.  lat  The  principd  towns  are  Qae- 
hteand  Montreal  on  the  river  St  Lawrence.  Ih  this  province  ia 
that  ftopendous  cataradk  the  falle  of  Niagara.  Nova  Scotia  lies  o)^ 
lilt  «iiiftof  Canada,  chief  toww  H^difasancl  Aooapolit  RoyaJL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


tf3 


SPANMH  AMtRlCA. 

OU  MnUo,  or  Ntw  Spain ,  Hm  on  the  moft  Ibuthem  p*rt  of 
h:  orth  America,  and  it  almoft  furrouoflod  by  New  Mexico.  It  is 
£000  miles  long,  and  800  at  the  broadcit  part.  Cbief  towm 
Mexico,  the  capital  is  in  the  middle  of  the  country,  I^  Vka  Cruz  oo 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  Acapulca  oo  the  (buth  (t$L  Mexico  it 
citreinely  hot  ;  it  produces  more .  fruit  than  grain  ;  it  extendi  from 
8  to  30  dcg.  N.  lat.  Kaft  and  Weft  Florida  alfo  belongs  to  the 
Spaniitt-ds,  chivf  towns  Peniacola,  and  St.  Auguftlne,  New  Mexico 
and  the  peuinTula  of  California,  chief  towns  Kanta  Fe  and  St.  Juaa. 
In  South  America  the  Spaniards  poirol's  Terra  Finn*,  lying  bctwcan 
the  equator,  and  1 2  dcg.  N.  lat.  capital  Panama.  Peru  lying  fouth 
of  Terra  Firma,  1800  miles  long,  and  .'JOO  broad,  chief  towm 
Quito,  t>ima,  and  Cufco.  Chili  fouth  of  Peru,  chief  towns  St.  Jago, 
Paraguy,  and  La  Plata,  capital  Buenos  Ayrea. 

SETTLEMENTS    BELONGING   TO   THE    PORTUGUESB 

AND  DUTCH, 

The  Porti^efe  poiTefs  Brazil.  Guiana  belongs  to  the  Dutch,  of 
which  the  chief  fcttlement  is  Surrinam.  In  South  America  are  alio 
Araaeonia  and  Patagonia,  but  the  Europeans  have  no  fettlements  at 
either  place.  Patagpnia  is  remarkable  for  the  inhabitants  being  of 
a  gigantic  Aature. 

THEr  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

How  are  the  United  States  of  America  bounded,  and  what  t» 
U»eir  extent  ?  ^ 

They  are  bounded  north  by  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada,  eaft  by  th« 
Atlantic  Ocean,  wefl  by  the  Apalachi an  Mountains^  foath  by  Flo- 
rida.  They  extend  from  north  to  fouth  above  a  tlioufand  mil««y 
and  are  fituated  between  31  and  47  degrees  N.  lat. 

What  ren\arkable  lakes,  rivers  and  mountains  are  tliere  in  the 
United  States  ? 

The  principal  lakes  are  Lake  Superior,  Lake  Ontario,  and  Lake 
Champlain.  The  rivers,  Miiriiippi,  Ohio,  Munongahda,  Allegany:, 
North  River,  Delaware,  Sufquehannah  and  Potowmac.  The  moun- 
tains are  the  White  Mountains,  the  Mouadac,  the  Oflapy,  the 
Green  Mountains,  and  the  Allegany  Mountains. 

What  are  the  animal  and  vegetable  produdtions  of  the  United 
States  ? 

They  contain  about  one  fourth  of  the  quadaipeds  of  the  known 
world,  fome  of  which  are  peculiar  to  this  country,  as  the  Mam- 
moth, bifon,  moofe,  mountain  cat,  opoHuin,  wood  chucks,  bears  and 
foxes.  They  produce  all  kinds  of  vegfetables  to  be  found  in  Europe. 
They  have  alfo  a  variety  of  Mrt^s,  whofc  plumage  exceeds  iLofe  of 
Eurdpe,  but  arc  much  inferior  to  them  in  the  meiody  of  their  notes. 
The  rattlefnake,  whofe  bite  is  mortal,  is  a  native  of  tiie  United 
States. 


'"^■^■^'i*',-. 


276  GEOGRAPHICAL   EXERCISE. 

'  SV"hich  was  the  lirft  ftate  to  which  Europeans  emigrated,   and  ia 
which  they  made  fettlements  ? 

Virginia,  a  colony  of  Enghfli  being  planted  there  by  Sir  Walter 
tlaleigh,  who  fent  fliips  and  people  out  under  the  (:ondu(Sl:  of  Cap- 
tain Ralph  L<ine,  1586,  but  they  were  unfuccefsful,  nor  was  there 
any  permanent  fettlement  there  till  A.  D.  10']4,  fince  when  it  has 
been  gradually  encreafing  in  population,  wealth,  and  commerce, 
till  it  is  now  a  very  flourilliing  ftate.  The  air  in  the  highlands  are 
healthy,  but  in  the  fwampy  grounds  it  generates  fevers,  agues,  and 
rheumatic  complaints.  The  produce  is  chiefly  tobacco,  though  they 
do  raife  grain,  but  not  excellent,  There  are  fome  lead  mines,  and  a 
few  medicinal  fprings  'in  this  ftate. 

Is  there  no  particular  circumftance  for  which  Virginia  is  re- 
markable ? 

.  It  will  ever  ftand  preeminent  in  the  opinion  of  America,  for  being 
the  birth  place  of  the  illuftrious  Wafliington,  whofe  virtues,  wif- 
<iom,  and  military  abilities,  at  a  very  early  period  of  his  life  were 
called  into  a<5i:ion,  and  while  merit  is  efteemed,  or  virtue  honoured, 
or  while  Snefpp.rk  of  gratitude  remains  in  the  breaft  of  Americans, 
they  will  not  fail  to  revere  the  memory*  of  the  man,  who  led  them 
through  undefcribable  dilHculties  to  peace  and  iuuependence. 
V  Which  was  the  next  fettlement  ? 

The  next  Englifli  fettlement  was  made  at  Plymouth,  MafTa- 
cfaufetts,  in  the  year  I6'i20,  by  Mr.  Robinlbn,  a  diflenting  clergy- 
man, and  a  number  of  his  congregation,  who  fled  from  the  perfecu- 
tion  which  purfued  them  in  Europe.  In  this  ftate  is  Province- 
tow/iat  Cape  Cod,  in  a  hook  of  tlu-  Cape  which  wasr  the  .firft 
port  entered  by  our  forefathers  wlren  they  came  to  fettlo  in  this 
country  in  1620,  In  Maflachufetts  is  to  be  found  every  variety 
of  foil  from  very  bad  to  very  good,  foine  parts  being  rocky  and 
barren,  and  others  beautiiully  fruitful.  The  ftaple  commodities 
in  this  ftate  are  tifli,  beef,  and  lumber.  Its  manufadtures  are 
numerous,  and  good  ; duck,  cotton,  filk  and  thread,  lace,  paper  j"* 
cards,  flioes,  nails,  &c.  &c.  Several  mea  uf  diftinguiflied  abilities 
have  been  natives  of  this  ftaio,  men  who  took  the  lead  in  the  glo- 
rious revolution  ;  anumgft  tli^  nioft  en^iiicnt  and  nfcfut,  we  muft 
reckon  the  names  of  Har.ct^ck,  Otis,  and  Adams.  1  he  firft  of  whom 
laid  the  corner  ftone,  the  inli  alliftod  in  finifliing  and  rendering 
firm  the  aiiguft  f<ibric  of  Ainc. 'can  liberty.  I'ofion  is  ilie  capital  of 
Mafl*achiifetts  and  the  feat  of  ;,overnment. 

Kow  long  is  it  lincc  Vermont  was  feitied  ? 

Ii  wasfird  fell'-cd  by  foni^f"i]nilies"cn.'grpt!ng  from  New  York 
and  New  Hampfliire  ;  it  is  <  nc  cf  the  laicll  ffttieirorits,  and  w;is 
not  received  into  tl;c  Union  as  one  of  theindcj^cnckMit  fi.ites  liil.Aj(D. 
1790.  'ihe  face  of  thecounti)  i'  iiilly,  hvA  the  foil  is  fruitful,  the 
principal  trade  i'^.  pot  ana  pe;u;^.iu\,l)C-f,hoircs,  grain,  butter  and 
cf  ccfe.  Their  c'.iief  manufadlurc  Ls  mapk'  i"iiK"i'>  v/hich  h  inaiJe 
from  (he  fap  of  the  nuiple  tree,  j  he  chara(^.enft*cs  of  the  inh.ahi- 
tai:t£  cf  Vcn:iM::i  is  ijidiiftry,  adlivWy  ,  .-.d  iVrgality.   Liirraiurs   be- 


z:^ 


■ijwlWIwiiei  -< 


,w=-^.,;;:/:*#f!^'^:^"^^'^ 


>•»"**■'■' 


Of' 


K 


i » 


EXERCiSE.  277 


York 
d  was 

.A?4>. 
il.  the 

and 
raatle 

abi- 
be- 


ginsVto  flourini  among  th^  ;  tyfo  colleges  bave  Utdy  been  tr^£ted 
in  ttiis  (Ute.  The  chief  town  is  Bennington.  Vermont  appears  to 
be  the  moiV  northern  fta^e  at  fifft  view*  but  the  Diftri<!%  of  Maine, 
beloii£;ing  to  Ma(rachufettj},and  the  Territorynorth  weft  of  theOhio^ 
ten4  to  a  hiff her  north  latitude  tlup;  this  (late.  The  firft'  attempt 
maae  to  iTettle  the  ilii[b1(St  of  Maine  was  .in  1607,  but  it  w^  not 
fuccefsful.  In  IGSOfome  permanent  fettlements  were  made.  They 
were  gQ[veped  by  civil  oiBcers  of  their  own  choofiag  till  1653, 
whc^,  they  were  incorpiorated  witjh  Mairachufetts.  .The  ufeful  arts 
are  encouraged,  and  the  who|e  DiilritSt:  is  in  a  very  flouriihing  con* 
dition.    The  chief  town  is  Pp)'t^d.        ^       , 

Kew'Hampflxire  ?.      ,  t    , 

New  Hampfhire  is  a  very  flouridiing  (late.  Conne<5licut  riTer  rifes 
in  the^igh  land^  which  feparates  the  United  States  from  the  Britiih 
province  of ,  lo\y^  C^ada.  The  foil  is-fertile ;  agriculture  is  the 
chief  bu(inef9  ,o^  the  ^inh^bftanta ;  ^.theif  trade  con(i(l3  of  lumber, 
iand  6ih  i  literature  is'  eacoui^aged  ;  many  well  regulated  academies 
for  youth  of  both  fexes  are  fcattered  through  the'  date.  The 
largeft  tpwn  is  Portfmouth,  butthe  feat  of  governmejot  Exeter,  i' 

Rhode  Ifland  ?    ,  ,    .;    ,;-   . 

RhcKfebldand  was  firfl  fettled  by  a  few  families  from  MafTachu- 
fetts  ;  for  (hrapge  as  it  m^y  feein„|^Qf'^  very,  perfons  who  ikd  from 
perfecu'tipiVin  their  native  land,  were  the  fir  (I  to  exercKe  its  fe- 
verities  in  the  hew  world,  on  any  who  might  deviate  from  their  own 
religious  tenets.  Mr.  Roger  WiUiauis,  fufleriug  the  efFetSb  of  their 
zeal,  left  his  habitation  i^  the  depth  of  >vlnt^r,and  having,  in  com- 
pany with  others,  croiTed  See kliunk  river,  they  landed  among  the 
Indians,  by  whom  they  were  liofptitably  rpceiyedt  Here  they  laid  a 
foundation  of  a  town,  which, from  a  fenfe  of  God's  ntcrcifui  provi» 
dence  to  them,  they  called  Providence.  Thofe  feitlers  were  foon 
joined  by^thers,and  in  a  fewyears  it  became  a  flourifliing  celouy. 
The chjef towoin  jkliode  l-land  is  Newport,  a  very  pieafantj  healthy 
t6wn,.a|mo(ifurrc>uaded  by  t!\e  fea.  They  have  a  good  cotton 
manufatSfcory'neur  Providence,  In  this  (late  they  alfo  manufadlure 
bar   aflti'flieet,i/pri,  (leei,  nails,  implenients  of  hulbandry,  (loves, 

;Mid  fliip  iron  works.  ,j  >„f  J. , 
^'  Connc'ilicut  ? 

'., 'Connci^tcut,  though  fubjedl  to^  fr*qu^ntfudden  changes  of  wea* 
ther,  is  very  healthy.  It  is  generally  broken  !aud,.iniide  up  of  rnOti?^ 
tains,  hills,  and  vallies,  but  is  extrenj^ly  well  watered,  and  has  t 
llvong,  fertile  foil.  Tlie  trade  oi  Connetilicut  couiifts  of  planks, 
Slaves,  Indian  corn/beef,  pork,  live  cattle,  and  horfes.  'Inhere  is  n 
wooiien  manufadlory  and  aa  oil  mill  in  th:.'}  tbte.  The  chief  towa 
is  Hartford.  They  have  a  college  and  many  acadetnies  in  Con- 
ne^licut.    This  (lij[te.^as  ft^  ie;^led  in  1&33. 

^■^^w  York  j ^.;;  i  ^^v  V  ^,_ .     _  •.     •-'  . 

This  (laL^Ii   inter'fe2ieo*b'y   rutges  of  mountains,  running   in   a 

north  call  and    fouth    weft  Jireck'oa.    but    beyond    the   Allop-liaoy 

«»ouutuiu3  the  country  i&  a  dead  level,   the  foil  is   ich   and  i*.ere 


.tT" 


278  GEOQI^APHIQAL  j;3^ERCI§E^ 

are  large  tratfts  of  wood  land.  In  fQine  parts  there  are  very  large 
dairies  kept,  which  fnriiiifh  excdlent  butter  and  cHeefe.  They 
have  a  very  fine  falmon  fifliery  at  the  month  of  the  Saranac  river. 
This  (late  is  confiderably  behind  fome  of  the  neighbouring  dates  in 
agricultural  improvements  and  manufaiShires,  but  in  regard  to 
foreign  trade  it  has  decidedly  the  preference  over  them  alL  The 
capital  is  the  city  of  New  York.     '-  '**• 

New  Jerfey  f 

The  interior  of  this  ftate  is  agreeably  variegated  by  hills  and 
tallies.  The  c6untry  along  the  fea  coaft  is  uniformly  flat  ;  almcft  a 
fourth  part  of  the  whole  flute  is  fandy  and  barren,  unfit  for  culti- 
vation. The  bed  land  lies  in  the  fouthern  parts,  along  the  banks 
of  rivers,  and  there  are  large  ihad  fiflieries  upon  the  Delaware. 
They  raife  Indian  corn,  buck  wheat,  oats;  barley,  and  flax.  The 
markets  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  are  fupplied  with  fruit, 
vegetables,  and  butter  from  New  Jerfey.  Treflton  is  the  capital 
of  the  ftate.  Some  part  of  New  Jerfey  was  fettled  by  the  t>utch  as 
eariy  as  1&15.  iia 

Peanfylvania  ?  .  ^ 

The  principal  parts  of  this  ftate  may  be  called  mountainous,  f6r 
the  great  ridge,  called  the  Alleghany  mountains,  pafs  throggh  fome 
of  the  nortli  weft  counties.  The  valcs  between  thofe  mountains  are 
of  a  rich,  fertile  foil.  Ihefouth  fide  of  Peanfylvania  is  the  beft 
fettled.  The  produ<Sb  and  manufacStures  of  this  ftate  are  many 
and  various.  The  literary,  humane,  and  other  focieties  are  numer- 
ous, as  are  the  colleges,  academies,  and  public  fchools.  Peunfylvania 
was  fettled  by  the  celebrated  Quaker,  Mr.  William  Penn„  A.  D. 
1681.  Philadelphia  is  its  capital,  and  was  the  feat  of  federal  gov- 
ernment till  the  commencement  of  the  nineteenth  century,  when 
at  was  remo\  ml  to  the  chy  of  Wafhington; 

Delaware  ftate  ? 

The  ftate  of  Delaware  had  fome  few  fettlemeiiits  made  in  it  as 
early  as  the  year  1628  by  the  Swedes.  It  was  aftei'wards  more 
permanently  fettlpd  by  the  Englifti,  under  the  diredtion  bf  Lord 
Delaware,  who  had  received  a  grant  of  the  land  from  the  then  King 
of  England.  Gre^t  parts  of  the  lowlands  are  covered  with  (b^gnant 
water,  which  priDduce  a  fickly  effluvia,  and  render  the  land  unfit 
for  the  purpofes  of  agriculture.  Notwithftanding  this,  there  are 
fome  parts  of  the  ftate  extremdy  fertile,  and  capable  of  the  higheft 
cultivation.  Dover  is  the  principal  town,  and  the  feat  Of  govern- 
ment. Wheat  is  the  ftaple  commodity  of  this  ftate,  great  quantities 
of  which  is  ground  into  flour  at  the  Brand3rwine  imlls  near  Wil- 
mington. Thefe  mills  give  coaftant  employment  to  above  200 
people. 

Maryland  ? 

Maryland  was  fettled  in  1632  by  the  exertions  and  intereft  of 
Calvert  Lord  Baltimore,  to  whom  Charles  I,  of  England,   give 


■A  i. 


'^, 


m' 


GEOCJRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


i7» 


■-n.,<  :.i 


%  gcant  of  that  tr-AiH  of  tlie  new  4ifcovered  courvtry,  then  generally , 
denominated  Virginia,  but  which  he  called  MaryLind,  in  honour  of 
Mary,  Chafles' queen. .  The  capital  was  named  Baltimore,  in  mem- 
ory  of  the  founder.  Arniapolis,  a  litiall  city,  niuated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  rjver  Severn,  was  formerly  the  feat  of  government,  but  is 
iioW  fallen  into  decay.  Their  trade  is  chiefly  flour  and  tubapco,  of 
ivhicli  tliey. cultivate  immenfe  quantities.  They  have  ma^y  ex- 
cellent ifeminaries  of  learning. 

tlas  not  Kentucky  been  added  to^he  Union* fmpe  the. revolution.  ? 

The  (late  now  called  Kentucky,  was  well  known  to  the  Iiidiaa 
traders,  n\any  years  before  its  fettlemcnt.  In  tlie  year  176'9,  CoL 
Daniel  Boon  viilted  it,  and  was  fo  pleafed  wiib  the  fituation  and 
fertile  appearance  of  the  country,  that  4  years-  after,  he  removed  hi* 
family,  accompanied  by  five  others,  who  were  joined  by  40  men  from 
Powles'  Vallev,  and  began  the  ijettleni,ent  of  Kentucky,  which  is  now 
one  of  the  moft  flourifliing  cofonies.  in  the  world,  and  was  ere<Sted 
into  a  ftate  in  1790.  The  climate  is  healthy  and  deliji^htful.  Snow 
never  falls  deep  or  lies  long.  Winter  begins  about  Chriftmas,  and 
generally  continues  between  two  and  three  months,  but  fo  mild  that 
cattle  are  feldom  hoajfed,  and  can  cxifl  without  fodder.  The  chief 
town  is  Lexington. 

North  Carolina  ?' 

In  North  Carolina  there  are  two  immenfe  fwamps,  call  ed  great 
iDifmal  and  little  Difmal.  Great  Diiinal  extends  over  100,000 
acres.  In  this  fvyait^p,  there  is  a  lake,  called  Drumniond's  ponds,  7 
miles  long.  T^e  bttle  Difinal  is  in  Currituck  county.  Part  of  this 
fwamp  has  b?en  cleared  and  cultivated,  and  is  thought  to  contain, 
one  of  the  richeft  rice  eflates  in  America.  There  h  a  lake  in.  it  11 
miles  long.  Newbern  is  the  largelt  town  in  the  iste.  In  the  low 
lands  the  climate  is  extremely  unhealthy,  the  inhabitants  being  nib- 
jeift  to  bilious  and  nervous  fevers,  which  are-  fatal  to  thoufands. 
Their  (laple  commodity  is  rice ;  they  alfo  export  tobacco,  wheat,  and 
Indian  corn,  with  lumber,  bee's  wax,  and  myrtle  wax.  it  was  Grit 
fettled  in  1628, 
'    South  Carolina  ? 

South  Carolina  had  the  firll  permanent  Settlement  made  in  it 
A.  D.  1'669,  by  Mr.  William  Sayle,  who  bi*ought  over  a  colony  froni 
£lngland^  and  fettled/  on  the  neck  of  land  where  Charleflon  nour 
Hands.  The  climate  is  various  in  different  parts  of.  the  Aate,  but  it 
is  generally  thought  unhealthy,  efpecially  the  fituation  near  the  rice 
grounds.  Charlefbon,  which  is  the  capital,  is  built  on  a  low  ground, 
and  the  water  it  affords  is  brackiHi  and  unwholefome.  There  ar* 
fevieral, months  in  the  year,  when,  the  city  is  almof^  deferted,  fe< 
vera  and  other  difordera  thegrowth  of  hot  climates,  then  raging  vi- 
olently; but  in  the  healthy  feafons,  there  iq  no  part  of  America  where 
the  foetal  UeHings  are  more  rationally  enjoyed  than  in  Charlellon. 
UnalTetEted  hofpitality,  affability,  and  eafy  maimers,  are  charadleriia*- 
lies.  6£  its.  iiUiabitantSi.    Their  chief  produce;  is.  uc&. 


2S0 


CxEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


We  come  now  to  the  moft  fouthern  (late,  Georgia. 

The  firft  fettlement  in  Chorda,  ^as  made  in  1732,  a  char, 
itabie  fcheme  being  fet  on  f6bt  in  Etlgland,  for  the  accommodatioa 
of  fuch  poor  families  as  might  be  williii^  to  tranfpqrt  theinfelves  to 
America ;  for  this  piirpofe.  a  lat^6'  furii  virais  fubfcribed  by  itiahy.pul>- 
lic  fplrited  gentlemen,  and  10,000  puund^  .?>yen  by  govej-nip^nt,'  to 
affiftthem  in  their  voyage,,  and  to  plirchafe  the'  niceuai^  ut^hfils  of 
hufbandry.  The  humane  defignSvas' ei^cut^d' wltli  vigour, 'and 
Georgia,which  it  wasnamed  in  honour  of  his  Britanic  niajefty,  foon  be- 
came a  flourifhing  colony.  Theloil  ifi  in  general  ffertilc  ;  they  cultivate 
rice,  cotton,  and  indigo,  which  conAitutes  their  chief  commerce.  The 
winters  are  very  mild,  but  the  fununers  rather  unhealthy.  Savan- 
nah was  formerly  the  capital  of  this  ftate,  but  Augufta  is  the  prefent 
feat  of  government. 

Have  there  not  been  many  late  additions  to  thefe  ftates  ? 

Yes ;  the  Territory  north  weft  of  the  Ohio,  a  fine,  fertile  traA  of 
country,  in(ireafing  faft  in  population,  and  ritilig  daily  in  refpe<£l:a- 
bility.  Alfo  TcnnefTee  and  Milfifippi  Tcrritpry,  And  that  large  tradl 
of  country  railed  Louifiana,  lately  purcbstfed  from  Fi-ance '  by  the 
United  States.  '  ' 

.American  Iflands  ?  ' 

The  great  Gulf,  formed  by  the  two  peninfulas  Of  North  and  South 
America,  is  fcattered  over  with  a  multitude  of  iflands,  called  the 
Weft  Indies  ;  thefe  are  the  Bahamas,  the  Bermudas,  and  the  Cari- 
bees.  Thefe  iflands  belong  chiefly  to  the  Euglifli,  French ,  and  Dutch. 
They  lie  within  the  tropics,  and  are  flibjeift  to  extreme  heat.  The 
only  difference  of  Teafons  kno-vvn  here,  is  the  w'dt  and  the'  dry  ;  the 
face  of  the  co\mtry  is  gre  •  all  the  year  round,  kod' the  fruit 'trees 
have  blolfonv"!,'  j^reen,  and  -■  pe  fruii  on  them,  at  the  fanie  time.  Be- 
fides  thefe,  is  th.::  ifland  of  Newfoundland,  lying  north  eiaft  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  famous  for  the  extenfive  fifliery  carried 
•n  upon  its  coaft,  chief  town  St.  Johns. 

New  Difcoveries  ?  /;; 

Within  a  very  few  late  years,  our  geographical  kno"ivledge  has 
been  greatly  extended  by  the  difcoveries  of  modern  navigators, 
among  whom  no  one  has  rendered  more  eflential  fervice  to  th^  fci- 
ence  than  Captain  James  Cook.  He  made  the  tnoft  importiittt' dif- 
coveries in  the  fouthern  hemifphere,  explored  the  eafterti  cbaft  of 
New  Holland,  penetrated  to  the  utmoft  navigable  limit  of  the  An- 
tardtic  fea,  andWn  the  coiirfe  of  his  voyages,  has  made  difcoveries 
equal  in  number  and  importmce  to  thofe  of  all  the  navigators  of 
his  own  or  any  other  country,  colleAively,  from  Columbu"s  to  the 
prefent  day.  Having  achieved  fo  much,  it  is  painful  to  refledl  that 
he  lived  rot  to  fenjoy  the  honours  due  to  his  meritorious  labours,  but 
as  he  was  returning  from  his  laft  voyage,  he  terminated  his  nfefuL 
life  at  Owyhee  one  of  the  Sandwich  iflands;  being  facrifitf6d  to  the 
nomentary  fury  of  a  riamelefs  faVage.  The  lofs  of  this  eftimable 
man  was  lamented  not  only  by  Britain,  but  by  every  nation  who  re- 
Tere  talents  and  virtue,    The  moil  houour»kle  e'ilp§;i«»'have  bee*. 


.^m 


'i  :;.»•. 


CTEOGUAPHTCAr.  EltTEltClSE. 


2Br 


j|k!<i  to  his  memorf /but  no  panegyric  can  exceed  hU  defcrts ;  nor 
are  monuments  necelTary  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  James  Cook ; 
thofe  he  ere<aed  with  his  own  hands  will  be  eternaL 

*■  He  cam^and  he  faw,  not  to  conquer  but  fave, 

The  Csdar  of  Britain  Was  he ; 
He  fcorned  the  idea  of  making  a  flave, 

For  he  knew  man  by  nature  was  free. 
Though  his  lofs  all  "egret,  'twould  be  impiou*  to  prieve, 

i'or  his  name  evek*  honoured  immortal  fhall  live." 

N.  B.  The  particulars  of  all  the  new  difcoveries  are  not  given-  in- 
this  exercife,  as  they  are  mentioned  in  the  former  part  of  the  work 
ih.  a  concife  manner,  and  can  eafity  be  referred  to  by  learners  who 
may  wifli  to  trace  the  voyages  on  a  map,  or  oh  the  globe,  and  as 
they  vifit  the  feveral  iflands^  take  a  flight  view  of  the  inhabitants, 
produc'ls,  &c.  &c.- 


%'V  ^    ■  •    ■ '  -    ■ 

The  ?noJi  familiar  Problems  to  befolvedbytheTer" 

.rejlfial  Globe, 

To  find  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  any  place  ? 
pring  the  pUice  to  the  graduated  fide  of  the  brafs  meridian,  and 
the  figure  :that  (lands  over  it- fhews  its  latitude  or  difliance  from  the 
equator,  then  obferve  the  degree  the  brafs  meridian  cuts  on  the 
equator,  and  that  is  its  longitude  or  diftance,  either  eaftward  o» 
weftward  from  the  given  meridian. 

>.The  latitude  and  longitude  of  any  place  being  given,  to  find  that 
place  til^on.  the  globe  ? 

3nng  the  given  longitude  found  on '  the   equator,  to  the   brafs 
i^erjdian,    and  look  for  the  given  latitude  on   the  meridian  ;  imdef 
tjl),e  degree  is  the  place  requiredJ-    '^ 
3iiTo  find  the  fun's  place  in  th--  ecliptic  at  any  time  * 

The  month  and.  day  being  given,  look  for  the  fame  on  the  wood- 
en horizon,  and  over  againftthe^  day  you  will   find    the  particular 
fign  and  degree  in  twhich  the  fun  is'  at   that  time,  which  fign  and 
degree  being  noted  in  the  ecliptic,  the  fame  is  the   fun's  place,  or 
liearly,  at  the  time  defired. 

To  find  the  fun's  declination,  that  is  its  diftance   from  the  equa- 
tor either  north  or  Ibuth  ? 

Find  thelim's  place,  as  in  the  laft  problem,  and  bring   it   to   the' 
edge  of  the  brafs  meridian,  and   the  degree  of  the  meridian  exA(*^ly 
over  it  is  tue  declination,     .'f  the  fun  be  on  the  north  of  the   eqni- 
liodlisdJt  is  faid  to  have  north  declination,  but  if  on  the  fouth,  it 
ilas  fouth  decUnation.  f|7<»v^?>4*\^^?  w*  ^r- 

Xa  redify  the  globe  ?  :''  "      „  :;v        '     > 


;*A.- 


282         GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISE- 

To  re<SVify  the  globe  for  the  latitude  of  any  fiven   place,  haying 

turned  the  graduated  fide  of  the  brafs  meridian  towards  you,  move 

it  higher  or  lower,  till  the   pole  ftandt  as  many  degrees  above  the 

woo<!en  horizon,  as  the  latitude  of  the  place    is   for  which   you 

would   redtify.    Ihusif  the  place  be  London,  you  muft  raife  the 

north  pole  51   and  a  half  degrees,  becaufe  that  it  the  latitude  of  it, 

which  brings  that  city  to  the  top  Qr  aenith  of  the  globe    .Th   all 

problems  relating  to  north,  y^u  muft  elevate  the  north   pole,  but 

in  tliofe  that  have  fouth  latitude  you  muft  raife  the  fouth  pole^  and 

»bferve  that  the  north  pole  muA  alwayi  incline  to  that   part  of 

the  horizon  marked  June,    and   the  fouth   pole  to  that   marked 

December.  -  ■*.:■         .•,•,•  .■;  ,.*x,. 

To  meafure  the  diftance  from  one  place  to  another^ 

Fix  the. quadrant   of  aUitude  over  one  of  tR^  given   places,  ami 

extend  it  to  the  other,  it  will   ille^y   the  number  of  degrees  be^ 

tween  them,  which,  being  multiplied,  by  60,  will i give  the  diftahce  in. 

geographical  miles. 

I'o  find  on  what  point  of  the  compals  one  '^lace  bears   from  an- 
other ?  - 

Re<5Hfy  the  gibbe  to  the  latitude  of  one  of  the  ptacen  and  brings 
it  to  the  braf8mountain,.theniix  the  quadrant  of  altitut^v.  over  tha£- 
|>lace,  aad  extend  it  from  thence   ta  the^  ether,  aii4  tlxe  end  witt 
point  upon  the  horizon  the   pofitioa,  and   thereby   fliew   on  what, 
point  of  the  corapafs  it  lies  dire<ftly  ^rom  the  other. 

To  find  at  any  hour  of  the  day  what  o'clock  it  is  at  any  place  in 
the  wwld  ?  :      ; :     iv 

Bring  the  place  vrhere  you  are  to  the   brafs  meridian,  fet  the-: 
hour  circle  to  the  hour  given,  turn  the  globe  till  the-  place  you 
want  comes  under  the  meridian,  and  the  hour  circle  vrill  point   out' 
what  the  hour  is  at  tliat  place  wherever  ic  be* 

To  find  at  what  hour  the  fun  rifes  or  fets  any  day  in  the  year  f 
Re€Ufy  the  globe- for  the  latitnde  of  the  places  you  are  in  ;  bring 
the  fun's  place  for  the  day  given  to  the  brafetmeridiany  and,  fet  thei 
hour  circle  to  KH<  then  turs  the  ftth's- place  to  the  eaftern  edge 
•f  thfi  wooden  horiaoni  and  the?  hernr  circle  will  point  out  the  hour 
sfrifing;  if  you  bring  the  fun's  place  to  the  weftem  edge;  the  hour 
circle  will  fliew  the  time  of  its  fettingi  Double  thO'  time  of  the 
fun's  rifing  on  any  day,  and  it  gives  the  length  of  the  night  ; 
double  tlie  time  of  its  letting,  and  it  gives  the  length  of  the  day. 

To  jSnd   the  length  of, the  longeA.and. ihortelK  days  and  nights* 
in  any  part  of  the  world?! 

Elevate  th?  pole  according  to  th<^  latitude  of  the  given  ]:^ace,  and 
hrin^  the  iir A  degree  of  Cancer  to  the  brafs  meridian,  and  fet  the 
hour  circle  toXll.then  bring  the  fame  degree  dfCahcer  to  theeaflJ 
ern  part  of  the  woodea  horizon,  and  the  hour  cir^db  will  fliew  the 
time  of  the  fun's  rifing.  If;  the  (ame  degree  be  turought  to  the  w^fl^ 
ern  edge,  the.  hour  circle  will  fhew  the  fettiiig,  wfcich  bdng- 
d'^wbled  will  give  the  length  of  tbelongeft  day  and  fhorteft  night. 
!lwc^|»ing  the  firA  degree  of  Ca^uicorn  to  the  brafs .  meridian,  andh. 


GEOGJRAPHICAL  EXERCISE. 


proceed  as  before,  we  iliaU  have  the  length  of  the  (horteft  dajs  and 
Ponged  nights. 

To  find  all  thofe  placet  to  which  the  fyn  is  vertical  for  any  given' 
day  ?  . 

Bring  the  fun's  place  for  the^iven  day  to  the  brafs  meridian,  an^ 
pbferv«  the  degree  of  Its  dccliivxtton,  then  turn  the  globe  quite 
rbund,  ^ad  all  thoCe  placisthat  pafs  under  the  fame  degree  as  its 
decliiliiation,  iirc  thofe  to  which  t|ie  fun  will  be  vertical  tlpt  day 
at  hooi^.  •  ''  ■'    '■ '  *  ;.  ,'  'a'^' 

The  day  and  hotir  bein^  ^^en'.to  find  that  particular  place  of 
the  earth  to  which  tiie  fuu  is  vertical  at  that  v^  time  ? 

Bring  the  fun's  place  for  the  given  day  to  the  brufs  meridian,  and 
obferve  the  degree  of  its  declination,  Uien  bring  the  place  wiiere 
you  are  to  the  brafs  meridian,  arfd  fet  the  hour  circle  tu  the  given* 
hour,  next  turn  the  globe  till  the  hour  circle  points  to  the  upper 
Xn.  or  noon.  Look  under  the  degree  of  the  fun's  declination  for 
that, day,  and  that  is  the  place  to  which  it  is  vertical  at  the  given, 
hour.  If  it  be  morning,  the  globe  muft  be  turned  from  eaft  to  weft ; 
i£  in  the  afternoon,  from  weft,  to  eaft, 

A  place  being  given  in  the  torrid  zone,  to  find  thofe  two  davs  of, 
the  year  in  which  the  fun  fliall  be  verticaJ  to  the  fame  ? 

Bring  the  given   place  to  the  brafs  meridian,  and  mark  what  d«-< 
gree  of  latitude  is  exactly  above  it,  then  turn  the  globe  round,  and 
ebferve  the.  two  points  of.  the  ecliptic  that  pa£i  through  the  fame 
degree  of  l^tude-;  laflly;  fearch  on   the.  wooden^  horizon,  (or  by 
proper  tables  of  the  fun'«  annual  motion)   on  what,  days  the  fun* 
pafles  through  thofe  points  of  the  ecli{.t<c,  for  th(^e  are  the  day»>. 
required  in  which  the  fun  is  vertical  to  the  given  place. - 

Fo  find  the  altitude  of  the  fun  on  any  given  hour  of  the  day,  at: 
any  place  ?  • 

Re<Slify  the  globe  to  the  latitude  of  the  given  place,  and  fcrew^- 
the  quadrant  oi  altitude  to  the  zenith  ;    find  the  fun's  place  in  the: 
ecliptic  for  that  day,  bring  it  to  the  brafs  meridian^  and  fet  the  hourr 
circle  to  XU  ;  then  move<the.  globe  round  till  the  hour  circle  Q\ew9 
the  given  hqur ;  bring  the  quadrant  of  altitude  to  lie  over  the  ' 
fun's  place;  and  the  number  of  degrees   upon   the   quadrant,  con— - 
tained  between  the  fub's  place  and   the  wooden  horizon,  will  be 
the  altitude  required.' 

To  find  thofe  inhabitants  of  the  earth  that  are   called  Antoeci  ?  r 

Thefe  are  fuch  as  live  in  the  fame  femi-circle  of  the  meridian^ 
butinoppofite  parallels  of  latitude  ;  both  of  them  have  mid-day? 
and  midr-night  at  the  fame  iuftaut  of  tinie,  but  the  feafons  of  the.* 
year  are  different ;  it  being  fummer  to  the  one  when  it  'o  K^nter- 
to  the  other.  Thefe.  are  found  by  counting  equal  degrees  of  latino 
tude  north  and  fouth  from  the  equator  upon  the  fame  meridian. 

To  find  thofe  inhabitants  of  the  earth  that  are  called  Pei  loeci  ? 

They  are  thofe  who  hve  under  the  fame  parallel  of  iatitude,  but 
ift  oppofite  femi-circles  of  the  fame  meridian  ;  both'  of -them  Have. 
the  feafoAs  of  the  year  the  fame^  but*  t^^X  change  tlieir  turm  ol' 


m 


>.- 


:;-^- 


28« 


GEOGRAPHICAL^ 'fitERCrSE. 


day  and  night ;  fo  that  when  it  i»  mld-^y  with  one,  it  is  mid-'qight 
to  the  other.    , 

To  find  thofe  inhabitants  of  the  earth  that  are  called  Antipodes  f 
Thefe  living  in  opppfite  parallels  p^  latitude,  and,  <wpi>orite  m^eri- 
idtans,  have  their  feet  diredkly  oppofite  to  each'  other,  |n  a  line  paf- 
finr^  dirbugh  the  centre  of  tne  earth  ;  and  ^ey  havjp  their  dap  and 
laights  dir'e<flly  contrary,  a»  alfo  thdr  feafons  of  tbfe  Yjpar ;  V^^h  it  is 
&ihunek-  with  one,  it  is  WiuteV  with  the  other  ;  aiid  when  iiisiJ^cU- 
day  to  the  firfl;,  it  i&^  mid-night  with  t;he9p|)orit^ 


'TM  X.' 


iijl 


.11      ■. ,'      V,  ^ 

i .   t'.l/i'ilv'  ffi 


'V 


..i'Nli,! 


f-^it 


■  iAil 


JVlOli' 


■■^i.Ui     "^V/lMlv*, 


J 


;    f 


......     ,  i.  .'•',■.,    f>  r.w,t!!  ■•.;■. 


\       -    *        . 


^  i    *,'ij3s 


-/■ 


Eta- 


Hiftorical   Exercife. 


Wi 


HAT  18  necefTary  to  the  ftudying  hiftory  with  advantage  afid 
pleafure? 

In  the  Audying  of  hiftory,  care  fhould  be  t.aVeii  to  read  it  in  fuch 
order,  ^4  ^>^  ^u<^h  attention,  as  fhaJl  enable  us  clearly  to  di^n- 
guiiHi  fadts,  peribui,  times  aad  placets,  and  to  this  end  it  is  neceitfarj 
to  have  a  competent  knowledge  of  chrooulugy  and  geugraptliy, which 
have  been  defervedly  called  the  two  eyes  of  liidory,  as  they  give  aa 
additional  light  to  it,  and  remove  all.  kind  of  conlufion.  , , 

What  is  the  mofl  ancient,  and  yet  the  muA  authentic  hiftory  } 

The  bible,  and  is  termed  facred  ^iflory.  Profane  hiftory  gives  an 
accouht  of  the  rifa  and  fall  of  various,  nations,  ilates,  and  empires, 
their. different  reUgions,  languages,  cuAoms,  manners,  and  forms  ol 
government. 

How  many  forms  of  government  are  there  ? 

Three,  viz.  monarchy,  ariftocnicy,  and  democracy.  Every  coun- 
try is  under  one  or  tether  of  thefe,  or  elfe  has  a  ff)rt  of  mixed  govern- 
ment, compounded  of*  two,  or  perhaps  all  three  of  them.  In  a  mo> 
narchical  government,  the  fupreme  power  is  lodged  in  one  perfon 
only,  who  is  flyled  king  or  emperor;  and, this  form  of  govermneut 
is  Cvilled.  defpotic,  which  means,  that  the  Ibvereign  confuUs  his  own 
will  only,  lender  an  ariftocracy,  a'  country  is  ruled  by  the  nobles. 
R^pubhcs  tend  to  this  form  of  government,  a^  feveral  of  the  prin- 
cipal memb^ers  are  ct^ofen  to  govern  the  Rmc.  In  a  democracy,  the 
fujireme  authority  is  lodged  with  the  .common  people,  or  in  perfons 
chofen  by  them.  Some  republics  partake  of  thiis  form.  In  the  nax- 
ed  government,  the  authority  of  the  fovercign  is  limited  and  re- 
ftfrajne^  by  the  laws  and  by  tlie  afiembly  of  the  ftates.  In  England, 
the  government  is  compounded  of  all  tlie  three  forms.  In  an  hered- 
itary kii^gdom,  the  fon  fucceeds  to  the  throne  upon  the  death  of 
his  father,  and  in  fome  govei;nment|5,  fem^ies  fucceed.  In  an  plec- 
ttve  kiugdom,  the  king's  clxildren  have  no  right  of  inheritance,  but 
whtn  the  tovereign  diesj  the  fl;atei  aiTemble,  and  choofe  a  king. 

What  kingdoms,  flates,  and  nations,  are  moll  particularly  uc^icftd 
in  modern  hiftory  ?  i  > 

France;  Spain,  Ruffia,.England,'HolIand,  I'rnffia,  Poland,  Sweden, 
Turkey  m  Eiiro^(^  |ujd^|i»  |j<^tfci  ^  §pi^h  ^m^a^H^    f  riwce  ajjr 


I! 


286 


HISTORICAL   EXPRCISH;, 

.,    ...    <  •  • 


peari  to  he  tlio  moft  ancient  kingdom  in  modern  Europe.  It  was 
originally  the  country  of  the  ancient  GauU,  hut  takes  its  prei*ent 
name  fiom  the  Franks,  a  fct  of  Gi  rman  emigrants,  who  completed 
the  foundation  if  the  late  monarcny,  under  Clovis,  about  the  ytar 
47»).  Great  p  of  I'rance  was  conquered  by  Kriwird  III.  of 
England,  and  m  the  year  1*1*20,  Henry  V,  madi  )  «  otjueft  of  it, 
and  was  declared  regent  and  heir  to  tn.o  crown  j*  ijraxice.  A  few 
years  after,  the  EnglUh  \\fre  entirely  routed  by  the  famous  Joan  of 
Arc,  and  in  H^O,  they  wprc  entirely  driven  out  of  France. 

A  dreadful  mafTacre  timjc  place  at  Pans,  in  Auguft  1792,  Loui% 
XVI.  was  dethroned  and  imprifoned,  together  with  the  queen  and 
royal  family,  and  on  the  2 1  ft  of  September,  the  national  convention 
pafTcd  a  decree  for  the  abolition  of  royalty  ;  violent  fadiions  fucceed* 
ed, the  churches  were  plundered,  their  revenues  feized  on,  the  con- 
vents thrown  open,  and  numbers  of  the  clergy  banilhed ;  and  on  the 
81(t  ©f  January  17nn,  the  unfortunate  kinc^  was  beheaded.  Dread- 
ful were  the  convuliions  which  now  rent  this  devoted  nati,On.  The 
conAitution  had  been  declared  republican,  but  their  rulers  were  fre- 
qnemly  changed,  and  every  change  coft  thoufands  of  lives.  At 
length  a  bold  adventurer  ftartcd  into  notice,  Napolean  Bonaparte,  a 
native  of  Corfica;  he  headqd  their  annies,  directed  their  councils,  and 
without  appearing  to  aim  at  power,  fo  effe<?hially  gained  the  confi- 
dence of  the  people,  that,  having  rifen  from  one  degree  of  honour  to 
another,  he  was  at* -firfl  chofen  chief  conful,  and  at  length  eledled 
and  crpAned  emperor  of  the  Gauls,  eftablifliing  a  more  abfolute 
monarchy  than  was  experienced  before  the ,revolution.  He  is  the 
prefent  fo  ..fi'gn.  ''-«,"" 

-Who  'rt^T    he  firft  inhabitants  of  Spain  .'  •  ,'«.<. 

The  <.'•'. I,  .  people  of  Gaul.  Spain  was  fetlown  to  the  ancients 
^y  thr-  a:imc  of  Iberi^  Hefperia,  alid  Hifpamia.  After  the  Celti;^, 
the  Phencv  ci  ins  poflefled  themfelves  of  the  moft  foutheril  parts, 
were  the  firlt  civilizers  of  the  kingdom,  and  the  founders  of  th^ 
moft  ancient  cities.  About  1(5  year^  before  the  birth  of  Chrift,  it 
became  iiibjedb  to  th6  Rortians.  On  the  decline  of  that  empire,it  be- 
came a  prey  to  the  Goths,  who  founded  the  Spanifh  monarchy,  un- 
der their  king  Alsb-ic  I.  Thefe  vrcre  invaded  jy  the  Saracens, 
who  continued  to  ravage  the  country  till  towards  the  year  1475, 
when,  Ferdinand  and  his  queen  Ifabella  expelled  the  Moors  entirely. 
This  was  the  queen  IfabeHa  who  equipped  Columbus  on  his 
adventurous  voyage  for  the  difcbVery  of  a  new  world.  Th^ 
Spaniards  were,  till  within  a  very  few  years,  moft  rigid  Roman  Cath- 
olics, and  there  was  a  very  fevere  inquifition  for  the  punifliment  of 
all  who  did  not  adhere  to  the  tenets  of  the  Romllh  church.  This 
tribunal  was  held  iQ  fecret  and  in  darknefs;  there  was  no  appeal 
froxn  its  decifions,  and  its  punifhmehts  were  breaking  of  limbs,  lace- 
ratiiig  the  flefti,  pinching  with  hot  it'ons,  and  burning  alive.  But 
th^s  much  good  has  arifen  fcom  the  revolution  in  a  lifter  kingdom, 
that  thefe  execrable  receptacles  of  Monkifli  fuperftitipn  and  bigotted 
tyi^anny  are  in  a  great  meafure  abbtiXhed.    The  government  of. 


HISTORICAL  HXERCIS£, 


S8f 


Spain  AUI  continues  monarchical,  tlie  r«cc|(Iioa  to  the  crown  is  hered^ 
itary,  uui  oxcluiliug  leniulc*. 

I'he  ludut  of  Portugal  U  greatly  interwoven  with  that  of  Spain; 
for  when  the  Moors  of  Africa  made  thitarulvt-^  mafter^  of  the  great* 
eft  part  of  Spain,  they  penetrated  .Ufi)  into  (lis  country,  wlierW  thoy 
cdabiifltcU  governors,  who  made  theunfelvcs  kings.  After  nuui/ 
fruitlefa  attenipts  by  the  kings  of  I<eou,  it  wau  at  length  conquorea^ 
Olid  l>ccamc  an  carlqi'iu  t',>  ^pai,n,  but  in  ll:i9,  Atonzo  1.  airunii.'d 
the  title  uf  king  of  i'ortugal.  in  l.^^O,  it  w:ut  aj^aiu  fetz«d  ou  liy 
Phi!  (J  II.  king  of  Spain,  hut  in  If) !(),  the  people  Ihook  oil"  the  iipan* 
ifli  ^  uke,  and  ele(Sled  for  their  king  John,  Duke  of  Hraganza,  who 
took  the  name  of  Jolm  IV.  ia  whole  family  it  ha>  ever  lincc:  rciuaiu* 
cd  independent  uf  Spain. 

Of  Ruffia  ? 

RutiTa  feems  to  have  been  in  a  ft  "fm,  till  about  the 

year  1540, when  John  Ba/Jlowitz  rec*  nnthe  Taetars,to 

whoP'  it  had  been  many  years  fubjevft, .  it  to  independca-4 

cy.  ;n  the  lixteenth  century,  the  Rulh  , -.  ..  ercd  and  coiinuort 
cd  Siberia.  KuiHa  became  an  empire  under  Peter  I.  de('erved<4 
ly  furnamed^he  Great;  for  never  was  a  more  indefitigable  prince  for 
the  welfare  of  his  people.  By  his  endeavours,  aided  by  his  Empirefa, 
Catherine  I.  the  RulBans  cn\ergcd  from  a  itate  bordering  on 
favage  barbarity,  to  fomethinghke  refinement.  The  arts  were  in-* 
troduccd  and  protected,  and  the  Czar  himielf  fet  the  brighteft  ex- 
ample of  fortitude,  patience,  tcn;pcrance,  and  forbearance.  He 
blended  judi^e  with  clemency,  he  alTertcd  his  own  authority,  and 
would  be  obeyed,  but  he  was  never  deaf  to  the  application  of  hi» 
fubje^fls,  ever  ready  to  hear  and  redrefs  their  grievances,  he  was  al« 
moft  idolized. 

How  has  Rullia  been  governed  Hnce  his  deatli } 

Chiefly  by  women.  The  late  Czarina,  Catherine  IL  thoug^h 
wife,  prudent,  and  formed  for  power,  luiTered  her  ambition 
to  hurry  her  into  adlions,  degrading  to  humanity  and  oiFenilve  to 
juftice.  She  afcended  the  throne  A.  D.  1762,  having  previoufly  de- 
pofed  her  confort,  Peter  III.  Ihe  emperor  Jolm  had  been  de- 
pofed  fome  years  before,  and  was  kept  in  clofe  confinement ;  he  re- 
mained  a  prifox^er  till  1764,  when  an  attempt  being  made  to  releafe 
liirn,  he  was  killed  by  the  officer  of  the  guard,  who  had  orders  fromr 
tKe  emprefs  to  that  purpofe.  This  Catherine  was  of  a  mafculine  un* 
derftaa^ing,  ambitious,  haughty  and  revengeful ;  lliA  jTought  conqueft 
as  tlie  means  of  extending  power ;  flie  was  fucccfsfi'flin  her  military 
purfuits,  and  her  reign  has  been  the  admiration  of  all  Europe ;  but 
the  untimely  death  of  thofe  two  unfortunate  fovereb^ns,  Peter  and 
John,  have  caft  a  Ihade  upon  her  moll  illullrious  aduons,  which  no 
tiine  can  take  away.  She  was  a  fteady  friend,  but  an  imiilacable  en- 
emy. She  will  however  be  remembered  with  enthufialm  by  the 
Rufllans.  She  aboliflied  the  cufbom  of  torturing  criminals  to  make 
them  confels  their  crimes.    She  alio  encouraged  commerce,  and  c£* 


^>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  673-4503 


tilil^li0d'#iMi|titt(iil^  Ult 

•■tioft  n9t  1$  «W)|Nlm  la^is^f  «tl«9)(«^  Mi 

|»Ate|NibUe.    It  Wte«iif«iW#|i^^ 

iftvit  who,  by  uowfstnta  labmr  mA  mutual  aififtaaMr »«  eiia|)l<4'!to 
Ml^ Miti liabMstlllBiiiilhe l^it^ <#i^hI14«^ kaid  to fwm fo- 
tktfar»toat09d^iiy#ii<iiW»li3r'  the'tte  <»«rmHM^^  '  t&cf  are  the 

Miifiva^an47iilHif^Mniiti#|li^»e(|p(lte  ;ifd^lldr  WMtagt  4i» ' W; 

'OiiflM4i#1jap^««MrMittl«ite^i|^^^  been- 

tlielidMiidtmlMtofthe'NccherliaritiW^er^^^  .:>   ^'     >  ^^ 

wav,reigtt«dc^er1<c«htli4fi^k;iag4Qni»?th»9  prin(^f%,ta|i^rii^iltktd 

tiie  mticit^f  ^^ttttm^r,  by  v^h'  tli^fiB'fdilliaQm*  ve^hk  Ai^ie«lb  iilJ 
Mtan  nnfid^iOBt  ib<^#e^'  After  the  dbtitlk  e^  Miijrg«il^«gib»ryt^ 

lMtiardi,t  wa» thd-'^mMiioi.^A^^ag''^ ^iM'.^bf^M^4i^ywir ^  ti 

, llot«nli«r^tiH ^5SACK''  Of ,«lt  fK4{b -li^o  c«>ttl4  ^jpoH^fh^tfei^ic 
<le%»  turotie  'feftnaft^d'  W  OtifOiiViki  VicHt/  \if  V6u)t^  'j»rip^ <l^ 
iG(»eacUid^n»n  the  &Gid«snt  Idtn^  W  th^  conndy.  '  life  t%volutH»i'uft- 
dor  OupaviM.  Vtffy^ii  at!  iiit«reil«#  Wk|| ,  That' y6ui%  pirhierhavr 
ioi^  «l^b|Mft  the  f|£ak«s  lald^by  CMtmTO6  hts  adhef^ot*  tb^dcAM^^' 

a|ipa«Mt!|MiiLViiuatbta  ii^ftij^,'  he^«n|:i^*  the  ft^^^  t»tit.^<iri)k(r 
peotpfar  of  'Pa^rlia^to  efpouft  tm  cMife  ;  he  cotw^rcd  th«ir»jr* 


nnic 
<Ked1 


ttimi 
arriT* 
lh«  r 

was  c 

yeaw, 
prince 
DamBi 
cbnfed 

tingtl 
hisreij 

by 'am 
ii^ver 
vui  tl] 
Swedia 

turioB, 

edfk^ 

«  ptOai 

Wat  tut 

What 

£hgla 

uhited  ii 

of  Scotia 

Sfiaabetl 

were.  Bit 

cailedc^ 

Edward 

countryy 

Waie«,fif 

hawbtMrH 

Great  if 

^rityh 

«f  the  Ra 

from  the  < 

adbatedi 

novaribng. 

foldi^riant 

.abcnna^ilinc 

taketii^ptjf; 

{>lMe«iiah'a  < 


id:to 
>f«it|ttfo- 


M 


H^li^TO^^ 


piitcfc'y^ 


StliTORteAL  EXEftCist,  ^ 

tfew^Jt.  but  i^»yem  rilf  at  W  «c^^^ 

foldfer,  and  %iih  5^f  n^'&^'^^^^ 

.abav*i»ne  yes^fo  SHe^i^'- "^ .^  ««nJ*».  cojaSiuetl 


J90 


peo^t  pofli^ed  jif  llidiii^^g^ccneci  ihfmldjeii^  mc  «  poor  eotta^ 
m  Brttak.  Biit  wiieia  VUuam*  WrdSfd  l>)'  binr  o^  «iii|H»iaict  of 
m*am  9iidi>oii«r,fi»]cintodaTcr7,  ^  Biijtt^^  etiMlltd  tbcm. 
Jritate  Ibttii  •it^  Witt  nrwifd  >3r  i|w  l^iM  Jcot^  whofc  Ui- 

llomanai   inierippfiii^ tpl&ft^^  f<>  tli* Siuwiis,  who fcntthcpi 
an  ann^  undir  (hi  «ob4u^  of  lto|ift  asd  Horfiw  w1n»  foon  rc|iit#fl 

credur<itt«^  Aef  ;f(bbU(lwNl  aa  CA^piiM  for  tlilBniMTCi,  drawing  Oifi 
iJIand  yttb  fev«ft  Idtvdonu,  weU  fatown  by  il»e  nam*  of  th*  Su^m 
Heptardiy*  ft  in»  &tm  40p  y^  «ft««  th«  «iiY#l  oT  th«  Swioitt 
Jn  Epriwid,  tM  Or«|ory,a  pidw  Monki,«»t«i4u««d  cbn<H«^ 
EtWlbm,  king  of  ttent«  was  the  firft  cWlftian  tnonareh  in  ]Mtm^^ 
*    WIio  were  the  neit  i«va(^»  of  Bat^ 

Tlie  Da^es.  i^ljcfe  Jbarbannto  iimovaton  were  frequently  repttl- 
fcd,  efpecially  by  Alfred  the  Great,  a  pnnce  who  ilpemed  not  only 
bom  to  defend  hit  ble^iliig  country,  but  to  adOrti  Imma^y.  Pof- 
fe^  of  ail  devated  miiidrP*©eti«tinj|:eiiJw 
potion,  he'aiilwd  at  occ^Uenee  in  eyery  t)iiiig  he, undertook.  He 
SSelyfubdued  the  Oanet ,  and  obUg^  thpf e  wfify  didnotehoofo 
to^diStttce  chrHHamty,  to  depart  the  'coaftfc  Alihed  founded  the 
univeri^ty  bT  Oxibrdifae  eneourit|ed  Hteraturei  and  a*  hi|  valour  bad 
prdtc#ed  ^ti?  MngdO*!  by  anM,  h^  eiideavoiuJid  to  poli^itby  the 
mtrodiiaion  of  thelSne  arts.  Aft^.hi»  deceaft,  hii  fucceflfewlwwng 
neither  hU  prudence,  fore%hl,  nor  toen^h  of  ound,  Engptad.  con- 
tibttiA  to  be  Karra®id  Iff^  the  panes,  who  in  time  became  maften  of 
the  ifiaud,  under  Caiiute  the  Great  Britain  contiinied  fubje<a  totlite 
Danes,  titt  MTiUiam  of  Nonjaaiidr  conquered  it.  Thi»  was  upwards 
pf  600  ytfart  from.the«r;ft  ettabUflnntfnt  of  the  Saxon  monarchy. 

After  William  the  Conqueror^ d;d  Aecrown deicend  m the  wor- 


man 


Ye^  eitfedirc^^  or  by  collateral  branchey  bjrt  little  u  recbt^ 
i/r^tthy  repetition,  (extept  the  cirounftances  matiye  to  the  crufaders, 
or  %l»ipt»  and  foldiers  enfiraged  in  the  ho!j  War,  defigned  to  free  }^ 
tii^emftom  thfe  yoke  of  the  Saracens,)  tiii  th?  i«gn  of  John,  -who 
granted  to  hts  fubj#6t«i  charter,  called  M«gi»  Charta,  thefaoiotts 
bulwark  of  fingliniK^Jty.  TO  him  fuUc^ed  H«tory  IH.  Edirtrd  I. 
and  It  This  Isrfl  was  an  unfortunate  prince  ;  weak  in  hts  m|nd,-and 
«,f (*fled  by  difg^aceful  fiworttes,  he  abdieatwl  the  throve  16  fevror 
*UU»  fott^ut  the  yeai^ ISfl.  His  lAoft  bitter  enemy  ws  I&bella 
i#ii8  qit^Kwho  in  conjUnaion  with  ter  abandoned  favourite,  M^rtt- 
meV.  jfnbrifonwl  the  p<>or  old  king,  and  had  him  put  to  a  cruel  ^h. 
BiHwtfd  111.  rim  to  ^e  throiie>y  the  voice  of  parliament,  irtuch 
i»  the>oice  of  the  nation,  began  his  reign  by  uking  vengeanct  on 
the  trtiitor  Morfiifter;  he  ftrove  by  ever^  rteani  ih  his-pow^r.  to Jte- 
c\irfetlie  afe<SHons  of  his  iubje«as.  His  fon  Edward,  pi*ttce  of  Wates, 
known  by  ihe  nam?  of  the  Blagk.Prince,  gained  the  memorable  bM- 
tle  ^  CrejTy.  It  was  in  this  king's  reign  that  Calais,  beidg,fipdi*^ed 
by  a  iiege,Edwar<f;in  order  to  puaifli  the  oblKpacf  jf  tht  <:it»««» 


HISTOmCAL  EXEitCISR^ 


m 


reottal^ 
maac*  of 
■dL'-tbeni* 
irtioltin- 
tf«ofth« 
'cnt.  thcpt 
9Qnitm4 

Ii9  Saxottv 

tlyreptil- 
uot  unllr 
Uy.  Poi- 
dttifig  Hp- 
pok.  He 
lOt  ohqdk 
uiide4  the 
ralonrbad 
tit -by  the 

|teiL  coil" 

iea:totbe 
.wpwardi 
wchy. 
a  the  "Hot" 

)  recbt^ded 

to  ^reele- 

thefafloous 
Edwiu^*!. 
mbi^-and 
eiik£|T0iir 
ra»  I&belU 
:lte,M^rti- 
iiiel  death, 
ent,  ivfaich 
igeance  on 
iwer  tofk- 

orablebftt- 

ht  citi^eMi 


Wilfr  hud  held  oat;:ir  C^MiIfeniiMli,^eniaii^  the  fi^  oiC^x  i)l  their 
priiid|pal  men,  whfO  b^bred  thenOelret  with  Tope*  round  their  necln 
tof  lat&te  hb  ^nd^imioii,  but  he  fpercd  their  iives  at  the  imerceiliDn 
of  queen  Pl^fifiipi*  A  vi^biry  fatnedby  the  Bb(^  ]^rin0  oeapr  Pioc- 
tiers,  tfmddy  fono«rad»ia  which  Joba»ldQ^  of  ^cc,  wit  taken  prtf- 
oner;  biit  thehttter  end  of  this  fpiendid  reign  wa$  rendered  gloomy 
by  the  death  qf  the  prince  of  Wales.  It  «ra|  Bdward  UI  who  infti- 
tuted  the  ordar  of  the  )^nightf  of  the  jg^rter. 

Was' not  England  invDl<^cd  in  a  civil  war  fiK«  afttt  thi^ 
:^£dinracd  nLlbcondfon,  fucceedingtohis  £tther  by  the  title  of 
Bichar4l1I.a»dhi  the  early  part  of  1)18  i^gn,  iiaviag  bamflied 
Bolia^brdkeididM  OT  Hereford,  h*  afcerwa^  returned  andinttded 
the  kingdoin,  depof^fd  Richard,  and  ufurped  the  throne,  by  Uw 
nwaeind  title  of  Henry  IV.  !«•  Ton  Heiuy  V.  Amquered  a  great 
part  of  f  ranee  i  he  was  crowned  king  of  France,  and  efboufed  Ca» 
tharine,  daughter  to*he  conquered  monarch  Cl>arlea,but  the  Engliih, 
at  hjuteen^eady  rdated,  #ere  driven  out  of  France  by  Joan  of 
Arc,  a  Teiry^w  years  after^ds,  and  in  the  reign  of  Henry  Vt 
Riehard,  dnke  of  York^delcended  on  the  mother  s  iide  f^om  Ed- 
wturd  ni.  pretended  a  right  to  the  throne.  A  long  amA  bbody  eon- 
tebtion  took  Jplace  bjstween  the  houfes  dS  Ywk  and  Lancaft^, 
which  ended  fa  an  utdon  of  the  two  famiUet,  wh«>  Henry,  dnke 
of  Richmond,  conquered  Richard  nt  and  marrying  Ehaabeth, 
d««htel-or  EdwaidClV;was  procIaimed,king  of  ErtgSid,  by  |he 
title  of  Henry  VtL  Henry  Vin.  was  fuce^xled  by  his  three  chi|-  • 
dren,  Mward^  Mary,  and  Elisabeth ;  Edward  died  in  h»  minority, 
***^r  >*>f?.^w»  ««»«kabie  for  the  perfecntion  of  the  proteft- 
jn^and  jpabeth?i  retgn  ii  Aif5^^  acnithXtf 

»«ah  jpoi|^.  Hl^f  eign  wai  oidy  larnifted  by  the  condemaatioir 
of  the^nnfortunate  Maryi  iqueen  of  Scots,  who  wae  beh«i^  in 
Fotheringfay  Csjftle,  where  ihe  had  been  a  prifoner  14  year*.  At 
the  death  <rf  Elisabeth,  a  union  took  place  between  thekinedonw.of 
Scothmd  and  England.  :  „:  « 

/Wj^  "other  reiiwrkablerrJyolutions  are  noticed  inithe  Briti/hannals  ? 

The  betaSng  king  eharle*  I.  aftir  which  there  w#a  an  imer- 
regi|tmi>of  eteren  years,  QHver  Crmnwdl  beic^  protedor  of  Eng- 
land Itotgiari^abtfng  riftoredto  the  throne,  monarchy  was 
again  eftabltfiied.  Jtaiesil  brothei;  and  fucce^br  to  Charles,  abdi- 
cated the  throne  in  1689,  when  the  priQce  of  Orange,  who  was 
grandfon  to  Charles  I.  was  called  to  the  throne,  and  reigned  jpint- 
ly  with,  his  wife,  junder  the  title  of  l^lIKam  a»d  Maryi  To  them 
fucceeded  Anne,  and  in  her  the  Stewart  Hne  being  v^actlna,  the 
ctefjit  femily  of  Ohuelph,  eleaors  Qf  Hanover,  and  defcended  hr 


wAe  fepal^on  of  the  -.American  colonies  from  the  Brit3&  g<w' 
trm^,  by  whi^h  they  aire  become  free  and  independent  0atca. 

w^  is  the  gov^-nmeht  of  Poland  ? 

It  if  of  a  ^ledform,  being  monarchical  and  ariAocraticaL  The 


29SL 


HISTORI0AJL    EXIl|iC|8Ji 


n 


kiqsil;«[lea«d  by  the  nobi|it7,5;«iitjy»  and  eletgjrofllKcouiilrf.ti^ 
,  it.ic  (heir  cufhnn  ao^  to  mt«r  their  dead  Uof  tjUaniewoneit  efe^wil. 
t^QJa^d  Mras  a&ci<(ady  the  couotry  of  the  yandal%,l^ttt  becailM^  a  lunc- 
dom  w  lOQO.  Otho  in.  eoijpfror  pf  Otrmai^,  conferrhig  the  title 
of  kini^  db  Bolefl|ii»  1*  Staiiji^|ui%  JLUguQua,  formcriy  count  Poha- 
tbwiki»  was  erbwnediang  of  Poland  in  i7G^.  Hi»  name  defervei  t» 
be  ininiortal<z^5  for  his  j^cnerous'  e^ei^tions  for  th4  welfare  anid  libar- 
tv  of  his  fubje<^  in  1791 » when  a  revolution  tool;  place  to  reiftova 
thofe  banricrs  which  had  kept  tkeaol^Uiy  and  citiaens  at  too  mat 
adtft»|eefr«m  jeaebotherrtbeMi^ai^n^  Aood 

foif^afdi^aftd  n<ihi«f  formed  Um  coiifttt^tion  Jn  H  jauuuacr-fhat  did  them 
hmur ;  but  P^ilaad  luu  beeu  dt^eniW«l  by  the  umpctor  of  Oer- 
vakaft  tb»  mptifk  ti&uifla§  IL  of  RAh  and<^cb#  kiag^f  Vr0», , 
who»  by  a  lutftittan  ^ftryiaoft  ttn}tt(tiy  fdiitd  and  divided  anoof 
the^  (Imi  nwftvaliiabli  temtoriei  ia  177ft 

What  know  you  "of  Germany  and  SWit9!«rlnad  I  v     ;  . 

The  gQyisroment  of  Germany  i«  of  a  fkiixed  form  t  th#  «m|^«or  ia 
head»  but  not  maAcr  of  the  empire,  lior  4ie  can  do  Utt|0  without  th« 
confent  of  this  ele<3or8,  princes,  and  imperiai  free  cities,  which  alto* 
gethf  r  form  what  u  called  the  Ditt  of  the>mpiir«.  There  are  i^s» 
eIe<£tor»^m  whom  are  invefted  |fte  right  t^tHm&g  th|  emperors  of 
G^nnuiy,  tvho  are  not  heredit«r^  pnnc^  but  whoa  ^|i  Wpet pr  diei. 
Uirfe  eiet^rs afi^Ue,  and <|boofe  anolher.  >    :.-      -. 

Ciiarie^u^e,  or  Chsirles  th«,  Greats  king  of  F^rance,  was  the  fo^iii- 
derof ,4i^  Go-man  empire, in SoaTlie  prefect  einperor  i»  aifo^. jjdng 

of Hnng^ary aud'%rfxemia*  "''^f'.\  ■'  ^"■•■-^  ''"''''»ii^-    ''■■■• 

"file  j^emment  of  Switzerland  is  a  |ree  rc^ublie ;  the  dmeirent 
c;^toni,  though  wmi^  by  one  bond,  are  goven^e^  by  th^  own  Uiwi» 
Her^  t09  tihe  encroaching  Oaula,  jbaye  made  iftnovauon?,  but  without 
■e^MUng'an  entire  change.  ,- v  "•  •  ■'*,.,.  v,  vZv:.^;-.'r^  •■';"-  /\ 

tf^prm  me  of  Denmark  and  Norway  ?      -  ;       ^  '    *   ^ 

Denmark  is  an  hereditary  kingdom,  and  theDanifli  kings  are  le- 
gal fovereigrw/and  perhaps  the  only  legal  fovercigm  i»  the  world, 
for  the  feaatprs,  nobility,  der^aad  conimons,  divefted  tbemfelv»  , 
©f  their  right;  as.  weH  a»  power,  m  166Q,  and  made  a  forn^al  iurreq* 
der  of  their  rii^hts  to  the  then  reigjQing  king,  Frederick  HI.  Deni* 
mark  was  the  a^cie^lt  l|infi;<it>m  of  tU^  Gothft^  The  crdwn^  waa  el«>  : 
live  till^  1660,  when  it  was  declared  hereditary  in  favomrjof  S'red- 

erickniv'     -'..  ,."■/,■.•■•  ;".V.r,'.  ^  -V  .  -■'",■•'"-■■-•'■■'','- 

]!«rorway.h^  belb»4ged  to  the  crdwn  of  Ifeiitaiark  ever  nnce  tht 
yeai"  1387,  ind  is  gwerned  by  a  banifli  viceroy. 
Whatisthegoyerttmentof  ?ruflia?  a.  '    - 

It  is  monarchical,  and  very  defootic ;  .the  fiicceflion  is  hereditary,  _ 
The  anfrient  inhabitsmt^  of  PriiMas,  wer«  a  brave,  warlike  pe^  y 
they  cc^ntinued  independe«tt»and  PaganstiU  thetime  of  the  criMadM, 
when  the  German  ^a%hts  of  the  tu«ohic  Arder,  itmdertoo*  t 
convfrfion  by  the  edge  of  the  fH^ord,a»d  ob%ed  them  to^emWape 
chriaianity.c  Tha^  Germans  maj&taioed  their 'Conqueft  till  152% 
wim  M\im  lufor^lLve^  of  Brand«ffl>ttreh,  tte  Ms^»a4  m^ei^  ^ 


waf 


th«  tuetonie  drdttt  h«Ttiuf  tafc«n  poflcffion  ^f  all  Pniffia,  cc4cd  th#^ 
wetav  part  to  the^kinf  of  Paknd,  atod  w^t  aclnKywle4«Kl'^<fekt  tit 
the  eaOem  jpiaft.  |br  that  realbtf  dOItcT  Ducal  Ifruflii.  (^IfOl,  Fred, 
ertck,  r<m  t6  I^r«derf.ck  WiUiam  thk  Oi^t.lraiie4  tl»«  diitehf  of  Pruf- 
ua  to  a  lUii|^om,  in  a  fotemn  affkmhij  of  the  dates,  |dacing  the  crown- 
with  hW  own'  handt  upon  hi*  h«ad.  Soi>n  af^er  which,  he  wa«  ac- 
khpythedfied  kinn  of  Phiffia.by  all  the  other  .powen  of  £ttrope.«nd 
M$jUteilidauiU  have  fitted  the  throne  ever  fince 

■"^J^  %nf  knowledge  of  the  hiOory  of  the  TurkI  ? 
TheTili]rksorTorcoman]),orfgiai;iiU7  in()ab;red  that  vail  tra<^  of* 
country  called  by  the  ancient*  Scythia»  and  by  tlie  modern*  Tartary. 
^'"*3r««end«d  their  jpo^queft*  froip  theflion  of  the  Cafpian  fea  to 
the  pwdawtflle*,  aod^ ^braced  thed6<£IHne  of  Mahomet.  Upon  the 
deel&w  bf  the  empire  of  the  Saracenfc,  they  n^ade  themfelvea  mailers 
m  Palelliii«,  and  Mi  the  Euro^n  pi^j^ms  4wder  heavy  contribu* 
tidtts,  eM^dfing  Aich  horrid  cnieltJes  on  the  chrilHan  inhabitants  of 
the  county,  a*  ^aye  rife  to  the  crufades,  which  wa»  begun  in  1OD0, 
by  all  the  chHAiaiB  powers  in  Europe,  in  order  to  drive  the  infidel* 
from  Jeruf^fnL  Ocean*  of  blood  was  fpilt  in  this  war,  and  a  chrif. 
lia^  kingdom  W3is^  at  length  eredled  at  Jerufaleita' under  Godfrey  of 
Boiltoh,  h\A  jdeither  he  nor  his  fucceflors  were  po^eflTed  of  power  to 
maintaiu  it.  In  l^QO,  the  Turkilh  or  Ottoman  empire  was  founded 
in  Mthynii  by  Olinan  I.  In  lS53theTurks.^t  footing  in  ^urope, 
and  foon  after  AihUrath  fettled  the  feat  df  cinpire  at  Adriaaoplt^Jnt 
145S,  Mahomet  If.  took  CbnOaminQple,  and  ever  fince  the  1^& 
have  been  cohfidered  a9  an  European  power. 

Can  ybu  "Yurnifli  ar^  information  concerning  the  Afi^ue  Scale*  ? 
The  Perfian  empire  was  fouxided  by  Cyi:us,  who,  about  UBS  -nan' 
before  Chrift,  ref|or«I  the  Ifraelites  to  iibcny,  who  had  been  cap- 
tives at  fi^^lon,  and  ended  with  Darius  who  was  conquered  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  S.SI  years  before  tiie  chriftian  thu   After  Al- 
exanders cqnque(t  dver  Darius,  a  new  empire  was  formed,  c  ailed  tLc- 
Parlhi^,  but  A.  I).  230,  Artaxerxes  reftored  it  tn  its  aiicieut  titkr. 
la  the  year  651,  Perfia  became  a  prey  to  ^he  Tartars,  till  the 
time  of  duit  fiundus  ufurpe^,  Kbuli  lUlan,  who-  once  more  raifed^it 
to  a  pow«tf ill  kingdom,  but  he  was  fo  cruei  fnd  opprei]^ve,thathe 
was  «tdauinated.in  1747.    After  "his  death,  many  pretenders  to  the 
throne  of  J^erfia  arof&    Kerim  Khan  w.-^  eftabliflied    He  reigued 
30  years,  and  died  univerfaUy  regretted;  iiace  which,  two  c0|i^pet- 
itors,Msdiomet  Khan,  and  laafar  Khan,  hav^  divided  the  empire  be- 
trrtreen  them.    The  government  is  verv/defpoticT  ,. 

Wha^aceOumcan  you  give  of  the  hiftbry  of  Indoftan,  China,  &e..?* 
The  firft' invader  of  tMs  country  was  Alexander  the  Ore^t.  Xoi^ 
after  him,  a  Tartarian  prince,  named  Zinghis  Khan,  made  an  incur- 
»iibn  intof  it,  and  gave  the  naqie  of  Mogul  to  Indof&ii.  In  is98, 
Tunerlane  nutde  a  conqued  of  if,  and  in  I5I9,  Baber,a  T|irtamn< 
prince,  fubduing  Ibrahim,  the  Hindoo  emper6r,  was  proclaimed  fov' 
«Feign,  and  his  defccndants  have  poireffed  the  throne  e%'er  fince  ihat^^ 
jj^ejaod.    In  1758,  the  emperor  Shah  Allum,  who  with'h^s  father}  had! 


..  r .' 


"m 


HISTORICAL  EXER<ri3E* 


been  krat  a  prifooer  in  Delhi,  by  the  fadkiott  o^  •  Perfia^i  ia^JJ^^^ 
BMsed  Maavh  made  bit  efcape.  and  the  iif^ptfr  foon  after  aflUiU- 
nateHl  the  poor  oM  #tperor,  who  hail  been  leH  in  hit  power v^<  Ab- 
^aiHaJi  ij^d  the  citT  under  haairjr  contribucionSf  and  enforced  th«n 
with  enielty.    The  UwRd  prince  madt  many  frUitleft  att^pti  to^ 
ranftate  himfelf  o»  the  throne.    The  Briliih  arms  efpqufed  bi  caufe,. 
but  little  morpw«t-d6nc  tot  Inm,  thap  prodaiming  him  nominal  eih- 
peror,  and  allowing  lum  a  few  lacks  of  rupee*  to  fyppott  hi«4»gmt]r«^ 
He  died  in  1 7#i.    Thf  empire  of  China  i»  hereditary,  and  they  we 
governed  by  emperors  of  the  dynifty  of  the  Maachew  Tartart,  who. 
conquered  It  in  164^.  '  '    _ 

How  are  tlie  Tartars  and  Arabians  gorerned  f  .  ^■■, 
The  northern  Arabs  oweTubjeaion  t^  the  Turks,  a«d  are  gov^- , 
•d  by  turkiib  Bafluwi, re fi4i»«r  s^mong  them.  The  inland  country, 
•f  Arabia  is  under  the  government  of  many  jietty  princw,  who  a»#\ 
ftyied  Xeri&  jind  hnan«,  both  of  tjiem  including  the  office  of  km|: 
and  prieft  ithe  petty  lovereigns  are  abfolute  both  m  fpirituals  and 
iem|wrals,the  fucceffion  is  hereditary ;  and  they  have  W  other  Uw»s 
thanthole  foundjn  the  Koran.  ,  ;    ^      , v     .      ,: 

The  prefent  inhabitants  of  Tartary.oomppfo  mn^nwabl^  horde* 
•r  tribes,  who  ^iM^e  at  plealbr?  with  their  flocks  and  herds  j  each 
tribe  governed  by  its  refpeaive  Khan  or  leader,  aiM  «po«  «»*'J 
*cttsm  theyelet^  ag^eatKha»,to  beheaddverthe  reft    Thougft. 
Uibcck  Tartary  wa«  once  the  feat  of  a  more  powerftir  emp»fe  tliau 
that' of  Greece  «r  Rome,  it  was  the  native  country  and  favownt* 
rffiaence  of  both  Zertghis  Khan,  and  Tanierlaue  the  Great,  wl^ 
enriched   it  with  the  fpoils  pf  India,  no  traces   of  ma|?iificenC* 
are  now  to  be  found  inthofe  barbarous  regions.  . 

Is  there  any  thing  ift  the  hiftory  of  the  African  dates  worthy;  s 

*  ilirica  once  contained,  jTevera!  kingdoms  and  A^^  "^**»**  ^ 
the  liberal  arts,  forweaifh,  commerce,  and  eitenfi^  Jwwer,  tl^^ 
kinffdom  of  Egypt,  the  powerful  ftateof  Carthage,  that  once  power-, 
ful  rival  to  Ro^eltfeff,  but  of  this  latter  but  fmall  vefbges  rev 
main,  whia  ferveto  remind  us  that  « it  has  bepn."  Thf  prmces  of 
the  line  of  the  Pharocks  fat  on  the  threne  of  Egypti^teU  Cambyus 
II.  king  of  Peru,  conquered  this  country,  520  years  before  Ih^bmh 
of  ChriJfh    ItcoOtinued  apart  of  the  Perfian  empire  t*y  Alrtander, 
the  Great  conquered  Darius.    On  the  death  of  AlejtaAder,  his  con^ 
qu^  being  lS«ed  by  l«s  generals,  Egypt^fell^to  the  fli^^ 
Momy.  2acl  again  became  an  independent  kingdjpm..  His  fuccet^ 
S  retained  t^nan^e  o£  t>tolomies,  and  in  this  line  it  c^tmued  ■ 
till  the  famous  Cleopatra  afcended  the  throne.    ^<».,»Sf^*"^ 
Egypt  becamea  Roman  provimre.  and  io  h  contitiued  "»  *«^^^^^ 
teffOTS'of  Mahomet  expelled  .he  Romans,  abotit  the  Jtir  ceiltnry. 
In  the  time  of  the   crufades,  fegypt  wa8>governed  JT  NorradCT, 
Who&fon,thefiunou8  Saladin,  fought  agamft  the^chnfttans,  and 
retook  from  tWm  Jerirfalem.    He  ihftituted  the  maitary  corg  of 
^uiSukes.  whoinA.D.  If42  advanced  one  Of^  thetr  own  officer.  • 
^^tfci^fte/  BgyptiMe»aoblcftandagai»ft  the  fvxl^imAiv^ 


HISTORICAL  EXERCISE. 


m 


..  Ab- 
l  th«n 
gipti  t<v 
icaufe,. 
lalei^- 
■Ipoity*. 
ey  M« 
w,  wko« 


ounfry 
^ho  are: 

«ls  and 
cr  lawas 

horde* 
) ;  jeach 
I  emtr- 
rhottg& 
re  than 
k.vo«rit» 
It,  who-» 
ificeni^e 

worthy. 


euttftir 
er,  thei;; 
power- 
igei  re- 
inces  of"' 

ambyus. 
be  birth  ^. 
e^xahderi* 
ids  con- 
liare  of 

foccefc^' 
kDtinued  *  ^ 
it  death 
ate  /uc» 
ceAmry;  ^ 
xaraatatl '. 
in«;  and  , 
;6rps  of 

officers'' 


thofc  •""'^  ttj^i^f".  but  in  l5I9ltbMaii|t  rMfactd  lo  lt». 
preftotAateof  lbfcj«aioB.  It  if  now  goyecned  bv  a  TMrUih  Bft- 
auw,wbot«iidM:ilCain».  .    - 

Th^jftatetof  Bafbaryareg#rer»tdbyth«it«ptroror  Morocco- 
find  ftreral  ENhawi  or  Dcji,  who  are  ta  fubje&on  to  the  grand 
Sigmor  drEmperM-  of  the  Turks,  and  pay  Wm  an  almual  tribute. 
FhtTe  amt  the  only  Aite*  worthy  notice.  ^ 

ipwAmie  you  are  well  acquainted  with  .the  hiftory  of  America  t 
/n»Ml  diAsomy  was  nude  by  ChriAopher  Celumbus,  a  na. 

!!^•n^?•"°^"'*'**'^^•**'^P«»*»'•  thiPyear  M92,intl^,i  r«9gi^ 
or  i^rdinand  and  liabeila,  united  Tovereignsof  theliingdonu  of  Cit 
tOe  and  Arragon.    Columbua  wat  of  an  enterprising  fpirit  and  e»- 
tenlive  geniut.  Havings  from  an  attentive  ftudy  of  geography,  con- 
ceiired  it  reMbnrt»le  to  imagine  there  mgft  be  a  continent  on  tl«»^ 
om»p^t»rideof  the  globe  equal  to  that  which  wa»  knowna*  Europe, 
Aiivand  Africa,  he  foliiated  afliftahce  frimi  the  kiiw  ftf  Ptortugali 
tovwtempt  itadifeoTenr^but  hil  propofid  wa*  rcjcaed  « thfdreaqi  of 
a  chimerical  projeafV,  and  he  retiaquimed  the  deftgn  tor,  that  thst  i 
l^t  hM  ardour  was  not  to  be  repreffed  by  diiScuUies  or  threatened 
dangers.    He  repaired  td  the  court  of  Spain,  laid  ^s  plan  before 
the  king  and  queeri,acd  after  long  foUcitation,  Ifabella  herlelf  ad> 
^^««d  the  money  neceCary  for   the  equipment  of  a.  fiitfU  fleet, 
cenfifKng  of  three  froall  veflele,  the  laigeft  of   which  t»as  com- 
muided  by  Columbus  himfelf,  was  the  only  one  that  had  a  deck 
andwas  caUeda  carrack.    The  other  two  were  caravels,  baxdiy  fu- 
penoFin  burthen  or  force  to  Urge  boats.    This  was  the  bo^deifl 
attempt  ever  made  bv  a  navigator  ;  even  tlie  brave  feamen  who  had. 
joined  themfelves  to  the  fortunes  of  Columbus,  fliuddered  with  ap- 
preheafion,  aiid  when  in  the  courfe  of  their  voyage  the  n»aguetie 
needle  feemed  to  vary  from  the  pole,  they  began  to  fear  even  th^lf  • 
campafs  woufd  prove  an  unfaithful  guide,  and  reproached  thw 
commander  withhaving  brought  them  from  their  homes,  to  peridi: 
on  this  unkcipwii  ocean. - 

Was  theiih  voyage  remarkably  long^?  . 

Notbut  the  art  of  navigation  was  then  in  itr  infancy,  smd  to  be 
twentjr  days  at  fea  M^ithbut  fight  of  land,  was  what  the  boldeft 

-nrariher  liad  never  before  attempted.  The  diffatiificdfearaen  not  only 
murmurid»but  threatened  to  throw  their  commander  overboard,  but 
his  a^iyenund,  never- at  a  lofs  for  expedients,  by  Ibothing,  flattery, 
and  mventingreai^ns  for  every  uncommon  appearance,  promifing 

rewards,  and  cheering  with  hdpes,  drew  them  on  for  iixteen  days 

l^Pger,  '^hm  to  the  iftexprcffiWe  delight  of  all,  on  oaober  the 
1 2th,  they  difcovered  hmdi  which  pnoved  to  be  an.  ifland  belongs . 

'Ag  to  that  clufter  of  iflands  now  called  the  Bahamas,  lying  in  the* 

^i^h.degree  of  north  latitude  ;^ thus   in  the  fpace  of  thirty  iix  dayS;. 

Columbus  completed  a  voyage^  which  he  had  fpent  twenty  years. 

iirproje«Sthig,  opened  to  the  Europeans  a  new  world,  and  ftamped. 

IMs-own^ame  with  immortality.  ,    *j      ^   ,  "'^ 

,  iiav'i^  fpcQt.  jTcyeral  moQthsin  vifiting  thol^  Aumerous  iilandi^ 


fm 


HXSTOltrCAJL  £X£RCI8£. 


■Mr  AmmiaKUA  tte  Wtft  Indict*  IcMriiif  a  e6kmm  «#  durty 
in  tlM-MMid  of  mpuuolM,  he  wm  nctnmi  m  ii$  laadii^  with 
all  tiM»  honoun  duf  to  hi*  vrMt  abilitiM ;  the  klqjr  and  t^a$m  wcr« 
d^ifhttdwiih  hi»unetp«acd  fiMccfi ;  aa  oider  %m  ifiisd  for  the 
eoMfpfdnr  an  araMment  of  Aifldent  iiaree  aa  might  enable  htm  to 
lake  soinffion  of  the  coumiy  ah'eady  dfilboverad,  and  to  go  in 
learch  of  thole  more  opulent  regittu  iAI^h  he  ftiU  confidcntnr  es- 
pe^ed  tofind. 

In  thrfrOieecfaftil'vojaget  hecominned  eitending  hit  dMIeoviriink 
and  Mding  iheindR  valuable  territories  s  to  thf  Spanifli  ''^'tifimt  ( 
iff  lie  hemA  «o)r»ge  he  difcovCred  the  iOaada  St.  Domhiica,fPaad» 
aSptpet  Moitferat,  Antigua,  Porto  Rico*  and  Jamaica;  in  hia  third 
he  liuMled  on  the  cmtinetft  at  the  mouth  of  the  rivtr  Onmokei  in 
hia^rfeh  and  left  voyage  he  difcorercd  the  bay  of  Honduma,  and 
failed,  aloiig  the  main  Aore  above  800  league*,  liearehing  in  vain 
5ar  a  paffage  tathe  Eaft  Indiee ;  bipt  how  humitialiitg  it  it  to  re6ca 
tliiit  uiil  great  and  go^  nnm,  aftei;  having  rendered  Aich  eminent 
fenrice  to  the  Spaidalh  nation,  waa  rendered  wretched  in  the  Uvtter 
part  of  kit  eziftcnce  by  the '  envy  and  malignity  of  hit  enemies,  and 
linilhed  his  aaive  and  ufeful  life  in  bbicttrity  at  VaUadoUd,  a  finaU 
town  in  Spaitt^in  1506  ;  hit  conftitutiok  ezhaufled^  by  the  hard* 
ilupt  he  had  endurad,  an^  his  heart  broken  by  ingratitude. 

Columbutbein^theiirft  difeoverer,  fi«m  what  dreumftance  hat- 
thitcontinent  derived  the  name  of  America  ? 

Amerieiiit  Vefpudut)  a  Florentine  gentleman,  hftving  made  a  voy- 
age to  the  new  world,  on  Kit  return  tranfmittcd  an  account  of  his- 
adventures  and  difcoveries  to  hit  countrymen,  and  with  the  vanity 
of  ^.travdHitr  magnifying  hit  own ezploitt.had  the  addref» to  frame. 
%|  narrative,  fo  at  to  make  it  appear  th«t  he  had  the  glory  of 
^ving  been,  the  firiV  difcoverer.  Thus  the  country  began  to  be. 
called  by  his  name,  and  it  now,  by  the  univerial  conflent  of  na^itus, 
called  /vmerica.  The  1>old  ^retenfions  of  a  fortunate  impoftdr^ 
havine  ^bbed"  Columbus  of  a  dilUntSUon  which  undoubtedly  ^be^ 
•fooged  to  him ;  but  though  the  whole  continent  b«art  the  name  of 
AmericAj  yet  that  part  of  ^orth  America,  called  the  United  Statety. 
it  known  ^1  over  the  world  by  the  name  of  Columbia. 

l^ai  the  northern  or  fouthempeninfula  firflt  fettled,  by  Europe- 
ant  ? 

The  Southern,  by  ^  Spaniardt.    After  the  death  of  Columbut, 
fpme  extraordinary  cbaradlen,.  epiger  to  extend  the  difcoveries  al^ 
xeady  ma;de,  Ojedft,  and  JNikuefa,  diredled  thar  courfe  towards  thr 
Ifthfnusof  Darien.'   Each  of  thefe  adventurers  founded  a  coI<m;  the 
Crftimtlt  St  SebafUan,  the  fecond  Nombre  Diot.    An  of&cer  nai|ae4 
fiaiboa,  having  fallen  into  difgrace  with  hit  fuperior,  to  efcape  the^ 
punifKdoeUt  with  which  he  was  threatened,  concealed  him.  elf  on. 
board  a  veflel  going  with  reinforcements  tQ  Daricn  ;  here  Ke  dif- 
Ixuguiflied  himfelf  for   fortitude  and  t^&ivity.    Having  learnt  potOr 
the  natives  that  there  was  a  khagdon^  further  to  the  foutbward, 
where  gold  wat  foond  in  plenty,  inquired  the  difiance  of  tbtstbi^tfr 
»EgiQa£ranv  iirhere  he  then  wat,  and  having  procnred  )|ind«i^  "WM&k 


lor. 


HISTORICAL  EXERCIBB. 


9^ 


A  (fw  hardy  nd^'Mturcrt  f«t  fonwrd  to  dUj^prer  it.  Aftor  dma^  in- 
ertdibU  h«rd(hipt  and  dangcn,  endured  m  a  march  of  85  dayn 
Balboa  and  hit  compamoaa  thougfit  th«roi«lv«i  am|>ly  repaid  whica 
the  great  (btttbero  ocean  opened  to  tfkeir  view,  at  chey  concetvad 
by  thii  fea»  a  way  might  be  found  eaiily  to  convey  the  trea(«irei  of 
f^ru  into  their  native  land ;  thi«  was  in  the  year  1513, 

Wiko  were  the  next  adventurer*  ? 

The  di/covey  of  the  fouth  iea  having  excited  3  fpirit  of  Adtren* 
turee>  many  ptrfon*  qi^de  attdnpti  to  reach  Peru  by  ftta,  but  were 
unAlccefrtul,  tUi  three    bold   adventurer*,  Pizarro,  Almagro,  and 
Hernando  Liique,  fet  out  rcfolvcd  to  liicceed  or  periili  in  the  at* 
tempt.  Thaf«  three  men  who  were  deftined  to  conquer  one  of  the 
graateft  empire*  upon  earth,  embarked  from  Panama  in  a  finaU 
vfflel,  accompanied  by  only   112  men  i  their  vovagc^a*  pcriloul, 
they  were  wrecked  and  remained  five  month*  on  the  JUle  of  Gorgooe» 
a  defolate,  inhdfpitabie  fpot.   From  tlxi*  horrid  iiiuation  they  were  at 
length  delivered,  by  the  arrival  of  a  vefTel  from  Panama ;  traofported 
with  joy,  their  fumriog*  were  forffotteu,  their  hope*^  revived,  and 
perfuaung  the  ^crew  of  the  newly  arrived  veiTel  to  join  in  the  en- 
terprise, in  21  day*  reached  the  coaftof  Peru,  and  anchored  in  the 
road  of  Tumbes.    Here  they  feaAed  their  eye*  with  the  opulence  of 
the  Peruvians,  finding  the  moflt-  common  utenfiU  made  of  gold. 
Pixarro  hairang  qbtaiiMd  fome  animal*,  a  confiderabie  quantity  of 
gold  and  fil vo*,  and  tViro  young  native*,  returned  to  Panama,  $n^ 
from  thenqe  to  Spsgin,  where  having  procured  a '  fihali  niil|tary 
force,  he  again  went  to  Peru,  furpriacd  the  principal  ((Bttlemefkt,  aa4 
feisedabqbty  to  the  amount  of  thirty  thoufand  poundt.    Blatedl 
withthi*  fuccef*,  tjhcy  nunrched  into  the  interior  of  the.,  comi|ry, 
penetra^ted  even  to  the  very  ^lidence  of  their  fovereign,  whofe  per<* 
fon  they  feized,  and  nuiijacred  hi*  faithful  followers  withqitt  merer ; 
above  four   thoufand   Peruvian*  were  flaughtered  in  one  battle; 
The  captiVe  monarch  could  hardly  believe  thi*  fudden  change  of. 
ie«  and  funk  into  a  deje<5tiou  proportimiate  tb  the  height  of 
leur  from  Wtfich  he  had  fallen.    He  foou  difcovered  the  nylih^ 
^n  of  the  Spaniard*  to  be  avarice,  and  oQered  to  procure  them 
for  hi*  ranfom  a*  much  gold  a*  would  fill  the  room  where  he  waa 
confined  up  to  tlft  ceiling,  but  after  he  had  fcrupuloufly  fulfi()ed  hit 
engagnlMtBt^he  treacherous  Spaniard*,  in(lead  of  fettinghim  at  liber* 
ty,  pfiminded  that  the  unhappy  priiifice  had  fecret' '  formed  a  plan  to 
extnttiinate  thirir  whole  force,  by  means  of  a  large  band  of  refute 
Peruvian*,  who  were  kept  m  readinefs  to  execute  the  defign.    A 
mock  trial  was  accordin^y  held  upon  the  humiliated  Inca  Atahualpa, 
and  1^0  augmeol  the  heinoufnefs  of  their  guilt  and  treachery,  they 
told  him  if  he  would  abjure  his  religion,  (for  the  Peruvian*  wofllup- 
ped  the  fuii,)  and  become  a  chriiHan,  Jie  might  exped  mercy.    The 
Inca  had  been  condemned  to  be  burnt  alive.    Nature  flu-unk  at  the 
bo|ril>lc  thought.    He  confcnted  to  receive  baptifm,'and  the  mercy 
ne  r^^ived  wa*  to  be  immediately  ftrangled.    Pizarro  having,  by 
ih^(JEL>»b|u:ou*  proceeding*,  el^iiihed  lu»  Mith<»Hty  iu  Perugia 


HISTORtCAL  EXERCISE. 


i«#4»fftuMtd  ID  S^^fllliaf  th«  ktefdMB  wt|l^  ■AooMhiiMiirM  hit 
kmmk  richM.  Ht  wm  r«c«lv«d  by  Um  kfavf  of  ifMln  with  grmc 
rtCp^At  invcAed  with  the  or4«r  of  fislnt  Jigo,  uid  wm  mpdt  goter^ 
nour  of  the  country  ho  had  eonauorcd,  but  h*  tnjojrod  tho  hfrnour 
bttt  I  §tm  ymny  beiafr  aflafluiatod  in  bU  palace  in  the  jear  1 54 1, 

At  what  tirat  waa  the  northern  peninftila  ftttled  bv  Kuropeana  f 

Whtit  Phurro  waa  cnnged  in  the  64oqiieUofTeni,f€rflandta 
*  4?oi|eft,  a  Spwiinl,  waa  dif]>atched  from  Cuba,  to  make  difcoverica 
in  the  north.  The  coaft  of  Mexico  had  been  previonfly  explored  by 
Orifadva.  Cortex  went  with  a  defign  to  e(hiblifh  a  fcttlement  there, 
and  enterW  a  harbour  at  a  place  called  Juan  de  Ulua,  wai  receiTed 
In  a  moft  IHendly  manner,  by  the  unfofpedkit^  aathrer,,  wL.n  wart 
•ager  b  odRtriag  every  holpttable  attention  to  the  men,  who  ware 
foon  lo  become  their  o|^;>reflbra.  Soon  after  their  arriTid,  a  body  of 
Indiana  earoe  from  the  capital,  with  Auaptuouf  prefe^u  from  tha 
em|Mror  Moateaunu.  Cortes  and  bia  follotrera  beheld  with  adrai^ 
ration  the  rich  and  beautifal  mant^fa£htre«'of  the  cduiitry,  hot  what 
niore  particularly  attracted  their  attention  wai,  the  amaaingipianti- 
ty  of  gold  and  filver,  and  the  proftifion  of  diamonds,  pearls,  and  oth- 
er precious  gems.  Theie  rich  prefents,  inftead  of  inducing  thie  Span- 
iapds  to  depart  quietly,  aa  the.enToys  from  the  emperor  intrciMMi 
th^  Would  do,  determinifd  them  to  make  a  eondieft  of  Mexico. 
.  Cortet  iniilM  On  Tifiting  Monteauma  in  pe|fon,  ind  porfbed  hia 
T9ay  10  the  o^j^tal,  being  j<»ned  by  many  dUeootented  nati<rea,  who 
were  uneafy  under  the  goTemment  of  tneir  pi^liMt  faeereign,  and 
wQhed  for  a  change. 

Monceamiia  Ncenred  Cortea  with  great  refped,  a^d  cofidoded 
him  tna palace  preparad  for  bla  reception. but  the  Mexicaos  wett 
Hiltahefididaedfoeafilyas  Cortes  had,  Mattered  himCdt  Irrif 
Catcd  beyond  human  fuflbnmce,  by  the  cradltSea  and  Inlblence  of 
the  fi^^8rd%  they  took  ap  anna  and  endeavoured  to  re^Bne  ^  ^ehr 
opprdled  foverel^  from  the  power  of  the  Spaniards,  hot  Cortea;  in 
order  to .  ^ueU  the  iniVirrfOTOn,  produced  Montemnna,  that  ■jfi^0' 
.migiht  fpeik  to  and  endeaybtir  to  pacify  his  eutfistd  tui^i»&»^ 
inftcadoflifteniagtol^mtiieydifchat^  their  arrowa  at  the 
fortunate  prince,  \rho«  they  rep^ched  with  having  aAed  a 
punllanimous  aiid  dafbrdty  port ;  the  Spaniards  bound  np  hia 
Woands,  but  he  tore  off  the  bandiwei  and  expired*  Soon  after  tha 
death  of  Monteauma,  Cortei  found  it  naceflhry  to  abandon  the  dty  { 
he  retftated  by  nlriit,  but  the  Mnicana  frll  upbiii  him  in  his  march» 
anddeftrc^edneaify  half  his  army.  He  dmtwucd  reti'cating,  bar* 
laflbd  hf  accvmulaced  diffieiikies,  and  ilmoft  incredible  hardOiips : 
iatreplttty  and  perfeverance  at  length  attained  the  deflred  pouif. 
-Thevngdom  vra*  fubdiied,  and  the  few  rematnidg  Hpsudarda  vi^ero 
put^n  podOTdlioo  of  the  ifflmenfe<r!eIiM  -cf  Mexica 

^^e  ibm^aaeoo^i  of  the  hiftory  Of  the  United  States. 

In  ^e  y«ar  160T,  iIk  London  coBipanr  fent  S  veflela  tinder  the 
command  of  Cht^ll^^Newport^  to  South  Virginia.  On  the  S0tb 
«f  April,  h«  «ni|«re4  Ch«Dipcidc  bay,  and  gavt^  to  thft  mofk  fimthafia 


TnP"?" 


HI8T6RICAL  £X£RCI6E. 


S99 


ttftthb 

JifffMt 

t  got  IT" 

hfmour 

irnandct 
[covtrin 

lorcdbf 
nt  there, 
jf«eeiT«d 
Lr»  wtni. 
ht)  w«rt 

fromth« 

itkadmi- 

httcwhat 

igqutnti- 

iHodoth^ 

the  Span- 

intit«t«dr 

f  Mexico. 

tfftiedhU 

'v9t$t  who 

eigA,  ana 

Epadttdcd 


cat  Im- 

folence  of 
bit  ^eir 
Gorton  in 

t  the  »^'- 
f  aac4  a 
i4  up  his 
n  after  th* 

B  the  city  t 
h}«march» 
wtingfhar- 

flre^pCttDC. 
liardt -ti^er^ 


itoderthe 
hitheS0»b 

a 


l^c,  the  name  of  Cape  Hmry,  which  it  (UU  retaiM^  TIejr  hmdei 
mmI  hegao  a  iirtilemeai  at  a  |rfaee  called  Jamei  town,  which  was  the 
MH  town  that  wai  Crttled  by  the  £iigK(h  hi  North  America  {  but 
thoiMjfk  many  atteaapti  were  madtk  the  fettlement*  went  oa  very 
flow^.  Want  of  pronfiooa  and  pcoper  habitMioae,  nndecmhied 
iheir  confUttttio^t  the  native  Indbae  harrafl'ed  them* hwninf  their 
houfhi,  and  deibojrinf  all  whom  tbcj  could  get  into  their  powtr. 
After  the  commencement  of  the  1 7th  century « a  iMffectttioa  heiiif  be- 
gun in  England  oo  account  of  the  diierent  opinion*  in  rdigiovi  coo- 
cerm,  the  cmigratiom  became  mote  numerone,  and  in  Imi  than  10 
years,  thi*  part  of  HorthAmericnehnnged  from  a  wild,  wacnltivaml 
wade,  into  flonnltyng  eatoniet.  CItiet  were  built,  govemmeiMa  eC> 
tahlilhed,  and  the  whde  of  thie  aoMsing  territory  wai  annexed  lo 
the  Briti£b  domlniona.  The  Inhabitanu  were  govenMkUby  the  fimnt 
lawk,  worihipped  the  ikme  God,  tlumgh  fomn^t  differing  in  their 
form  of  worfltip,  fpohe  the  lame  langoa|«,  and  feimed  like  a  namn* 
roue  fluntly  of  younger  children,  belongmg  to  the  fame  parent. 

9y  what  mean*  <Ud  they  become  alienated  fttmi  the  Britiih  fovw 
emment? 

.  At  the  conclufion  of  a  war  with  France,  in  tne  year  1763,  th* 
Btitifli  colonies  of  North  America  were  in  a  h^  ftate  of  profpoity ; 
their  population,  eommerce,  and  wealthy  advanced  with  a  rapid  pacei 
their  mtemal  government  wa»  conduced  with  a  degree  of  wildom 
feldnnt  eqmitiied.  During  that  war,  the  fleets  of  firitwn  had  planted 
the  «kandard  of  vt^nry  over  all  the  feas,  and  had  attained  in  the  eves 
of  the  world,  a  fplendor  which  escited  envy  and  admiration,  bnt 
within  hcrfelf  Engbnd  was  cruflied  with  a  load  of  debt  w^h  thefc 
conquefts  had  occafioned ;  in  confequence  of  this  ittuatioo  of  affidre 
the  taxes  in  grei^  Britain  were  greatly  increaHed ;  new  duties  were 
levied  on  even  fome  of  the  moft  common  articles  of  Kfe,  every  fpringi 
was  ftraii^ed  to  raife  money,  but  ItiU  the  fum  was  very  inadequate 
to  what  was  required,  and  at  this  time  it  was  thought  neceflkry  to 
lay  a  part  of  the  burthen  on  the  American  Q^omcs ;  accoedltiety 
very  heavy  /dtities  w«>e  laid  on  all  goods  impcMted  from  the  'V%jh( 
Indies  into  the  colonies,  at  leaft  from  thofe  iflands  whididid  not  b«* 
long  to  Great  Britain.  The  Americans  refoonftfated,  hot  Aading 
remonftrance  vain,  they  at  length  agreed  to  import  no  more  of  the 
manufadkures  of  Great  Britain,  but  to  encourage  manufa^ories 
aflrnong  themfelves.  An  aflociation  was  entered  into  agaiuft  eating 
lamb,  in  order  to  promote  the  growth  of  wool,  and  even  the  ladies 
agreed  to  renounce  every  ornament  exported  from  Britain.  This  oc- 
cafioned a  repc^  of  fame  of  the  moft  obnoxious  a^,  but  fUll  the 
Britiih  parliament  iniifted  on  a  rirht  of  taxing  the  colonics,  and  find- 
inl^  the  people  refra(£bory,  particiuarly  the  New  finglanders,  a  fleet 
aim  army  were  fent  t6  Bofton,  in  order  to  enforce  obedience.  This 
irritated  matters,  and  on  the  5th  of  March,  1770,  aa»  affray  took 
place  between  the  inhabitants  of  Bofton  and  the  British  troops  quar- 
tered in  that  town,  in  which  feveral  were  killed  and  wounded.  The 
next  tax  was  levied  on  tea,  but  fevefai  £tups  arriving  in  Bofton  han. 


t 


,.■."■      .  - "  -  ' '     ■■  , 

fcoiirladeit  nrhh  that  e6niih(Mlity,th«  inhabitsmts,  rather  than 
Aifl^  it  to  bekndied,  aiTembled-iii  a  body,  went  on  fxtard  the  flups^ 
IflhplMEOpNm  the  chefts^and  threw  the  t«a  into  the  hari»our.  GdV. 
frUovmt  finding  themfdvesthttsinftihedand  defpiftd,  reifblyed  to  en- 
force  their  aiithorityi  Boftoa  had  been  the  prindpat  Icene  of  the 
oueri^gM  mi  riob,  and  it  was  detenfiined  to  poAilh  thit  city  in  an  ex> 
enyary  manner.  ■ 
'    ^bw'was  this^  puniihnieDt  ui^ded  i   v       vr 

Amed  v^els  were  determined  to  H^f^t  to  fluit  up  the  jport. 
When  ^ii  Was  put  in  exectitiOil,%hich  Wa«  on  the  firft  of  June 
1 7^4,  the  day^ was  Ohferved  fn  yarkMarpjuts  l>f  the  colonies  as  a  day 
Hf  puWe  humiliation  a&d  prayer  J.the .  prayer  partic^arly  ufed  on 
tfaeojceafion  was  that  God  would  ^Te  the  peopiie  one  heart  and 
one  mind,  firmly  to  bppofe  every  ihvafion  of /itheir  rights.    TKe 
Boftonians  were  coqimended  by  the  ftfter  <K>ionies  for  the  heroic 
courage  with  which  they  fuftained  their  ralamity,and  a  folemn  league 
and  covenant  was  enteredinto,  by  whivh  all  who  fobfcribed  it  boupd 
thelnftlyes  to  lireak  off  all  (Communication .  with  Great  Britain,  till 
thdo- grievances  were  redrefied.    General  Gage,  at  that  timegov- 
m>r:  of  Bofton,  endeavoured  to  counteraa  this  Teovenant^  but 
in  vain.     Prepatations  wereiiiade  for  hoUt|n^  a  general  Congreil. 
^Philadelphia  wa«  fixfed  upon  for  the  pbtce  of  u,  aieeting ;  the  dele- 
giates  were  chofen  by.the  repirclentativn  c^  each 'province ;  the  firil 
CongreA  was  held  far  MiilsWphia  in  Septwnber  1774.    In  April 
177i,  General  Gage  havnigbben  informed  that  a  hu-ge  quantity  of 
«n«mnttionu#  military  ftores  had  been  eolleaed  at  Concord,  about 
120  miles  fr«n  BoHcui^i'ent  a  detachmtot  to  deflroy  them ;  paffing 
^ough  Lexingtottat  the  tinie   the  milida  were  exercifing,  an 
officer  called  out  to  them  to  difi>eHe,  but  fome  iOiot  being  difchar|ed' 
Irqm  a  houft  ia  the  ne^hbburhood,  the  military  rettirned  thefire^ 
and  ieveral  men  w*re  Wiled.    lEvety  barrier  was  how  brokeq  dowr^ 
and.A;war  commencea  which  edft  both  America  and  E^jtain  thcm- 
fandft  of  their  braveft  citiaens,  and  which  ^otigh  ending  in  the 
emancijpation  of  Americafrom  foreign  power,  can  never  be  in  its 
Immednte^et^thoi^htonbut  withjembtlons  of  pity  and  regret. 
to  »^y  a  veryvferibtf»  eh«ragemeirt  tod^  plart  at  Bunker's  hill*  in 
which  toeBnttfh  had  the  advantage,  but  as  the  American  army 
cc^tinued  to  encamp  in  the  eftviroh$  of  Foftoii.  arid  prevented  pro- 
vpQ«rfrom  being  carried  into  the  town,  and  m  the  fpring  of  1777  , 
afertafication  being  built  on  Dorchefter  heights,  from  which  the 
c^ob  ofthe  Americans  commanded  the  whole  of  th^towh  of  Bof- 

**"".l?*i5***i®'^'P''^P**'^5'^'^®  ^"^'^  *o  retreat  from  the  toWn, 
^r^^  "«ve^f  le  inhabitants  of  New  England  once  more  ia 
qeiet;  po^Bion  of  their  capital. 

What  was^doirig  in  the  other  colonies  duj-iig  thif  period  ?      ' 
Duni^  this  time  hoftilities  were  carried  on  in  varums  parts   of, 
the  contiBcat  >  Tft^angdof  deftrtKflion  feems  to  have  been  let 
ioqfewid  to  hwc  Mtf»ged  with  unedn/bainedlkfuti^  But 


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Iftilt]rliad  nnfiided  hcTf^rumt'  flaadard.    1  . 

httlifllieid  «i»dierker  bsDocft^  arid  thrf/Kowodtliat  l|««da«4illMl4- 
>  wave  triumphant  over  their  native  land,  or  they  wonld  jpcriA^lliftW 
caiife.    Amongft  thofe  moft  forward  to  promote  thit  end*  muft 
ever  (land  preeqyfijMX  vh9;.^'^|lftnolM,  y2;a4u|)gtoa  f^ua  to 

plan,  and  courage  .u»4|wc9(«th»«icll«xtfnfiTe,4efi^».  He  was  alike 
«apableandreadv'^o;M  ia.il|i<^^iie|d/or  affift  i^r^l^  in 

the  fenate,  and  he  lau^t  «v^>9  ftyifd.in  tb«,,awwls  of  Amtrica, 
the  Father,  the  deliverer  of  hit  country. 

In  1778,  thei^9r«bch  jtoVernment  entei«dnito  a  treatT'Wkh  Amer- 
ica, ffiving  them  the^ftyte  of  the  United  Sutea,;^  tide  whiek  they  had 
previoufly  afiii^c|iiv  having  deelai4d  themftiveafiree  and  independent 
In  July  1776.  Thit)  txeaty  \)»ng  ratified  on  dl  fide*,  the  French 
lent  them  troops,  flups,  and^oney,  and  were  undoubtediv  of  infinite 
fenrice  in  efbblHlung  t^  freedom  they  had  to  budably  aflerted. 
This  confequently  invohred  OreafBrlta^iB  i  war  with  France,  and 
a  (hort  timeafte^,  ttodi  Spain  and  Hollaiid  Commenced  hoftiKty  againft 
her.  Harrafifed  on  alT'fider,  dumgh  (Bfi  in  a  great  meafure  fuperior 
to  her  hoft  of  foes,  England  was  inclined  to  abandcm  all  oSienfive  oj^ 
«iptioosr(^[aia<ft  AfBfnisa,  aad^  1.78S^articleaof  peace  wertfigncd 
Vyiallc^inMbdiaig  fp^dcfi  totl^uifiiuff  joy  of  bodi  Europe,  mmI 
America.  ^  * 

How  welt  dke  United  States  govrmed  aftsr  the  i«voloti<m  ? 
%  Bf  a  Congrds  confifliiig  of  Senators,  affifted  by  ReptefentatSree 
fltMA  each  fflite ;  but  a  conmtotion  ^ftily  formed,  was  not  likeh*  to 
be  permanent;  and  in  1789,  it  was  thooi^  necefllary  to  new  form 
i^and  by  the  wiTdom  of  th^e  able  ikatenntin  iriio  undertook  tht 
rjrduous  talk,  it  was  new  modelled*  and  fixe^  on  a  folid  aoi  potato 
ncnt  fbundation,  and^w  it  was  tlknig^t  ncceflary  that  fiich  a  great 
pec^Ie  flipuld  have  a  chief  magiArate  at  the  head  <tf  their  govern* 
mcnt,  on  the  Sd  of  March,  1789,  George  Wafhington,  Efq.  was  cho- 
Ua  firft  Prefident  of  the  United  Stales  of  America,  by  the  unanimoua 
voice  of  more  than  three  millions  of  teUghtened  fircemen.  He  filled 
this  <fignified  ftation  with  honour  to  lumfdf,and  latiiiia/aion  to  t^ 
States,  till  the  ^ear  1797,  when  be  refigncd  the  Prefidency,  and  r»> 
tired  to  the  enjoyment  of  domeftic  peace  in  the  bofom  <tfm*  funily 
at  Mount  Vernon.  In  1798,  he  accepted  the  aroointment  of  Cbni*  ■ 
mander  in  chief  of  the  Anerican  fbrces.  Omvmced  that  the  cxU 
gence  of  the  times  required  his  affiUlance,  he  gave  a  noble  proof  that 
nb  own  private  happmefs  was  but  of  Uttle  iwue  in  his  own  edinia- 
tion,  urifen  put  in  competition  with  the  pnbBc  weal.  But*  the 
days  of  his  glory  are  paft.  In  December,  1 799,  this  gmt  mdgood 
num  recrived  his  paflport  to  die  regions  of  immdrtuity.  Ab$,fyie 
Columbia !  the  ihades  of  death  reft  upon  lum,the  lUimce  of  thetoodi 
fiuToundsltfms  but  his  pure  fpirit  rejoicct in  the  rcgioai of  etctsal- 

B  B 


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IbvER^  BY  THE 


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1  .■J-. 


UPON  a  minute  inyeftigation  of  this  work  fince  its  ' 
appearance  from  the  prefs,  I  have  difcovered  that  finre- 
nX  inaccuracies  have  efcaped  corredion.  In  apology 
for  which  I  can  only  plead  my  numerous  avocations  ' 
during  the  tinib  it  was  printing ;  having  then  (izty  fchoU 
ars  to  inftruS  daily,  upwards  o£  thirty  refiding  entirelj 
with  me.  The  reader,  whether  TeacAer  or  Scholar,  is 
therefore  requefted  to  pay  attention  to  the  references  in 
the  following  notes,  and  Errata. 

^^  NOTES. 

Ndte  1 — page  168.  The  amount  of  the  exports  from  Qansda  in 
1 799,  was  343/XX)L  fterling. 

Note  2— -page  175.  The  duck  manufadlure  in  Bofton  is  difieon- 
tinued. 

Note  S — ^page  1 80.  The  alms-houfe  and  powder  magaxlne  have 
been  removed.  An  elegant  and  commodious  building  has  been  e- 
reiSled  for  the  former  purpofe,  at  the  weftem  extremity  of  the  town, 
on  the  eaftem  bank  of  the  Charles  river. 

Note  4— page  20a  The  city  of  New  York  in  its  prefait  ftate  is 
fi  miles  in  circuit,  and  contains  70,000  inltabitanta. 

Note  5 — page  806.    Queens  college  in  Brunfwick  is  now  extindL 

Note  6.— <3enoa,  Tufcany,  Venice,  &c.  are  reprefented  in  tlua 
work  under  their  former  regimen.  The  iflue  of  the  {Mrefent  waf 
in  Europe  muft  determine  their  fixed  government. 

Note  7. — ^The  exports  from  the  United  States  of  America  ia  1799 
•mounted  to  78^665,523  dollars. 

ERRATA. 
Page   23,  line  13,  for  Zeie  read  Zell. 

57,  —  7,  from  the  bottom,  for  HtnrjftiA  iMat. 

—  88,  —  12,  for  or  read  nor.  - 
__  86,  — >  14,  from  bottom,  for  h  read  ari, 
— —  .87,  —    3,  for  mine  read  treafiire. 
— —  128,  —  10,  for  #r  read  iwn                      ' 

149,  —  1 1,  for  //  read  art. 

150,       heading  of  the  43d  fe<fUon,  for  Beelam  read  BuUm 

167,  —  11,  from  bottom,  read  Montreal fands  on  an  ifiaml,9u:, 

179,  —    9,  from  bottom,  for  12,000  read  1200.^ 

~  208,  —  13,  read  tie  feat  of  government  of  the  UniUi  Statu. 

-— .  260,  —    5,  from  b(mom,  for  poles  read  circUu 

— —  261,  —  21,  from  bottom,  for  The  Equator^  the  tvn  trtptet,  ani 

two  polar  circles,  read  7%e  two  tropics,  and  tbt  tvn 
polar  circles. 

—  262,  —  22,  for  3000  read  250a  line  28d,  for  9500  read  SOOa 
—  26,  for  citi%ens  read  cities  line  3d,  from  bottom,  lot 

veatier  read  tvinter. 
— ~  277,  —  13,  read  '.fhe  ConneHicui  river  which  rum  Arvvffi  this/afft 
rifes,  l^e.  \Stc. 

•— .  282,  —  20,  fQr  mmfmn  reiid  mtriiian. 


ii- 


